CAT- 1998

cat –Past papers CAT- UNSOLVED PAPER - 1998

SECTION – I (Total Marks : 185) Single Correct Answer Type Select the correct answer from among those provided for the following

Directions for questions 1 to 5 : In each question below, a part of the sentence is underlined beneath each sentence four different ways or phrasing the underlined part are indicated choose the best alternative.

01 Problem The article is a continuation of the series on new projects under planning and implementation in India. series of new projects under planning and implementation in India. series on new projects under planning and implementation in India. series of articles published on new projects under planning and implementation in India. article on new project under planning and implementation in India.

Problem 02 British Aerospace had been focusing on building European links. stressing on building European links. focusing on forging strong European ties. pursuing ways of building European connectivity. concentrating on creating European links.

Problem 03 In the first half of the twentieth century, intellectual elite generally assumed that economic and sociological modernization was leading to the decay of religion as a determinant in human existence. decay of religion as a determinant. withering away of religion as the significant element. humanization of religion as a determinant. debasement of religion as an important issue.

Problem 04 At the rate at which India's population is growing, it is destined to be on a collision course. destined to be bound to be meant to be intended to be

Problem 05 I think Makes had something very useful to say however , he was unable to communicate his viewpoint to skeptical audience. he did not change the minds of a knowledgeable public. the people were willing to accept his views. he failed to convince a suspicious congregation. he could not convince the doubting audience.

Directions for questions 6 to 15: In each of the following sentences, a part/parts of the sentence is/are left blank. Beneath each sentence, four different ways of completing the sentence are indicated/Choose the best alternative from among the four.

Problem 06 The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition as it has developed up to now, with all its diverse proponents, is that it consists of a Plato. series of footnotes to set of prologues to collection of chapters on string of commentaries to

Problem 07 The ideas that these companies used seem so simple with ________ that their competitors will now ___________ themselves for not thinking of them first. advanced technology, hit analysis , abuse passage of time, curse hindsight, kick

08 Problem No doubt, it was our own government but it was being run on borrowed ideas, using _________solutions. worn out secondhand impractical appropriate

Problem 09 Overall, all the recent policy changes by the government only amount to _________ in the sugar industry. superficial attempt at liberalization drop in the ocean large change small regulating authority

Problem 10 In pursuance of their decision to resist what they saw as anti-labour policies, the company employees, union launched agitation to ___________. show their virility reaffirm+ their commitment to the company. bring down the government demonstrate their strength

Problem 11 Scientists have found __________ evidence that Neanderthals, now an extinct species of humans __________ Europe , were cannibals. grisly, Living in incontrovertible, A cross chilling inhabiting proper, in

12 Problem The telephone symbolizes that awkward ___________ in all communication technologies ; while it __________ to bring us together, it keeps us apart. paradox, needs irony, intends paradox , tries irony wishes

Problem 13 The world is fast moving into a period of 'civilisational clash' in which the primary identification of people and countries will not be ________ as during the Cold War, but, 1. ideological, technological 2. cultural, ethnic 3. political, economic 4. ideological, cultural

Problem 14 In our country, the challenges are to raise incomes to reduce poverty, and to inefficient public sector enterprises. farm, liberalize middle-class, privatize workers, take over rural, restructure

Problem 15 The interest generated by the Soccer World Cup is _______ compared to the way cricket ________ the nation. milder, fascinates lukewarm, electrifies tepid, inspires unusual, grips

Directions for questions 16 to 25 : Sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the four given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

Problem 16 However, the real challenge today is unlearning , which is much harder. But the new world of business behaves differently from the world in which we grew up. Learning is important for both people and organizations. Each of us has a "mental model" that wife used over the years to make sense. DBCA CADB DACB CBDA

17 Problem The gradual destruction of the Red Fort symbolizes the malaise that afflicts the country. Moreover, some greedy agencies, in their efforts to 'conserve' one of the finest examples of Munhall architecture, are destroying it. Such neglect is being done to the Red Fort what even Nadir Shah didn't. Today it is the victim of bureaucratic mismanagement. DCBA BACD CABD ADBC

Problem 18 A large number of intellectuals believe that the North is using its militry and economic powers to force unequal contracts on the South. The make-believe ethical issue of the sancity of law camouflages the unethicality of the entire transaction, which is a travesty of the ethical concept of the greatest number. Once these contracts are made , the North uses the facade of legality and ethics to pindown the South. Thus it suffers from the flaw that the law one of the useful means to implement ethics- has fouled the ethicality of the ends. DACB CBDA ACBD BDAC

Problem 19 The fact that he could find absolutely nothing to substantiate their wild claims made no difference. We always gave the poor man a cup of tea, and he grew quite fond of some of the animals. The neighbors, now thoroughly indignant, kept bombarding the local health authorities. On an average, twice a week, the poor inspector was forced to come up to the house. DBAC CDAB ADBC CADB

Problem 20 However, these should not be taken as a narrow set of rules to tell the fledgling editor how to make the news meaningful. Polishing the language, writing the headlines, selecting and, fitting the news into the available space, etc. are levels of making a news item presentable. Competent newspaper editing accomplishes to make the news more meaningful for its readers. At all these levels the editors' chief concern is to present as much substantial news as possible in the most interesting form. BCDA DCAB CBDA ABDC

Problem 21 Kapilendra suppressed many revolts with firmness and tried to restore its lost prestige to the kingdom of Orissa. He also protected the empire from the attacks of the Kingdoms of Bahmani and Vijayanagar and added certain territories to his own kingdom. However, due to the bickerings and palce revolutions the Ganga dynasty, which was ruling Orissa, grew weak and was over thrown by Kapilendra in 1435. The kingdom of Orissa remained independent of the Delhi Sultanate and successfully repulsed the Delhi Sultan's attemp to bring it under their control. ADCB DCAB ACDB DBCA

Problem 22 The existence of political parties is important for the effective functioning of a democracy. Their origin is not a recent event. Thy existed even in the republics of the ancient ages. For instance, political parties in England came to be known as Lancastrian and Worksites, from time to time. ABCD ACDB. BACD BCDA

Problem 23 National integration is the prerequisite for the healthy existence of every nation. This is because it believes that the interests of the different religions groups are special and are opposed to those of other sects. Communalism is one of the biggest threats to national integration. To communalists, the interest of their group is supreme and runs counter to the national interest. BADC CADB ACBD DBCA

Problem 24 Manu, one of the most important social thinkers of ancient India, has opined that man is barbarous and uncivilized by nature. Hence he laid great emphasis on the role of discipline and self - control in the shaping of human life. Human nature has always been a controversial issue both among philosophers and social thinkers. It is discipline or 'sanskara' which helps man become a better being than this. ADBC BACD CDBA CADB

Problem 25 The then system of education was designed so as to provide students with every possibility to earn a livelihood. The history of education in India can be traced back to the Vedic age. Gurukuls were the places where this was accomplished. Teachers, in these institutions, treated all the students as equals. ADCB BACD DCBA ABCD

Directions for questions 26 to 30 : Arrange the sentences A, B, C, and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

