9. ž—ŽȱŗşŚŚǯȱ ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱž—’œȱ‘Šȱœ’—ŒŽȱœŽ›ŸŽȱ’—ȱ’Ž—Š–ǰȱ‘Žȱ ž•ȱŠ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ
Š•”Š—œȱŠ—ȱ ‘Š—’œŠ—ǯȱ
‘˜ž‘ȱ •˜—ȱ Š—’Œ’™ŠŽǰȱ ’ȱ Šœȱ Ž‹›žŠ›¢ȱ Ŝǰȱ ŘŖŖřȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ˜›Ž›œȱ Œ˜—’›–Žȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ ŗŖŗœ
ȱ
˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ™Ž›Š’˜—ȱ›Šš’ȱ ›ŽŽ˜–ǯȱ‘Žȱ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ‘Šȱ‹Š›Ž•¢ȱœ’¡ȱ ŽŽ”œȱ˜ȱ–˜ŸŽȱ–˜›Žȱ‘Š—ȱ
ŗŞǰŖŖŖȱ œ˜•’Ž›œǰȱ ˜ŸŽ›ȱ śǰŖŖŖȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœǰȱ ‘ž—›Žœȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—Š’—Ž›œǰȱ Š—ȱ ŘśŜȱ ‘Ž•’Œ˜™Ž›œȱ ǻ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ ŝŘȱ
™ŠŒ‘ŽœǼȱ˜ȱ
ž Š’ǯȱ‘Žȱ’›œȱȱž—’œȱŒ›˜œœŽȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ’—˜ȱ›Ššȱ˜—ȱ‘ž›œŠ¢ǰȱŠ›Œ‘ȱŘŖǯȱ‘Ž—ȱ‘Žȱ
ŗŖŗœ
ȱ ’›‹˜›—ŽȱŽ—Ž›Žȱ›Ššȱ˜—ȱŠ›Œ‘ȱŘŗǰȱ‘Ž’›ȱ–’œœ’˜—ȱ Šœȱ˜ȱ’‘ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ Š¢ȱ˜ȱ Š‘Šǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ
‘Ž¢ȱ ’ȱ œžŒŒŽœœž••¢ȱ ’—ȱ —’—ŽŽŽ—ȱ Š¢œȱ ’‘ȱ œ’—’’ŒŠ—ȱ Œ˜–‹Šȱ Šȱ —ȱ Š“Šȱ ǻœ’Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘˜•’Žœȱ
œ‘›’—Žȱ’—ȱ‘’’Žȱœ•Š–Ǽǰȱ
Š›‹Š•ŠǰȱŠ—ȱŠ•ȱ
’••ŠȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜žœ”’›œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠ™’Š•ȱŒ’¢ǯȱȱ
ŠŠ–ȱ
žœœŽ’—Ȃœȱ ˜ŸŽ›—–Ž—ȱ Œ˜••Š™œŽȱ ˜—ȱ ™›’•ȱ şȱ Š—ȱ ˜—ȱ ˜—Š¢ǰȱ ™›’•ȱ ŗŚǰȱ ‘Žȱ
Ž—Š˜—ȱŽŒ•Š›ŽȱŠ—ȱŽ—ȱ˜ȱ–Š“˜›ȱ‘˜œ’•’’Žœȱ’—ȱ›Ššǯȱ‘’•Žȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœ
ȱ‘ŠȱŠŒŽȱ˜ŒŒŠœ’˜—Š••¢ȱœ’ȱ
›Žœ’œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ’ȱ•˜œȱ˜—•¢ȱ ˜ȱœ˜•’Ž›œȱ’—ȱŒ˜–‹Šǰȱ ’‘ȱœ˜–ŽȱśŖȱ ˜ž—Žǯȱ œȱ‘Ž¢ȱœŽ•Žȱ˜ —ȱ’—ȱ
Š‘Šǰȱ‘Ž¢ȱŽ¡™ŽŒŽȱ‘Šȱ‘Ž’›ȱœŠ¢ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ‹›’Žǰȱ‘ŠȱŒ’Ÿ’•ȱŠž‘˜›’¢ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱ
šž’Œ”•¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Šȱ•’”Žȱ–˜œȱȱŒ˜–‹Šȱž—’œǰȱ‘Ž¢ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ‘ŽŠ’—ȱ‘˜–Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—ȱ˜ȱœž––Ž›ǯȱȱ
ȱ Šœȱ—˜ȱ˜ȱ‹Žǯȱ‘Žȱ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ•ŽŠ›—Žȱ˜—ȱ ›’Š¢ǰȱ ™›’•ȱŗŞǰȱ‘Šȱ’ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ’œ™ŠŒ‘Žȱ˜ȱ
—˜›‘Ž›—ȱ›Ššȱ˜ȱŠ”ŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱ˜ȱ’—ŽŸŽ‘ȱ™›˜Ÿ’—ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ’œȱŒŠ™’Š•ǰȱ˜œž•ǯŘ
ȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœȱ ˜ž•ȱ›Ž™•ŠŒŽȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗ
A number of additional logistical, air defense, artillery, armor, engineer, and signal battalions were attached to the
division for the operations in Iraq.
