3. • Definition of Motivation
• Types of motivation and some notes about their meta types
• Function Of the motivation
• Theory About Motivation
• Achievement Of Motivation
Review Of the Project
4. Motivation(Definition):-
• Arosal of behavior involves
whatever brings an organism to
Action.
• It may Result from stimuli inside or
outside the body .
5. Types of Motivation :-
1.Homeostatic Motivation
2. Non-homeostatic Motivation
3. Learned or Social Motivation
7. Let’s Talk About one type of Homeostatic
Motivation and Take Hunger as example.
8. 8
When are we hungry?
• When do we eat?
When there is no food in our stomach.
When we are hungry.
• How do we know when our stomach is
empty?
Our stomach growls. These are also called
hunger pangs.
11. Let’s Talk About one type of Non-
Homeostatic Motivation and Take Sexual
motivation as example.
12. 12
Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of
making people procreate, enabling our species
to survive.
13. 13
Sex hormones effect the development of sexual
characteristics and (especially in animals)
activate sexual behavior.
Male Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of
testosterone)
14. • Curiosity
• Desire for novelty
• Social affilication
• Approval
3. Learned or Social Motivation
15. Let’s Talk About one type of Learned or Social
Motivation and watch a video about Affiliation
motivation as example.
17. Functions
Activates or energizes behaviour.
Directs behaviour.
Creates persistence in behaviour.
Strength determines activation and direction in
face of competing motives.
18. Theoris of Motivation:-
1. Drive Reduction Theory
2. Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory
3. Instinct theory
4. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
5. Holland’s Personality Type Theory
20. 20
Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused
tension state (a drive) that motivates an
organism to satisfy the need.
Physiological Need
Psychological Need
21. 21
Inner Pushes
We are pushed by
our need to eat
(hunger) to reduce
the tension by
eating.
The physiological aim
of drive reduction is
homeostasis
External Pulls
We are pulled by
incentives – positive or
negative stimuli that
lure or repel us.
Examples:
The sight of an attractive
person
The threat of
disapproval
22. Drive Reduction Theories:-
Hunger, thirst, and sex were once considered
drives, or activators of behaviour.
The organism is led to reduce that drive by
behaviour that is reinforcing.
The drive produces discomfort that energizes
the organism to action to reduce the drive
and achieve equilibrium (homeostasis).
The reduction of the tension is reinforcing so
we tend repeat the behaviour in a similar
situation.
23. Physiology of Reinforcement
• More modern approach to understanding “drive
reduction.”
• Dopamine circuits in the brain are activated when
we engage in reinforcing behaviour like eating or
drinking, or in behaviour the permits these, such as
barpressing or key pecking in research animals.
• Seems to strengthen the link between the
perceptual system that detects the stimulus and the
motor system that directs the response.
Problems
• Implies that all human behaviour is motivated to
reduce tension, and we sometimes seek it out. Many
reinforcing activities do not reduce the drive; instead
we want more!
• How do we measure drives, especially those like
curiosity or excitement?
26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:-
We are motivated to achieve personal fulfillment.
The ultimate goal is self-actualization, the
achievement of personal goals and aspirations.
We have many classes of needs that can be ordered
in a hierarchy.
We must achieve the lower order needs before we
can move on to fulfill the later ones.
Maslow has been influential in education and
business but difficult to test empirically.
For more about Maslow:
http://www.ping.be/jvwit/Maslovmotivation.html
29. Instinct Theories:-
These argued that instincts are the basis for
all behaviour.
Many, many instincts were identified (e.g.,
pleasure, curiosity, achievement, friendly,
aggression) that could be combined to explain
our motives for anything.
Problems
Don’t account for behavioural differences
across cultures.
Do they really explain anything?
33. 33
Realistic Farmers, laborers, truck drivers
Intellectual Careers in math and science
Social Salesmen, teachers, counselors
Conventional Clerks, secretaries, bank tellers
Enterprising Managers, politicians,
Artistic Occupations involving arts
36. 36
Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for
significant accomplishment.
Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule
that led him to become the 20th century’s most
influential psychologist.
KenHeyman/WoodfinCamp&Associates
37. 37
People with a high need to achieve tend to:
choose tasks that allow for success, yet
still require skill and effort, and
keep persisting until success is achieved.
38. 38
Why does one person become more motivated
to achieve than another? Parents and teachers
have an influence on the roots of motivation.
Emotional roots: learning to associate
achievement with positive emotions.
Cognitive roots: learning to attribute
achievements to one’s own competence, thus
raising expectations of oneself.
39. REFRENCES:-
• Ellliot, Andrew J; Covington, Martin. "Approach and Avoidance
Motivation". Educational Psychology Review 13 (2001): 2.
• Jump up to:a b Pardee, R. L. (1990). Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg,
McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with
Job Satisfaction and Motivation.
• Jump up^ Maehr, Martin L; Mayer, Heather (1997). "Understanding Motivation
and Schooling: Where We've Been, Where We Are, and Where We Need to
Go". Educational Psychology Review 9 (44).
• Anderson, J. W. (1999). Henry A. Murray and the Creation of the Thematic
Apperception Test. In L. Gieser & M. I. Stein (Eds.), Evocative Images: The
Thematic Apperception Test, Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association
• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Holland%E2%80%99s+Personality+Type+Th
eory&oq=Holland%E2%80%99s+Personality+Type+Theory&gs_l=serp.3...65708.7
0740.0.71545.30.13.0.0.0.0.136.1208.2j9.11.0.ehlst%2Chso%3Dtrue...0...1.1.64.s
erp..28.2.217.0.2u9kyWBxsrA
• https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2013/Affiliation_
motivation