Problem 27 1. Buddhism is a way to salvation. But Buddhism is more severely analytical. In the Christian tradition there is also a concern for the fate of human society conceived as a whole, rather than merely as a sum or network of individuals. Salvation is a property , or achievement , of individuals. Not only does it dissolve society into individuals; the individual in turn is dissolved into component parts and instants; a stream of events. 6. In modern terminology, Buddhist doctrine is reductionist. BCAD ADBC CBAD CDAB

Problem 28 Matrilineal systems of land inheritance advantaged women in many respects, especially in granting them economic and social security. Women, in particular, were profoundly affected by these changes. The large joint family estates came to be partitioned there was an increasing penetration of market forces and patriarchal ideologies spread in influence. These systems, however , did not remain fixed over time. Interventions by the colonial and post colonial states, and the processes of social change which these set in motion, eroded customary practices. 6. At the same time, their customary exclusion from major authority in public bodies meant that they were unlikely to be the ones directing the changes. BDCA CDBA CDAB CADB

Problem 29 Basically there are two types of students in this world: those who can do Maths and those who cannot. The ones who can do it form a rather elite circle, the charmed few that can twist numbers round their little cylindrical figures. It doesn't matter if you love it, hate it, adore it or abhor it, the bottom line is whether you can do it. Usually, of course, the choose not to do it until they hear exams creaking around the school corridors, and from then on they too join the elitist category. Then, they are the wishy-mashy types, the ones who can do it if they find respite from day dreaming and collecting picture post cards of the Indian cricket team. 6. The most off are people who cannot do Moths. BADC BCAD BACD ACBD

Problem 30 Our Grandfather was a gentle and generous man. Every visitor to our house praised his lovely workmanship in constructing our kitchen and dining-room. He was a skilful, self -employed mason. Then he would sit and tell us about the wonderful things he had built. When he got paid for a job, he would come home with a number of presents. 6. Those were the pleasant memories of olden days. DCBA BADC ADCB ACDB

Directions for questions 31 to 35: Each question has a set of four statements. Each statement has three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deducted from the preceding two.

Problem 31 Computers are only for nerds : Ramesh is a nerd ; Computer are for Ramesh. Goodness is for saints ; Some people are saints; Goodness is for people. Capital punishment is for killers ; Seema is a killer; Capital punishment is for Seema. Liquor is for dinking ; Coke is for drinking; Some liquor is Coke. A and B D only A and C None of these

Problem 32 Some apples are sour; This fruit is an apple; This fruit is sour. Sita is a nurse ; All nurses are tall women; Gita is a tall woman. Army officers are smart ; Airforce officers are smart; Militry officers are smart. No animal likes fire; Aardvarks are animals ; Aardvarks do not like fire. Bonly C only Donly None of these.

Problem 33 No Martian is tall; Some humans are not tall; Some humans are Martians. All Martians are green; Glx is green ; Glx is a Martian. No Martian is fair; Glx is a Martian ; Glx is not fair. No Martian is green ; Glx is a Martian ; Glx is Green. A only D only C and D C only

Problem 34 Some babies are girls; Some girls are mother; Some babies are mothers. Some movies are books; Some books are good; Some movies are good. Some animals are cute : Some monkeys are cute; Some animals are monkeys. Some mothers have babies ; Some babies are girls; Some mother have girls. D only B and C A and B None of these.

Problem 35 No S is P; All X is S; No X is P. No S is P; All X is S; All X is P. Some S is not P; Some X is S; Some X is not P. Some S is not P; All X is S; All X is not P. A only A and B C only D only

Directions for questions 36 to 40 : Each question has a main statement followed by four statements. Choose the best logical connection as indicated by the option.

Problem 36 Either Sita is sick or she is asleep. Sita is asleep. Sita is sick. Sita is not sick. Sita is not asleep. CA BD CD AC

Problem 37 Whenever Ram eats a hamburger, his nose bloats up. Ram ate hamburgers. Ram did not eat hamburgers. Ram's nose did not bloat up. Ram's nose has bloated up. CB BC DB CA

Problem 38 Whenever Ram studies late into the night, his father beats him up. Ram did not study late into the night. Ram's father did not beat him up. Ram's father beat him up. Ram studied late into the night. AB CD BA DB

Problem 39 Either the employees are violent by nature or they have no confidence in the management. The employees are violent by nature. The employees have confidence in the management. The employees are not violent by nature. The employees have no confidence in the management. CD DA DC BC

Problem 40 All children of irresponsible parents become drugs addicts. Mohan is a drug addict. Mohan is not a drug addict. Mohan's parents are responsible. Mohan's parents are irresponsible. BD AD CB DA

Directions for questions 41 to 50: Read each of the short passages given below and answer the questions that follow it.

Problem 41 The work of rivers is the single most important influence in shaping our landscape. That is why they are so prominent in the National Curriculum for geography. Yet, up until now, there have been teaching about rivers. One needs to learn about the way rivers are formed , how they work and how they often have to be controlled. Which of the following can be an inference drawn from this paragraph? Not many books on teaching about rivers are available in the market. Material available on teaching about rivers is not good enough. The National Curriculum does not have enough space to accommodate rivers'. How rivers are to be controlled, are of utmost importance for students.

Problem 42 With the advent of the Europeans on the Indian scene, Western styles and Patterns started casting their influences on the Indian style. These influences , however, remained less significant and they did not result in the emergence of any purposeful or effective architecture style which could match our past heritage in brilliance. Which of the following could be inferred from this paragraph? European architecture could not exert much influence on Indian architectural style. The advent of Europeans in India resulted in the extinction of Indian architectural style. Indian architectural style did cast a significant influence on that of the West. Indian architecture maintained its identity of the various influences on it.

Problem 43 Quite a large part of the population of lives in the tribal areas. The tribes may be classified on the basis of territory, language, occupation, physical characteristics and cultural contacts. The tribals have drawn special attention of the government of India since Independence.Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram Hills have been created in order to satisfy the tribals urge to solve their problems quickly. Which of the following can be a summary of this paragraph? The requirements of the tribals has contributed a lot to the political shape of India. Most of the tribal population in India lives in Manipur, Nagaland and izoram. Despite all efforts, the government has not been able to satisfy the tribal's needs. These Union territories have been created on the basis of languages, occupation and cultural contacts.

Problem 44 Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting , organizing , summarizing, presenting and analyzing data. It also includes drawing valid conclusions out of these on the basis of such analysis. In a narrower sense, the term is used to denote the data themselves or numbers derived from the data as, for example, averages. Thus, we speak of employ end statistics, accident statistic, etc. Which one can be inferred from this paragraph? Statistics has nothing to do with the population of a country. The acts of collecting, organizing and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions are interdependent. A single age height or sale does not constitute statistics. Statistics should be handled in a predetermined manner.

Problem 45 The mayor is elected annually from among members of the Municipal Corporation. He is the first citizen of the city. He presides over the meetings of the Corporation and guides its deliberations. He has access to all the records of the corporation. Which of the following can be a continuation of this paragraph? Besides, the Municipal Council is governed by the Municipal Acts of the State. The functions of a Municipality and a Municipal Corporation are more or less identical. Moreover, road transport services constitute one of its obligatory functions. Apart from this, he obtains reports from the commissioner on administrative matters.