Ř
At the time the Division received orders to air assault north to Mosul, its forces were dispersed. The 1st
Brigade
was still deployed in An Najaf and Al Hilla, attached to the 82nd
Airborne Division; 2nd
and 3rd
Brigades were in
Řȱ
11. Š‹˜ž›’ǰȱŠȱ•˜ŒŠ•ȱ•ŽŠŽ›ȱœžœ™ŽŒŽȱ˜ȱ’Žœȱ˜ȱŠŠ–ȱ
žœœŽ’—ǰȱ‘ŠȱŽŒ•Š›Žȱ‘’–œŽ•ȱ–Š¢˜›ǯȱ ž›’—ȱ
˜ȱŠ¢œȱ˜ȱŸ’˜•Ž—ŒŽǰȱ‘Žȱœ–Š••ȱȱŠ›’—ŽȱŽŠŒ‘–Ž—ȱ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Šȱ”’••Žȱŗŝȱ›Šš’œǰȱ ˜ž—’—ȱ–Š—¢ȱ
–˜›ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Šȱ›Ž’›Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒ’¢ȂœȱŠ’›™˜›ǯȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœ
ǰȱœŠ¢œȱ ˜•˜—Ž•ȱ —Ž›œ˜—ǰȱ ŠœȱœŽ—ȱ˜ȱ˜œž•ȱ
‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱȃ Žȱ Ž›ŽȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•ŽȄȱŠ—ǰȱ ’‘ȱ’œȱ‘Ž•’Œ˜™Ž›ȱ•ŽŽǰȱŒ˜ž•ȱŽȱ‘Ž›ŽȱŠœǯȱ‘Žȱ›Žœž•ȱ Šœȱ‘Šȱ
‘ŽȱŗŖŗœ
ȱŠ››’ŸŽȱ’—ȱ˜œž•ȱ ’‘ȱ–’—’–Š•ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘ŽȱŒ’¢ǰȱ’œȱ™Ž˜™•Žǰȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱœž››˜ž—’—ȱ
™›˜Ÿ’—ŒŽǯȱȱ
››’ŸŠ•ȱ
‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜›ȱ˜›ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ›Žœ™˜—œ’‹•Žȱœ›ŽŒ‘Žȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ¢›’Š—ȱ‹˜›Ž›ȱ’—ȱ
‘Žȱ Žœȱ˜ȱ
ž›’œ‘ȱŽ››’˜›¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—˜›‘ȱŠ—ȱŽŠœȯŠ—ȱŠ›ŽŠȱ–ŽŠœž›’—ȱŝśǰŖŖŖȱœšžŠ›Žȱ”’•˜–ŽŽ›œǯř
ȱ
’œȱ’›œȱŽŒ’œ’˜—œȱ Ž›ŽȱŠŒ’ŒŠ•ȯ ‘Ž›Žȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‘Žȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ›˜˜™œǵȱ˜œž•ǰȱ›ŠšȂœȱ‘’›ȱ•Š›Žœȱ
Œ’¢ǰȱ Šœȱ‘Žȱ•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŒŽ—Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱœŽŒž›Žȱ’›œǯȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱœŽ—ȱ ˜•˜—Ž•ȱ —Ž›œ˜—ȱ˜ȱ
‘ŽȱŘ—ȱ ›’ŠŽȱ˜ȱ›ŽŒ˜——˜’Ž›ȱ˜œž•ȱŠ—ȱ›Ž™˜›ȱ‹ŠŒ”ȱ’—ȱŽŠ’•ǯȱȱ
—Ž›œ˜—ȱŠ››’ŸŽȱŠȱ—˜˜—ȱ˜—ȱž—Š¢ǰȱ ™›’•ȱŘŖǰȱŠȱ‘Žȱ˜œž•ȱŠ’›’Ž•ǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱ˜ž—ȱ‘Žȱ