Problem 46 The Kolahal party had to fight the Golmal party bitterly to in the mayoral elections. One of the main features of its campaign was that it would make public all the papers related to a scandal during the regime of the Golmal party. After the victory, however, the new mayor got busy introducing many schemes, both liked and not liked by the public. The Golmal party made only mild protests but refrained from tabling a serious no-confidence motion in the council which it could have won by obtaining the support of the independent members. Which of the following statements, if true, implies that the Kolahal party is blackmailing the Golmal party? The papers mentioned in the election campaign are prepared and ready. Some members of the public disliked the reforms made by the new mayor. People complained about collusion between the two parties. Independent members were not keen on supporting the Golmal party.

Problem 47 Cellular phone services are being provided by two companies in each telecom circle. These companies were awarded the contracts based on the licence fees they agreed to pay the government and were selected on a competitive basis. Cellular phone service providers have found that their profits are much less than they expected -in fact in most cases they are losing money. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage? All the cellular phone service providers have been operating inefficiently. The government was wrong in allowing private provision of cellular services. Cellular service providers have been unable to match performance to plan. Paging services have eaten into the revenue of the cellular services.

Problem 48 Organizations are often defined as groups of people who came together to pursue a common goal. But more often than not, goals diverge as much as they converge, making the rationality of the overall organization no more than an elusive ideal. Beneath the collective irrationality, however , organizations are often operating in a way that is eminently rational from the standpoint of the individuals, groups and coalitions directly involved. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage? If all employees of an organization pursue their individual goals, one can never have an organization that behaves rationally. Although conceptually an organization may appear to be irrational-behaviours of individuals, groups and coalitions in the organization may be rational. As individuals, groups or coalitions in an organisation pursue their own interests,the conceptual issues of rational behaviour get blurred. Since people are essentially irrational, the ideal of building a rational organisation is elusive.

Problem 49 BSE officials point out that ever since online trading took off, surveillance isn't difficult any more. Sophisticated software has been installed for continuous monitoring of stock prices. If that is so, how could the unnatural spurt in prices of operator-driven stock go unnoticed? There does not seem to be regular checks or supervision. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage? The software used at BSE is not as sophisticated as it is claimed to be. The operators can drive stock prices crazy irrespective of the kind of software installed. Nobody can ever predict how stock prices move in the market. Having the infrastructure in place is one thing, but proper utilisation is another.

Problem 50 At a movie theatre in Bangalore, last year, the proprietor decided to sell about one- third of his total balcony capacity on the internet. The response was tremendous. On every new release, the entire on-line capacity was sold out. Today, there are at least 2 million educated and well-heeled consumers in India who are ordering everything from cinema tickets to paan and tennis recquets to shirts from the comfort of their offices or homes. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage? There is a growing breed of computer- savvy consumers in Bangalore. It is more comfortable to purchase movie tickets through the internet. A retailing revolution is underway in India with the advent of the internet. The proprietor of the theatre can profitability decide to sell all the balcony tickets through the internet.

Directions for questions 51 to 100 : Each passage in this section is followed by questions. Read the passages and choose the best answer.

PASSAGE -1 The purpose of the present discussion is the development of the fundamentals of electromagnetic field theory in a form that is both mathematically understandable and physically meaningful to the average under graduate electrical engineering or physics student. The approach followed here is deductive rather than historical. We shall start with the presentation of a basic set of postulates or assumptions centered about Maxwell's equations that concisely summarize the results of many years of experimental observations of electromagnetism, we shall than proceed to deduce, hand-in-hand, the mathematical and physical characteristics of electromagnetic effects. Along the way, we shall continually be exposed to the inherent similarities in the theory and behaviour of electric and magnetic fields and also to the smooth transition that exist in their response over the entire range of their application, from statics to microwaves and radiation. It was precisely this ability to allow one to see at once the whole theory of lectromagnetism as opposed to a collection of apparently isolated parts, that led Maxwell in the middle of the nineteenth century to turn from the prevelling " action at a distance" concept of electric and magnetic forces to the more powerful field approach. Historically, the earlier studies of electromagnetism began with the development of the action at a distance concept in which the force acting on each charge or current element was considered to be the direct result of exerted on it by all of the other sources. Maxwell, on

the other hand, followed the lead of Faraday who first introduced the concept of an electric field existing at all points in the media surrounding the source charges (that is the ether, as he called it) in analogy to the stresses and strains found in an elastic material. Maxwell later completed the mathematical formulation of the properties of these electromagnetic field with the compiling of his classic equations in 1864. It is, in fact, these same Maxwell equations that will serve as the basis of our study of electro magnetism.A field can be defined, for our purposes, as the set of values, one for each point in a given region, that specify the behaviour of a particular quantity throughout the region. There are as many kinds of fields as there are types of mathematical or physical quantities that can be represented at a point. One finds, for instance, scalar, vector and tensor fields in the ordinary three-dimensional space of classical physics, and four-dimensional vector fields in the four-dimensional space-time domain of relativity theory. There are, in principle, no mathematical limits to the types of fields or the dimensions of the domains. For our study of classical electromagnetism, however, we shall only be concerned with scalar and vector fields in threedimensions. Some well-known examples of scalar fields include the temperature and the pressure of a gas, the altitude above sea level, and the density of a fluid. Each of these fields represents the behaviour of a scalar function (as given by a magnitude only) at each point in space . Some typical vector fields, on the other hand, include the gravitational force, the velocity and the

acceleration of a fluid and , as we shall soon learn, the forces of electric and magnetic origin. In each of these cases, a vector quantity (having a direction in space as well as a magnitude) is given by the field at each point. Each of the physically observable fields mentioned in the preceding paragraph known from many experimental observations to be governed in its response by the fundamental laws of physics. These laws are typically expressible in mathematical form as differential equations in the three space coordinates and time that relate the behaviour of the field of interest at a gain point to other fields and sources located at that same point. Of importance here is that the behaviour of such fields is thereby inherently linked to the properties of the supporting media at the point of interest and its"immediate, vicinity. As a result, one can study the general characteristics of fields in limited regions of space without recourse to what occurs outside of the given region. One can in fact often determine entire sets of the possible solutions that are applicable within a region, and thus can easily establish the inherent nature of the field response applicable to a whole host of possible source distributions. This as we shall see, is the very elegance and beauty of the field approach of Faraday and Maxwell. To determine the field pattern established by a specific source distribution, then we shall find that we need only refer to the set of general solutions found for that type of system (for example, static, electric field, static magnetic field, wave guide, etc.)

and select one that satisfies certain required boundary conditions. The resulting field is proven to be the unique (that is the only) solution for that system. The procedure outlined above is the field approach that we intend to develop for our study of electromagnetism in the body of this text. In brief, it consists of just three basic steps. 1. Specification of a set of basic field laws. 2. Determination of the general field solutions. 3. Application of boundary conditions to find specific field solutions. To illustrate the application of these steps to an actual fields system, we shall consider below a simple non electrical example of a scalar temperature field. Before beginning a study of electromagnetism, it is necessary to present a brief preview of the route to be taken and some of the more interesting concepts that will be develped along the way. In this way, the reader can be provided a means of keeping the proper perspective as he goes through this text, enabling him, hopefully to avoid missing the theory for all the fields. The discussion of electromagnetic fields begin with a presentation of the basic postulates (or laws) of electromagnetism. These postulates, centering on Maxwell's equations for free space in integral form, represent the net result of many years of experimental study on the behaviour of electromagnetic phenomena. Their ability to successfully predict the behaviour of electromagnetic fields

has been well documented since their inception in 1864. We shall treat them as the basic laws of electromagnetic field theory from which all of our theoretical results shall be derived. Essentially, all of the material presented in this book represents simply our efforts to either explain or apply the basic information contained in these relations. We also provide a detailed analysis of fields that begins with the study of static fields in free space and is extended to include the properties of fields in the presence of dielectric and magnetic material. The independence of static electric and magnetic fields allows for a relatively simple, yet complete, determination of the general properties and solutions for this restricted class of electromagnetic fields. Most of the fundamental concepts (and even many solutions) developed for these fields are found later to apply in the more general time-varying systems. The discussions of electromagnetic energy and power further rounds out our development of the physical properties of fields. One rather surprising result in this area is the manner in which power flows in electric circuits. Contrary to what one is led to believe from circuit theory, electric power is not carried with the current through wires, Instead, field theory shows that this power is actually carried by the electromagnetic field through the intervening region of spaces outside of the wires; and that this result is not only true in the high-frequency limit commonly associated

with electromagnetic radiation but also is true at the lowest frequencies, even d.c! The next section serves as the bridge from static to dynamic fields. It illustrates the smooth transition from static to low-frequency or (quasi-static) fields Of particular interest here is the fact that low-frequency (or quasi-static) field theory can completely explain all of the basic properties of electric c circuit theory. In fact, circuit theory is shown to be simply a low- frequency approximation of electromagnetic field theory. One will be able to appreciate for instance, why it is that simply lumped R, L and C circuit elements typically evaluated with a static-field calculation , work so well (and in fact, work at all) under time-varying excitation, let alone up to hundreds of magahertz in some cases without any high-frequency effects. Furthermore, when the high-frequency effects do occur in circuit elements, it is the more fundamental field theory that must be used to explain their response.

Problem 51 What according to the passage, helps to determine the general properties of static and magnetic fields? the independence of these fields. the study of static and electromagnetic fields. electromagnetic energy and power. the function of electromagnetic waves.

Problem 52 Which of the following is an example of scalar electromagnetic fields? four-dimensional vector fields. static electric field. three-dimensional tensor fields. the density of a field.

Problem 53 From what have the basic postulates of electromagnetism resulted, according to the passage? properties of the fields in the presence of dielectric and magnetic material. a lot of study on the behavior of electromagnetic phenomena. a mathematical model of the flow of heat. high-frequency limit commonly associated with electromagnetic radiation.

Problem 54 What does the passage propose to discuss, having assumed the postulates of electromagnetism as its laws? the forces acting on electric charge and current. the basis of this study of electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations for free space in integral form. the mathematical and physical characteristics of electromagnetic effects.

Problem 55 Which of the following is not a step to be followed to study electromagnetism, according to the passage? specification of the basic laws. determining field solutions. illustrating the function of electromagnetic waves. applying boundary conditions to find specific field solutions.

Problem 56 Which of the following is true, according to the passage? The fundamental laws of physics can be typically expressed in mathematical form as differential equations. The altitude above the sea level is an example of a typical vector field. The approaches followed by Faraday and Maxwell resulted in the discovery f electromagnetic waves. Scalar, vector and tensor fields are found only in four-dimensional spaces.

Problem 57 How, according to the passage, is electric power carried? by dielectric and magnetic material. by the electromagnetic field through the intervening regions of spaces outside the wires. the high frequency of electromagnetic fields and radiation. an electric field existing at all points in the media surrounding the source charges.

Problem 58 What did Faraday compare, the concept of an electric field existing at all points in the media around the source charges? the movement of waves in a sea. the forces acting on each charge or current. the curved or elliptical path followed by a rainbow. the stresses and strains found in an elastic material.

Problem 59 How, does the passage describe circuit theory? as the motion of vector fields in the form of plane waves. as a low-frequency approximation of electromagnetic field theory. as an inference of Maxwell's equations on the properties of electromagnetic fields. as the "action at a distance" concept of electric and magnetic forces.

Problem 60 What are the only things that the passage concern itself with, in order to study classical electromagnetism? scalar and vector fields in three dimensions. the fundamental laws of physics. the field approach of Faraday and Maxwell. static electric fields and static magnetic fields.

PASSAGE - II Indigenous bankers are private firms or individuals who operate as banks and as such both receive deposits and give loans. Like banks, they are also financial intermediaries. They should be distinguished from professional moneylenders whose primary business is not banking but money lending. A pure moneylender lends his own funds, but an indigenous banker raises a part of his loan able funds from the public in deposits or other forms. A moneylender conducts his transactions in cash, while a large part of the transactions of an indigenous banker are based on dealings in short term credit instruments like hundis and commerical bills. The system of indigenous banking in India dates back to ancient times. Until the middle of the nineteenth century the indigenous financial agencies constituted the bulk of the Indian financial system. They provided credit not only to traders and producers but also to the government of the day. The advent of the British had an adverse impact on their business. The European bankers began to enjoy state patronage and prestige. The foreign (exchange) banks took over the financing of external trade. In metropolitan areas and important commercial centres the setting up of modern commercial banks took away more and more the business of indigenous financial agencies, who were gradually pushed to the financing of internal trade. With the growth of commercial and co-operative banking geographically as well as functionally, especially since the mid 1950s, the area of operations of these agencies has contracted further. Still there are thousands of family firms,

group serving craftsman and traders in the Oudh area of U.R and providing about Rs. 100 crores of credit. The Gujarati shroffs are active in the industrial and trading centres of Gujarat, Bombay and Calcutta, joined by the Marawarishroffs in Bombay and Calcutta. The Shikarpuris operate , mainly in the especially in the western and southern parts of India, who continue to operate as traditional-style bankers. Many of these firms have continued in this business for several hundred years. Indigenous bankers are, by and large, urban-based. Their business, besides being hereditary, is confined to a few castes and communities. The size of the indigenous banking class and the volume of their credit operations are not known with certainty. The Banking Commision (1972, Chapter 18) had estimated their number to be in the neighbourhood of 2,000 to 2,500. Timberg and Aiyar (1980) have placed this number at a minimum of 20,000 leaving out Central India and Eastern India outside Calcutta. They have further estimated that in late 1970s the total credit extended by these bankers was in the neighbourhood of Rs. 1,500 crores, which was equal to 10 percent of the total commercial bank credit in the year 1977-8. Indigenous bankers do not constitute one homogeneous category. The Banking Commission (1972) had grouped them under four main subgroups : Gujarati shroffs, Shikarpuri or Multanishroffs, Chettiars of the South, and Marwari Kayas of Assam. Timberg and Aiyar (1980) do not cover Assam and so leave out MarawariKayas. But they have found that Rastogi bankers numbering about 500 are also an important sub