œ–Š••ȱ˜›ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠ›’—Žœȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱŘŜ‘
ȱŠ›’—Žȱ ¡™Ž’’˜—Š›¢ȱ—’ǰȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱœ˜–Žȱ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ ˜›ŒŽœǯŚ
ȱ
—Ž›œ˜—ȱ ›ŽŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Œ˜—•’Œ’—ȱ ›Ž™˜›œȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ȱ ›˜ž™œǯȱ ˜œž•ȱ ‘Šȱ Š••Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ‘Š—ž•ȱ ˜ȱ
™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ ˜›ŒŽœȱŠ—ȱ
ž›’œ‘ȱ™Žœ‘–Ž›Šȱ ’‘˜žȱŠȱ’‘ȱŠœȱ‘ŽȱŽŽ—’—ȱ›Ššȱ ›–¢Ȃœȱ ’‘ȱ ˜›™œȱ
œ’–™•¢ȱ–Ž•ŽȱŠ Š¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ ˜›ŒŽœȱ™Š’—ŽȱŠȱ›Ž•Š’ŸŽ•¢ȱŒŠ•–ȱ™’Œž›ŽȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘ŽȱœŠŽȱ˜ȱŠŠ’›œȱ
’—ȱ˜œž•ǯȱ žȱ‘ŽȱŠ›’—Žœǰȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŸ’˜•Ž—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ ™›’•ŗśȬŗŜǰȱ˜•ȱ —Ž›œ˜—ǰȱȃ œȱœ˜˜—ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ
œž—ȱ˜Žœȱ˜ —ǰȱŠ—¢‘’—ȱ‘Šȱ–˜ŸŽœȯ‹Žȱ’ȱŠȱ˜ǰȱŠȱŠ›‹ŠŽȱŒŠ—ȱ˜›ȱŠȱ™Ž›œ˜—ȯŽœȱœ‘˜ȱŠǯȄȱǯȱ
ȱ ŒŒ˜–™Š—’Žȱ ‹¢ȱ œŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ ˜›ŒŽœȱ œ˜•’Ž›œǰȱ —Ž›œ˜—ȱ ˜˜”ȱ Šȱ œ’¡Ȭ‘˜ž›ȱ ȃŒ˜––Š—Ž›Ȃœȱ
›ŽŒ˜——Š’œœŠ—ŒŽȄȱ›’ŸŽȱŠ›˜ž—ȱ˜œž•ȱ’—ȱŠȱœ–Š••ȱŒ˜—Ÿ˜¢ȱ˜ȱ‘›ŽŽȱž—Š›–˜›Žȱ
ž–ŸŽŽœǯȱ —Ž›œ˜—ȱ
ŠœȱŠœ”’—ȱ‘’–œŽ•DZȱȃ
˜ ȱ˜ȱ Žȱ˜ŒŒž™¢ȱ˜œž•ǵȱ ˜ȱ Žȱ•Š—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ˜žœ’ŽȱŠ—ȱ’‘ȱ˜ž›ȱ Š¢ȱ’—ǰȱ
˜›ȱ˜ȱ Žȱ“žœȱ˜ȱ’—ȱŠ—ȱ˜ŒŒž™¢ǵȄȱ‘Ž›Žȱ Šœȱ˜—•¢ȱ˜—Žȱ Š¢ȱ˜ȱ’—ȱ˜žǰȱœŠ¢œȱ —Ž›œ˜—DZȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
southern Baghdad; one infantry battalion was in western Baghdad attached to the 3rd
Infantry Division while
another was at Haditha Dam in western Iraq attached to a Special Operations unit; and the Division’s aviation and
logistical forces were south of Baghdad at Iskandiriyah Airfield.
ř
See Appendix 1 for map of the 101st
Airborne’s sector. The distance north-south was comparable to Washington to
Philadelphia, while east-west was like New York City to Boston.
Ś
Special Forces included such groups as the Green Berets’ Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) teams, the Army
counterterrorism 1st
Special Forces Operational Detachment Delta (or Delta Force), as well as Task Force 20—
which was hunting Iraqi leaders and illegal weapons. Source: Atkinson, p. 204.
řȱ
19. Š¢ȱ Š›—Ž›ȱŠ››’ŸŽȱ’—ȱ›Ššȱ˜—ȱ ™›’•ȱŘŗȱŠœȱ‘ŽŠȱ˜ȱ
ȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘’ŽȱȱŠ–’—’œ›Š˜›ȱ’—ȱ
›ŠšǯȱȃŽȱ‘Šȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ˜•ȱ‘Šȱ
ǰȱ ˜›”’—ȱ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ ’‘ȱ›Šš’ȱŽ¡’•ŽœȱŠ—ȱ›Šš’œȱ ‘˜ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ
˜—ȱ‘Žȱ“˜‹ǰȱ ˜ž•ȱŠ”Žȱ‘Žȱ•ŽŠǰȄȱ›Ž–Ž–‹Ž›œȱŽ›ŠŽžœǯȱȃŽȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ’—ȱŠȱœž™™˜›’—ȱ›˜•ŽǯȄȱȱ
›–¢ȱ Š—ȱ ŽŠŒŽ”ŽŽ™’—ǯȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ž›’—ȱ ‘Šȱ Šœȱ Ž—Ÿ’œ’˜—Žȱ Šœȱ Šȱ ‹›’Žȱ ’—Ž›’–ȱ
™Ž›’˜ȯž—’•ȱ
ȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ Žȱ ž™ȱ Š—ȱ ›ž——’—ȯ‘Žȱ ›–¢Ȃœȱ ȱ ˜›™œȱ ˜ž•ȱ ‘Š—•Žȱ œ˜–Žȱ
Š–’—’œ›Š’ŸŽȱ ž—Œ’˜—œȱ ǻ™˜œȬŒ˜—•’Œȱ ŠŒ’Ÿ’’ŽœǼǯȱ œȱ ’—’’Š•ȱ œ˜ȬŒŠ••Žȱ ’Ÿ’•Ȭ’•’Š›¢ȱ ™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ
ǻ Ǽȱ œ›ŠŽ¢ǰȱ Žœ’—Žȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’—Š•ȱ Š¢œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ –’•’Š›¢ȱ Œ˜—•’Œǰȱ Šœȱ ’—Ž—Žȱ ˜ȱ ȃœŽȱ ‘Žȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŝ
Atkinson, In the Company of Soldiers, p. 273.
Ş
The Bush Administration created ORHA on January 20, 2003, to manage post-war operations in Iraq. Though
located within the Department of Defense, it brought together officials from agencies and departments across the
government.