metropolitian areas of Bombay and Madras and elsewhere in the South where the Chettairs are also active . The Marwans operate also in the tea gardens of Assam and other parts of North-East India. Thus the major concentration of indigenous bankers is in the West and South. According to Timberg and Aiyar (1980), the Chettiar bankers, numbering about 2,500 extended credit of about Rs. 380 crores (in late 1970s) at rates ranging between 18 and 30 percent per annum. They have further estimated that about 40,000 Chettiar pawnbrokers extended credit (of an incredibly large amount) of Rs. 1,250 crores . Of the four main types of indigenous bankers, the Gujarati shroffs are the most important. In recent years Shikarpurishroffs have lost more and more. Their old character of indigenous bankers and taken on the role of 'commercial financiers' who mainly lend out of their owned funds. We study only about these two types. This will also throw light on the main functions performed by other types of indigenous bankers as bankers, once we remember that none of them performs all these functions, and that there are differences in the methods of operation of various types of indigenous bankers. Gujarati Shroffs. The Gujarati shroffs are of two types : (1) pure bankers and (2) bankers and commission agents. Timberg and Aiyar (1980) have estimated their total number to be about 5,000 of whom about 1500 are pure bankers. The comparable estimates of the Banking Commission were only 350 and 150 respectively. The pure bankers are limited only to Gujarat itself with heavy concentration in Ahmedabad. The more numerous

ancillary to their trade. The Gujarati shroffs, especially pure bankers, perform most of the major functions of a comercial bank. They accept deposits, make loans, and provide means of remittance and collection of money. They accept both current and fixed deposits and pay interest even on current deposits, at a rate of 7.5 per cent in Gujarat and 6 per cent in Bombay. On longer-term deposits they pay upto 12 per cent per year. These deposits represent anywhere from 30 to 90 per cent of their total funds. Some bankers also offer chequing facility to their current-account depositors. But the cheques have only a limited local circulation and are not accepted by commercial banks. They advance money on call and for short periods on personal credit or on security.For most part, this is done by issue of darshanihundis drawn on thier of other shroffs at other centres and by discounting muddatihundies and commercial paper of various kinds, out-of station current cheques and post-dated cheques, etc. For Bombay alone, Timberg and Aiyar (1980) have estimated an annual hundi turnover of Rs. 1500 crores with Marawaris. The Gujarati shroffs arrange for the remittance of funds by issuing darshanihundis and also undertake the collection of hundis for their client. Some big shroffs have branches in mofussilcentres. For example, one Gujarati shroff had 93 Gujarati and Marwari firms in Bombay and Calcutta combine banking with commision agency or tarde in cloth, grains and other commodities and their banking operations are more or less

branches. Besides these branches shroffs have arrangements of mutual accommodation for acceptance and payment of hundis at various places both within and outside the commission agency work and exchange operations, raise and lend funds in the most profitable manner, and direct surplus funds to those places where they are needed. The working capital of Gujarati shroffs comes from their funds, deposits from the public, and interfirm borrowings. Deposits (estimated at about Rs.800 crores by Timberg and Aiyar) represent about half of their total funds. They hardly borrow from commercial banks to finance their banking operations. The Gujarati shroffs have developed their own call -money market in which short-term surplus funds are lent and borrowed. This call market and the associated inter-firm borrowings are a very distinctive feature of the operations of Gujarati shroffs. Shikarpuri or Multanishroffs. Next to Gujarati shroffs, they are the most important sub-group of indigenous financiers, the Banking Commission (1972) had estimated their number at about 400. But Timberg and Aiyar (1980) put this number at 1200, of which about one half are members of local Shikarpuri Bankers Associations and the other half are non-members. Their capital resources are variously estimated at between Rs. 300 crores and 600 crores. These bankers operate mostly in Bombay and South India. Functionally, what distinguishes Shikarpuri financiers form Gujarati shroffs is their major reliance on their owned funds and borrowings rom commercial banks rather then deposits from the

public as the source of their funds. Since 1970 banks have reduced drastically their reliance to Shikarpuri and the latter have come to rely largely on their own funds. As a result the Shikarpuri business has not grown with the economy, the character of Shikarpuris has changed from that of bankers to that of 'commercial financiers' and the cost of their credit to their borrowers has almost doubled. The Shikarpuri traditionally used to lend mainly by discounting "Multanihundis", which are 90 day term notes. In the past they used to borrow from commercial banks by getting these hundis rediscounted. With the decline of rediscount facilities with banks, they have moved more and more towards lending against demand promissory notes (endorsed for a term) and giving instalment credit. In the smaller centres in the South 90 per cent of Shikarpuri advances are done on the basis of demand notes. On overall basis, 45 per cent of Shikarpuri advances in the South are in the formofinstalment credit. The instalment note are commonly supported by post-dated cheques, one for each instalment payment. The main borrowers or Shikarpuris are traders and small manufactures. Other (less important) borrowers are transport operators and small exporters. These borrowers are often in urgent need of clean (or unsecured) loans for marginal short-term requirements of their business, the Shikarpuri banker tries to meet this kind of demand. The clientele is varied and not limited to a few communities as in the case of Gujarati. The Shikarpuri finance is much more costly than that provided by the Gujarati shroffs.

The Shikarpuri have developed a system of sharing risks among themselves. If a borrower's requirements are large , a broker will arrange to break it up into smaller notes taken by several Shikarpurishroffs thereby reducing the risk of any risk of any single banker. Shikarpuri-type financiers are found in every major market.

Problem 61 What according, to the passage, is a unique feature of the working of the Gujarati shroffs? The fact that their business has not grown with economy. An annual hundi turnover of Rs. 1500 crores The call market and associated inter-firm borrowings. Tharing risks among themselves.

Problem 62 How does a professional money lendor conduct his transaction? Through banks By the loanable funds from the public deposits In cash Through other financial intermediaries

Problem 63 Which of the following groups does not indulge in indigenous banking? Gujarati shroffs Multanishroffs Chettiars Bengali moneylenders

Problem 64 What forced the Shikarpuris to move more towards lending against demand promissory notes and installment credit? The decline of rediscount facilities with banks The discounting of Multanihundis The growth in the number of small borrowers The fall in the prices at the major market

Problem 65 What was the condition of the Indian financial system till the middle of the 19th century? European agencies were enjoying its patronage and prestige. Only the Shikarpuri used to operate in the metropolitan areas. The indigenous financial agencies constituted the bulk of the system It operated on the basis of short-term credit instruments.

Problem 66 Which group, according to the passage operate in the parts of North-East India? The marwaris The Shikarpuris The Chettiars The Gujarati shroffs

Problem 67 Which are the places where the Shikarpuris mainly operate? Calcutta and Bombay Assam and South India Delhi and Assam Bombay and South India

Problem 68 What is the nature of the cherubs that bankers issues to their current account depositors? They are just a means of remittance and collection of money. They can draw money on a short-term basis on personal credit or security. They have a limited local circulation and are not accepted by commercial banks. They are not accepted only by the commission agents.

Problem 69 Which of the following is the kind of demand that the Shikarpuri banker tried to meet? The need of clean or unsecured loans for marginal short-term requirements of business. The need to refinance other indigenous bankers who operate mostly in the metropolitan cities. The need to keep up the call money market of the Gujarati shroffs. The need to escape the risks involved in the loans taken from the commercial banks.

Problem 70 What, according to the passage, is the nature of indigenous bankers? All of them are basically commission agents and function differently from a commercial bank. They are largely based in urban areas, are hereditary and confined to some castes and communities. They are pure bankers and are confined to Gujarat with heavy concentration in Ahmadabad. All of them operate only in the metropolitan cities of the country as traditional style bankers.

Problem 71 What, according to the passage, is the professional difference between moneylenders and indigenous bankers? Moneylenders raise loans to conduct their transactions while indigenous bankers do not. Indigenous banker's primary business is banking where as moneylender's primary professional is not the same. Moneylenders do not operate in metropolitan cities as indigenous bankers do. Indigenous bankers lend money from their private funds while moneylenders do not.

Problem 72 How, according to the passage, do Gujarati shroffs arrange for the small remittance of funds? By borrowings from other financial firms. By raising loans, from public deposits. By issuing 'darshani' hundis and collecting them for their clients. By discounting "Multanihundis' which are 90-day-term notes.

PASSAGE - III Every lover of words knows that these little symbolic units to meaning can be as contradictory as subatomic particles sometimes are. This may well be nature's quixotic way of laughing at our desperate need to explain everything. It gives us a full stop, but watches helplessly, as we expand it into three dots and continue to search. Although the measurement of the velocity of subatomic particles precludes the measurement of their position and vice versa, it hasn't stopped nuclear physicists from trying from searching, from attempting to pin down, to explain. And it is important. In a book on quantum physics called in Searchs of Schrodinger's Cat, John Gribbin says something very fascinating. If a mythical god with a magical pair of infinitnesimally small pliers started the task of removing one atom from a molecule of hydrogen (if I remember correctly) every second room the time of the Big Bang ....today, it would take another million years for him or her to complete the task. Phew! But it is still important to try. Why? If everything is so small and the now proved quantum world is essentially indefinable, why do we go on trying to define? Beacause we must. It is as important to be rigorous and empirical as to accept the indefinable. Lest we forget, it is through absorption in the act of definition that we first encountered the indefinable. And is still found there more easily than anywhere else. But for the effort to define, how would we find the indefinable? But for the setting of limits, would the notion of the limitless have ever arisen? Didn't William Blake once remind us that we never know what is enough; unless we have known

what is more than enough. So, when we analyse words , they are paradoxical, as anything self-referential is. Whether it is the language of mathematics or the language of words, self-reference engenders paradox. But one wonders why this is a cause of concern for some people, who would prefer no shades of grey. Paradox is delightful. It is a rich and fertile ground that nourishes and natures what we want to communicate, which often has a nasty habit of falling in between any two given words available to describe it. Words are very close to what Planck called "quanta" though they are not literally packets of meaning; they are the paradoxical verbal equivalent, "receptacles of meaning". Little drawers if you like, into which we can insert fresh meanings that expand , limit or even contradict the accepted meaning of the word or phrase. When we say, "I'll believe you"! for instance, we mean the exact opposite. As, indeed, when we say something is "bad" in Black American language, because it means "good". The original meaning of the word is like a reference point on a matrix. Good, if we use its definition as a working hypothesis. But very dangerous, if we take it as a full and final, irrevocable statement of what it sets out of describe. Why, one may ask, give the word a meaning at all, if accepting it is suspect? And why embark on the act of definition at all if the result of the definition is insignificant? Like many wonderful and rewarding things in this mysterious world, it is not either/or but and/plus. It is like asking why we learnt to crawl, if

all we are going to do is unlearning it to walk? And further, when on occasion, we are required to crawl in later life are we regressing ? Learning is a process, not a thing. If we must look at it is a thing we must look at it a as lying-sitting standing -crawling-walking-running. To define words, and define them exactly, is very important at the outset. When one is learning a language and even through the process of getting familiar with it, definitions and boundaries are crucial just as following a broad road to a place is critical before we know our way there. Once we do the rules aren't important once we have found a dozen shorter or pleasanter ways to the place, the highway may be of little use to us. Like a protective cage around a little sapling, definitions protect us in our fledgling days, from the predators of license and ambiguity. And they are important. In its place, everything is important. Once we have a certain command of the language, however, rules are meant to be broken. Particularly if we are riding the crazy roller coaster of the English language. It is then what we thought was a packet turns out to be a receptacle. In the clearer light of day, when there is less confusion and obscurity, what appeared to be a serpent in the dusty light, is now quite clearly rope. In Alice in Wonderland, Humpty dumpty says it quite brilliantly. "I don't know what you mean by 'glory' "Alice said". Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. 'Of course you don't-till I tell you. I meant there's a nice knock-down argument for you!“"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knock-down argument," Alice objected.

When I use a word, "Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather sorrowful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less." "The question is , "said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things." "The question is, " said Humpty Dumpty," which is to be the master-that's all. Be that as it may, a word in your ear before the words stop. Can you ever have a nice knock-down argument?

Problem 73 According to the passage Anything delightful paradoxical. Anything self-referential is paradoxical. Anything in shades of grey is pared axial. Anything in a rich and fertile ground is paradoxical.

Problem 74 From the passage it can be inferred that To understand a system, we should investigate within its boundaries. To understand a system, we should investigate beyond its boundaries. To understand a system, we should be rigorous and empirical. To understand a system, we should investigate both within and beyond its boundaries.

Problem 75 According to Humpty Dumpty Alice does not know what 'glory 'means. He is Alice's master. He imparts to a word the meaning he intends. His words are ambiguous.

76 Problem According to the passage When some people say 'bad' they mean the opposite. God will complete the removal of all atoms from the hydrogen molecule in a million years. One can simultaneously measure both the velocity and position of sub-atomic particles. Planck called words 'quanta'.

77 Problem According to the passage, words are more like any of the following except receptacles of meaning packets of meaning little drawers into which fresh meaning that expand can be inserted little drawers into which fresh meaning that limit or contradict accepted meanings can be inserted.

Problem 78 Which of the following was used by the author as an analogy to counter somebody who may say "why give the word a meaning at all if accepting it is suspect"? Protective cage around a sapling Crawling/walking by a kid Self-reference and paradox Position and velocity of sub-atomic particles.