Ŝȱ
21. Ž››¢Ȅȱ ›Ž–Ž›ǯȱȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ–˜›Žȱ‘Š—ȱ ˜ȱ–˜—‘œȱ‹Ž˜›Žȱ ȱ
™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ’œȱ™•Š—ȱ˜›ȱ™˜œȬ‘˜œ’•’’Žœȱ›Ššǰȱ˜ȱ˜›ȱ—˜ ǰȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœ
ȱ ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱœŽȱ’œȱ˜ —ȱŒ˜ž›œŽǯȱ œȱ˜—Žȱ
˜‹œŽ›ŸŽ›ȱ—˜ŽDZȱȱ
‘¢ȱ Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱœ˜•’Ž›œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœ
ȱ ’›‹˜›—Žȱ ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ’ŸŽ—ȱ‘ŽȱŠž—’—ȱ
Šœ”ȱ ˜ȱ –Š”’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ’’Žœȱ Š—ȱ Ÿ’••ŠŽœȱ ˜ȱ —˜›‘Ž›—ȱ ›Ššȱ ˜›”ȱ ŠŠ’—ǵȱ
ŽŒŠžœŽȱ ‘Ž—ȱ‘Ž¢ȱ Ž›Žȱ˜›Ž›ŽȱřŖŖȱ–’•Žœȱ—˜›‘ȱ˜ȱ Š‘ŠȱŠŽ›ȱ‘ŽȱŒ’¢ȱ
Ž••ǰȱ‘Ž›Žȱ Šœȱ—˜ȱ˜—ŽȱŽ•œŽȱŠ›˜ž—ȱ˜ȱ˜ȱ’ǯŗŗ
˜›ȱ‘’œȱ˜ —ȱ™Š›ǰȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱŽ•ȱ˜›ž—ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱ›Š ȱ˜—ȱ‘’œȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ Ž—›Š•ȱ
–Ž›’ŒŠǰȱ
Š’’ȱ Š—ȱ ˜œ—’Šǯȱ œȱ ‘’œȱ Œ‘’Žȱ ˜ȱ œŠȱ ’—ȱ ˜œž•ǰȱ ‘˜–Šœȱ Œ‘˜Ž—‹ŽŒ”ǰȱ ›Ž–Ž–‹Ž›œȱ ’ǰȱ
Ž›ŠŽžœȱȃž—Ž›œ˜˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ Š›ȱ‹ŽŽ›ȱ‘Š—ȱŠ—¢ȱ˜ȱžœȱ ‘˜ȱ‘Šȱœž’Žȱ’ȱ
˜›ȱ‘Šȱœ˜–ŽȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽǯȄȱ‘ŽȱŽ—Ž›Š•ȱ ŠœȱŠ™ȱ˜ȱŠ™™›Š’œŽȱ’œœžŽœȱŠȱŠȱœ›ŠŽ’Œȱ›Š‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱŠȱŠŒ’ŒŠ•ȱ
•ŽŸŽ•ǯȱŽŒŠ••œȱŒ‘˜Ž—‹ŽŒ”DZȱȃ
Žȱ ˜ž•ȱœŠ¢ȱ—˜ǰȱ¢˜žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ˜ȱ‘’—”ȱ•˜—Ž›Ȭ›Š—Žȱ‘Š—ȱ‘Šǯȱ˜žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ
˜ȱ‘’—”ȱȱ—Š’˜—Š•ȱ’—Ž›ŽœǰȱŠ—ȱ‘˜ ȱŠ›Žȱ Žȱ˜’—ȱ˜ȱŠŒ‘’ŽŸŽȱ‘Šȱž™ȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’—ȱ˜œž•ǵȱ —ȱ‘˜ ȱ’œȱ
’ȱ‘Ž—ȱ˜’—ȱ˜ȱŠŽŒȱ‘’—œȱ›˜–ȱ Š‘Šȱ˜›ȱ’—ȱ Š‘ŠǵȄȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ş
CALL Newsletter, “Targeting for Victory: winning the civil military operations,” No. 03-23, September 2003.
ŗŖ
Sebastian Mallaby, “Foundation for a nation,” Washington Post, October 29, 2001, p. A17.
ŗŗ
Lucian K. Truscott IV, “A million miles from the Green Zone to the front lines,” New York Times, December 7,
2003, Section 4, p. 13.
ŝȱ
26. Š‹˜ž›’ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ ’Ÿ’œ’ŸŽȱ ’ž›Žǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗŘ
The Iraqi National Congress was a party of exiles led by Ahmed Chalabi.
Şȱ
30. Š‹˜ž›’ǰȱ™˜•Š›’£’—ȱ’ž›Žœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜––ž—’¢ǰȱ ˜ž•ȱ™•Š¢ȱŠȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’ŸŽȱ
›˜•Žǯȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›”Žȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—Ÿ’—ŒŽȱ ‘Ž–ȱ ‘Šǰȱ ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ‘Šȱ ™•Š¢Žȱ Š—ȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ ™Š›ȱ ’—ȱ
œ™ŽŠ›‘ŽŠ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœǰȱ—Ž’‘Ž›ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱœŠ—ȱ˜›ȱŽ•ŽŒ’˜—ǯȱȱ
˜—Š¢ǰȱŠ¢ȱśǰȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ •ŽŒ’˜—ȱ Š¢ǯȱ ȱŒ˜—ŸŽ—’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱŘśŖȱŽ•ŽŠŽœȯŒ‘˜œŽ—ȱ‹¢ȱ
ŒŠžŒžœȱ›˜–ȱ ’‘’—ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱŽœ’—ŠŽȱŽ‘—’Œȱ›˜ž™ȯ ˜ž•ȱŒ‘˜˜œŽȱŠȱŘŚȬ–Ž–‹Ž›ȱ›˜Ÿ’—Œ’Š•ȱ ˜ž—Œ’•ǰȱ
‘’Œ‘ȱ ˜ž•ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ Ž•ŽŒȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ŸŽ›—˜›ȱ ›˜–ȱ Š–˜—ȱ Ž›ŠŽžœȬŠ™™›˜ŸŽȱ ŒŠ—’ŠŽœǯȱ ‘Žȱ
˜ŸŽ›—˜›Ȧ–Š¢˜›ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŠȱž——’ȱ ›Š‹ȱ›˜–ȱŠȱ•˜ŒŠ•ȱȃ›ŽŠȱŠ–’•¢ǯȄȱ‘Žȱ ’——Ž›ȱŒ˜ž•ȱœŽ›ŸŽȱ˜—•¢ȱ
˜—ŽȱŽ›–ǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ™ž¢ȱ˜ŸŽ›—˜›Ȧ–Š¢˜›ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŠȱ
ž›ǯȱ‘Žȱ ˜ȱŠœœ’œŠ—ȱ˜ŸŽ›—˜›œȱ ˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ
œœ¢›’Š—ȱ ‘›’œ’Š—ȱŠ—ȱž›”–Ž—ǯȱǯȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœǰȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱŠŒ”—˜ •ŽŽǰȱ Šœȱ—˜ȱ ‘Šȱ –Ž›’ŒŠ—œȱ
˜ž•ȱŒŠ••ȱŽ–˜Œ›Š’Œǰȱȃ˜ȱ‹Žȱ›ž‘ž•ǰȱ’ȱ ŠœȱŠȱšž˜Šȱœ¢œŽ–ǰȱŽ‘—’ŒȱŽ—’—ŽŽ›’—ȱ˜ȱŽ—œž›Žȱ‘ŠȱŠ••ȱ
–Š“˜›ȱ›˜ž™œǰȱ’œ›’ŒœȱŠ—ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œȱ Ž›Žȱ™›˜™Ž›•¢ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—ŽǯȄȱȱ
˜›ȱœ’¡ȱŠ¢œȱ™›’˜›ǰȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱœ™Ž—ȱ‘›ŽŽȱ˜ȱœ’¡ȱ‘˜ž›œȱŠȱŠ¢ȱ—Ž˜’Š’—ȱ•’œœȱ˜ȱŒŠ—’ŠŽœȱ
˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜ž—Œ’•ȱŠ—ȱ˜ŸŽ›—˜›ǯȱ˜–Žȱ‘Žȱ›˜ž™ȱ›Ž“ŽŒŽȱ˜ž›’‘ǯȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱ™Ž›œ˜—Š••¢ȱ’—Ž›Ÿ’Ž Žȱ
Š••ȱ‘ŽȱŒ›Ž’‹•ŽȱŒŠ—’ŠŽœȱ˜›ȱ˜ŸŽ›—˜›ǰȱŠ—ȱŽ•’–’—ŠŽȱ‘˜œŽȱ ‘˜ȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ–ŽŽȱ‘ŽȱŒ›’Ž›’Šǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗř
Mahmood eventually refused to vote, claiming too many Saddam loyalists were among the delegates—and perhaps
lacking the personal support for which he had hoped. But he pledged not to oppose the new government, and
Petraeus later drafted him to run a Veterans Employment Center in Mosul.