Problem 79 What does the author refer to when he says "It is a rich and fertile ground that nourishes and nurtures, what we want to communicate? Shades of grey In definability Language of words Paradox

PASSAGE - IV The essential function of the new issues/market is to arrange for the raising of new capital by corporate enterprises, whether new or old. This involves attracting new investible resources into the corporate sector and their allocation among alternative uses and users. Both ways the role is very important. How fast the corporate industrial sector grows depends very much on the inflow of resources into it, apart from its own internal savings. Equally important is the movement of sufficient venture capital into new fields or manufacturing crucial to the balanced growth of industries in the economy and in new regions for promoting balanced regional development. The new issues may take the form of equity shares, preference shares or debentures. The firms raising funds may be new companies or existing companies planning expansion. The new companies need not always be entirely new enterprises. They may be private firms already in business, but 'going public' to expand their capital bases. 'Going public' means becoming public limited companies to be entitled to raise funds from the general public in the open market. For inducing the public to invest their savings in new issues the services of a network of specialized institutions (underwriters and stockbrokers) is required. The more highly developed and efficient this network, the greater will be the inflow of savings into organised industry. Till the establishment of the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) in 1995, this kind of underwriting was sorely lacking in India instead, a special institution

arrangement, known as the managing agency system had grown. Now it has become a thing of the past. We note its main features for its historical value. The Managing Agency System was a multipurpose arrangement for promoting new enterprises for raising fixed as well as working capital for them, and for managing them. Managing agents were individual firms, partnerships, private limited or public limited companies. They were owned by Europeans as well as Indian business houses. During 1954-55 there were about 4,000 managing agencies which managed about 5,000 joint stock companies out of a total of about 30,000 joint stock companies at work in that year. Most managing agents managed single companies . But big managing houses managed several companies each. Thus, 17 top managing agents managed as many as 359 companies. Then, a majority of big public limited companies were managed by managing agents. The managing agents used to arrange finance for new companies from several sources, namely, direct finance from their own sources, indirect finance from their relatives, friends and associates, subscriptions, from companies under their control (inter-company investments), short-term bank credit by extending their guarantees to banks, which quite often were also under this control. In the absence of financial institutions specializing in underwriting of new issues, the managing agents did play a useful role in promoting new firms and industries.

But this was done at too high a price. The whole system was highly exploitative in which companies under management were milched to the utmost in various ways, directly by way of high managing agency commissions, indirectly as capative buyers from and sellers to other concerns of their individual managing agent and through inter-company investments to suit the interests of these managing agents. It stunted industrial growth of the country, both in terms of the rate of growth and in terms of industrial composition . Basic industries and industries requiring advanced technology and large capital were shunned and only low-technology traditional industries (like textiles, sugar) were developed. It also led to extreme concentration of industrial wealth in a few large business houses (now called monopoly houses). The new institutional arrangements for new corporate issues in place of the discredited managing agency system. Started taking shape with the setting up of the ICICI in 1955. Soon after (1956) the LIC joined hands. The new system has already attained adulthood under the leadership of the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). Apart from the ICICI and the LIC other important participants in the new issues market are the major term-lending institutions such as the UTI, the IFCI commercial banks, General Insurance Corporation (GIC) and its subsidiaries, stock brokers, and investments trusts (see

Managing successful floatation of new issues involves three distinct services 1. origination 2. underwriting, and 3. distribution of new issues. The origination requires careful investigation of the viability and prospects of new projects. This involves technical evolution of a proposal from the technical manufacturing angle, the availability of technical know-how, land, power, water and essential inputs location , the competence of the management, the study of market demand for the product (s), domestic and foreign, over time, financial estimates of projected costs and returns, the adequacy and structure of financial arrangements (promoter's equity, equity from the public, debt-equity ratio, short-term funds, liquidity ratios, foreign exchange requirement and availability), gestation lags, etc., and communication of any deficiencies in the project. Chapter 9). Foreign institutional funds from the World Bank and its affiliates, International Development Association (IDA) and International Finance Corporation, are also channeled through the all-India term-lending institutions (IDBI, ICICI and IFCI). proposal to the promoters of remedial measures. All this requires well-trained and competent staff. A careful scurtiny and approval of a new issue proposal by well-established financial institutions known for

their competence an integrity improves substantially its acceptability by the investing public and other financial institutions. This is specially true of issue of totally new enterprises Underwriting mean guaranteeing purchase of a stipulated amount of a new issue at a fixed price. The purchase may be for sale to the public or for one's own portfolio or for both the purposes. If the expected sale to the public does not materialize, the underwriter absorbs the unsold stock in its own portfolio. The underwriter assumes this risk for commission , known as underwriter's commission. The company bringing out the new issue agrees to bear this extra cost of raising funds, because thereby it is assured of funds and the task of sale of stock to the public or others is passed on entirely to underwriters. Mostly, underwriting is done by a group of underwriters, one or more of whom may act as group leaders. The group (or consortium) underwriting distributes risks of underwriting among several underwriters and enhances substantially the capacity of the system to underwrite big issues. For them, there is no problem of sale of stock to the public. But, under the law, a part of the new public issue must be offered to the general public. This is placed with stockbrokers who have a system of inviting subscriptions to new issues from the public. In normal times it is their distributive capacity which determines the extent of public participation in new issues. During periods of stock market boom the demand for new issues from the public also goes up. New issues of well-known houses and issues underwritten by strong institutions

generally have a good public response. It is the placing of the issues of small companies that continue to be the Achiles' heels of the new issues market. For loosening the grip of monopoly houses on the industrial economy of the country, it is necessary that new entrepreneurs are encouraged. For this special efforts need be stepped up further for promoting small issues. Broadly speaking, there are three main ways of floating new issues : 1. by the issue of a prospectus to the public 2. by private placement and 3. by the right issue to the existing shareholders. What we have described above is the first method. The issue of a public prospectus giving details about the company, issue, and the underwriters is the last act in the drama and is an open invitation to the public to subscribe to the issue. Private placement means that the issue is not offered to the general public for subscription but is placed privately with a few big financiers. This saves the company the expenses of public placement.

It is also faster. Rights issue means issue of rights (invitations) to the existing shareholders of an old corpoartion to subscribe to a part or whole of the new issue in a fixed proportion to their shareholding. Such an issue is always offered at a certain discount from the going market price of the already-trading shares of the company. The discount is in the nature of a bonus to the shareholders. Obviously, a rights issue is open only to an existing public limited corporation not a new one. Old corporation also increase their capitalisation (paid-up capital) by declaring bonus to their shareholders, which means issue of new shares to them fixed ratio to their shareholdings without charging any price from them. This is a way of converting a part of accumulated reserves into company's paid-up capital.

Problem 80 What was the effect of the managing agent's handling of firms and industries on the companies under their management? 1. The companies joined hands to develop new institutional arrangements. 2. All these companies together formed a new managing agency system. 3. The companies under management were mulched and exploited to the greatest extent. 4. The country's industrial growth attained its peak.

Problem 81 What, according to the passage, 'does going' public mean for a company? Becoming public limited companies to be entitled to raise funds from he general public in the open market. Turning into a multipurpose arrangement for promoting new enterprises, for raising fixed and working capital for them, and for managing them. To play a useful role in promoting new firms and industries. To become a new managing agency to sell stock to the public.

Problem 82 Which of the following does the term origination require, as said in the passage? Guaranteeing purchase of a stipulated amount of a new issue at a fixed price. Underwriting new issues as discount investments for the portfolios of the term- lending institutions. Floating new issues by issuing a prospectus to the public. Carefully investigating the viability and prospectus of new projects.

Problem 83 What is meant by private placement, according to the passage? Issuing rights to the existing shareholders of an old corporation to subscribe to a new issue. Not offering the issue to the general public for subscription , but placing it privately with big financiers. Offering a part of the new public issue to the general public. Openly inviting the public to subscribe to the issue.

Problem 84 Which of the following is not a function of the primary market? Arranging for the raising of new capital by corporate enterprises. Attracting new investible resources into the corporate sector. Allocating the new investible resource among alternative use and users after drawing them. Providing liquidity to existing securities.