ŗŖȱ
37. žŽȱ Ÿ˜ŒŠŽȱ
ŠŒ‘ǯŗŝ
ȱ ˜ȱ ˜—ȱ Šž›Š¢ǰȱ ™›’•ȱ ŘŜǰȱ ‘Žȱ —Ž •¢ȱ
Š™™˜’—Žȱ˜œž•ȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱŒ‘’Žǰȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ ‹ž••Š‘ȱ £’£ǰȱŠ——˜ž—ŒŽȱ‘Šȱ“˜’—ȱ™Š›˜•œȯ‹˜‘ȱ’—ȱŒŠ›œȱ
Š—ȱ˜—ȱ˜˜ȯ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ‘’œȱŘǰśŖŖȱ›Ž–Š’—’—ȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱ˜’ŒŽ›œȱŠ—ȱȱ˜›ŒŽœȱ ˜ž•ȱœŠ›ȱ‘ŠȱŠ¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ
–ŽœœŠŽȱ›˜–ȱŽ›ŠŽžœǰȱ ŠœDZȱȃŽȱ Š•”ǯȄȱ
˜˜—ǰȱ ‘Žȱ ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ ŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱ Šȱ ŗŖȬ™˜’—ȱ Œ˜Žȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—žŒȱ ˜›ȱ ™˜•’ŒŽDzȱ Ÿ’˜•Š’˜—ȱ –ŽŠ—ȱ
’œ–’œœŠ•ǯŗŞ
ȱ ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Š¢ǰȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ ˜™Ž—Žȱ Šȱ ‘›ŽŽȬ ŽŽ”ȱ ŠŒŠŽ–¢ȱ ˜ȱ ›Ž›Š’—ȱ ›Žž›—’—ȱ ™˜•’ŒŽȱ
˜’ŒŽ›œǯȱ‘ŽȱŒž››’Œž•ž–ȱ’—Œ•žŽȱŒ•ŠœœŽœȱ˜—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ›’‘œǰȱ›Š’ŒȱŒ˜—›˜•ǰȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’ŸŽȱŒ›’–ŽȱœŒŽ—Žȱ
™›˜ŒŽž›ŽœȱŠ—ȱœ˜ȱ˜›‘ǯȱ˜ȱ’ŸŽȱ‘Žȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱŠȱ—Ž ȱ•˜˜”ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž•™ȱ’œ’—ž’œ‘ȱ‘Ž–ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ‹›žŠ•ȱ
Š—ȱŒ˜››ž™ȱ™›ŽŽŒŽœœ˜›œǰȱ‘Žȱ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱŠ•œ˜ȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ—Ž •¢ȱŽœ’—Žȱž—’˜›–œǯȱȱ
‘ŽȱŽŒ’œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱžœŽȱŽ¡’œ’—ȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱ˜›ŒŽœȱ›Š—ȱŠ˜ž•ȱ˜ȱ
ǰȱŠ—ȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ ǯȱ‘Žȱȱ
Œ’Ÿ’•ȱŠ–’—’œ›Š’˜—ȱ Š—Žȱ˜ȱ’›ŽȱŠ••ȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ›ŽŒ›ž’ȱ—Ž ȱ˜’ŒŽ›œȱ›˜–ȱœŒ›ŠŒ‘ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱŠŸ˜’ȱ
ŽŸŽ—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ™™ŽŠ›Š—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠ—¢ȱ•’—Ž›’—ȱ ŠŠ‘’œȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱŠ–˜—ȱ‘Žȱ•˜—Ȭ’œ›žœŽȱ›Šš’ȱ™˜•’ŒŽǯȱ—ȱ
Šœ‘’—˜—ȱŠ—ȱ Š‘ŠǰȱȱŠž‘˜›’’Žœȱœ™Ž—ȱ ŽŽ”œȱ‘Š––Ž›’—ȱ˜žȱ ’‘ȱŽ¡‘Šžœ’—ȱ™›ŽŒ’œ’˜—ȱ
œŠ—Š›œȱ˜›ȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱ›ŽȬ‘’›’—ȱŠ—ȱ›ŽŽ—’˜—ǯȱ—ȱ˜œž•ǰȱŽ›ŠŽžœȱŒ‘˜œŽȱ˜ȱ›ŽŠ’—ȱ‘˜œŽȱ™˜•’ŒŽȱ ’••’—ȱ
˜ȱž—Ž›˜ȱ›Ž›Š’—’—ǰȱ›Ž—˜ž—ŒŽȱ‘Žȱ ŠŠ‘ȱŠ›¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ ˜›”ȱ‘Š›ǯŗş
ȱ Žœ’Žœǰȱ
ȱ‘Šȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ
—˜ȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ ’—œ›žŒ’˜—œǰȱ –žŒ‘ȱ •Žœœȱ –˜—Ž¢ǰȱ Žšž’™–Ž—ǰȱ ž—’˜›–œǰȱ ŸŽ‘’Œ•Žœǰȱ ŽŠ™˜—œȱ ˜›ȱ
Š––ž—’’˜—ǯȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ‘˜œŽȱ’Ž–œȱ˜—ȱ’œȱ˜ —ǯȱ
ž›‹’—ȱ‘Žȱ
ž›œǯȱ‘’•Žȱ‘Ž¢ȱ Ž›Žȱœ›Ž—‘Ž—’—ȱ‘Žȱ™˜•’ŒŽǰȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŗœȱŠŒŽȱŠ—ȱ’––Ž’ŠŽȱ
—ŽŽȱ˜ȱ›Ž’—ȱ’—ȱ
ž›’œ‘ȱœŽŒž›’¢ȱ˜›ŒŽœǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ—˜›‘ǰȱ‘Žȱ
ž›œȱ‘ŠȱŽ—“˜¢ŽȱœŽ•Ȭ›ž•Žȱ˜›ȱŗŘȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŗŜ
The general ordered a low-key approach: no US flags were to fly from vehicles.
ŗŝ
Author’s telephone interview with Richard Hatch, December 15, 2005. All further quotes from Hatch, unless
otherwise attributed, are from this interview.
ŗŞ
For a copy of the code of conduct, see Appendix 2.
ŗş
Other US commanders in Iraq would eventually adopt a similar policy. In Mosul, Anderson twice during the early
months had to ask the governor t o replace the police chief before a competent and principled chief was selected. A
number of precinct chiefs were also dismissed
ŗŚȱ
40. ž—ŽȱŗŚȱŠ••ŠŒŽȂœȱœžŒŒŽœœ˜›ǰȱ’ŽžŽ—Š—ȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ’ŒŠ›˜ȱ ǯȱŠ—Œ‘Ž£ǯŘŗ
ȱ ˜••˜ ’—ȱ‘Šǰȱ‘Žȱ–Žȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŘŖ
A planning group daily took the results of the commanders’ update meeting, wrote up concrete division goals—
from dealing with former Baathists to getting out the wheat harvest—and published daily orders.
Řŗ
Petraeus’ routine was reflected among his subordinates. Colonel Anderson, for example, started his day with a staff
huddle at 6:00 a.m., followed by the 7:00 a.m. commanders’ update with Petraeus. In the evening, Anderson’s staff
ŗŜȱ