Problem 85 Which of the following is true of managing agencies, according to the passage? Most of the managing agencies handle multiple companies. They promoted industrial growth in the country. They were owned by both European and Indian business houses. All of them were private limited companies.

Problem 86 What according to the passage, normally determines the extent of public participation in new issues? Issuing rights to the existing shareholders. The distributive capacity of stockbrokers. Encouraging new entrepreneurs. Demands for new issues from the public.

Problem 87 What helped the new institutional arrangements, for new corporate issues instead of the discredited managing agency system? The leadership of the industrial Development Bank of India. Foreign institutional funds from the World Bank and its affiliates. The participation of UTI, IFCI, and GIC. The setting up of the ICICI in 1955.

Problem 88 What does 'underwriting' mean according to the passage? A careful scrutiny of a new issue proposal. Managing successful floatation of new issues. Ensuring the purchase of a certain amount of a new issue at a fixed price. Writing reports on materializing the expected sale to the public.

Problem 89 Which of the following is not true of a rights issue? It closes the way for companies to convert come of their reserves to their capital. It is always offered at a lower price than the running market price of the already trading shares of the company. The discount in price that it offers is in the form of a bonus to the shareholders. It is open to an existing public limited corporation, not a new one.

Problem 90 Which of the following is not a source that managing agents used for arranging finance for new companies? Indirect finance from their relatives, friends and associates. Companies under their control. Funds from foreign institutions. Short-term bank credit by extending their guarantees to banks.

PASSAGE - V Another teacher's day has passed and we have done our bit to pay homage to those individuals who have touched our lives with the light of knowledge. But once the day is gone, and we have mounted the platitudes that are repeated each year, we go back to thinking the way we usually do-that teaching is a last-resort profession, that "those who can, do, and those who can't, teach",. Even though, as a culture, we pay lip service to our gurus, we do not really pay much attention or regard to teaching as a career in these "modern" days, particularly, teaching at the primary and secondary levels. But if one stops and thinks of the people who made an indelible impression on you, contributed greatly to your view of the world inspired and goaded you on to further success, one is quite likely to include at least one or two schools teachers on that list. Teaching is one of those careers that will always be important in real terms, no matter what the current perceptions may be. With the number of schools increasing everyday, catering for the needs of a growing population , teachers are always in demand. However, despite the fact that thousands of students graduate from teacher training institutes every year, there continues to be a death of truly committed and talented teachers. Part of the problem lies with the low salaries and poor infrastructure in most schools; this diverts many who might be interested in a teaching career into more lucrative and visibly "professional" fields. As a result, even those who may be interested in teaching and find that they have a natural flair for it, are discouraged by the prospect of an uninspiring and

unsatisfying work experience. It is true that teaching in schools can be frustrating, the rewards few and far between, and often more intangible than material. Nevertheless, teachers will continue to be needed, and, seriously, is it not important for a developing society to have teachers who are interested and good at what they do? Teaching should be looked at seriously as a career option for people who * love working with children ; * have a natural curiosity and want to keep learning; * are good communicators ; * are patient and good listeners ; * need to work regular hours and have regular vacation times (because of family and other pressures) and can handle a wide range of personality and behavioral styles. Although it is possible to be certified as a teacher for the primary schools level even without a degree, having a degree gives you more options. Early on, you should think about combining an interest in a particular

subject area with the skills needed to teach in school. So if you are interested in social sciences (history, geography, economics) or languages, that is what you would take up in your degree course , while if you are interested in science , you should do a B.Sc. After your basic degree, the most common route is to do B.Ed, which practically every university offers. However competition for recognized B.Ed courses is very keen, so it is also good to look at other options. Although most schools hire teachers with a B.Ed, there are also many that will consider applications with related qualifications and an obvious ability to teach. To start with, let us look at some different directions in which one can go, if interested in teaching. In future installments of this column, we will explore each area more in detail. Many institutions, both private and state-funded, offer courses leading to certificates or diplomas in early childhood education. This equips you to teach children from the ages 3 to approximately 11 or 12, depending on the specific programme content. The Andhra MahilaSabha for instance, offers one such programme that qualifies teachers to handle children up to class 7. Some of the early childhood education programmes are restircted to elementary education (preschool to class 5). If you are the kind who is not keen on specialising in a particular subject area, but interested in working with small children then perhaps this is the way to go. While Montessori education is a component of many B.Ed, programmes, there are also special courses offered by private instituties, some of which are recognised by national and international

Montessori boards. Most such courses run from one year to 18 months, and terminate in a diploma or certificate. With this type of certificate, one can work in the elementary sections of regular school or in Montessori schools, or even in play schools. There is also a great need for good teachers who can handle children with special needs, including those with hearing difficulties, developmental disorders or learning disabilities. This is a growing area of specialisation, and many schools keenly feel the need for such support persons, particularly since the trend now is to include all children of varying abilities within the same school system particularly since the trend now is to include all children of varying abilities within the same school system. Such courses are offered in colleges of education as well as in institutes such as the National institute for Mental Health. Child Psychology is offered in many universities and autonomous colleges as a post graduate diploma or certificate course. The increasing stress in everyday life, experienced so keenly by children, has created a niche in schools for counselors who can work with children and help them address their problems. While the subject is an important part of all areas of teaching, the emphasis here is more on dealing with specific behavioural problems that affect learning and interaction in the school environment. Outside the mainstream, too, there are opportunities for those interested in working with children and helping India achieve higher levels of literacy. The growing non-formal education sector is constantly in need of committed persons who have a talent for sparking

the interest of youngsters and motivating them to learn. Despite the fact that our society has devalued its teaching community, it is a job that will always have very real value, recognised or not, and it is time that we as individuals recognise that and begin to send our best an brightest back to schools rather than to the boardrooms and glass-walled cabins of the corporate world. THE BEST formative years in one's life is childhood. That is why, the oft repeated expression, "catch them young". It is a known fact that the minds of the children are just like bees was. It could be shaped and moulded to the required shaped easily. Teachers in primary classes influence the young minds to a very great extent leaving a lasting impression. Likewise any wrong impression will also have a long standing effect in children. The over-all development of children is also stunted because of the load and cramming that the school children are subjected to, these days. Rather than stressing on the volume and extent of knowledge, the purpose of education would be better purpose of education would be better served if we could concentrate on the development of the child into a wholesome, healthy individual. These objectives cannot be achieved by brick and mortar of the school building. A well trained and good teacher who could inspire students, is the most important factor. It is therefore evident that the selection of a teacher with requisite aptitude and training to handle the primary classes is of paramount importance for the development and building up of character in the earlier stages in education. It is also true to say "that a poor teacher tells, an average teacher demonstrates and a great teacher inspires.“If the primary education is founded in well established lines as mentioned above, it would be possible to develop youngsters with character, integrity and honesty and such people alone can transform our society into a truly egalitarian one suited to our national character and needs. It become necessary for the teacher to make best use of the available opportunities to impress upon the young minds the importance of loyality, integirity, and faithfulness. Anecdotes , incidents, experience, historical background and the like will certainly kindle the curiosity of the children and develop in them the thirst for seeking more information from the teacher. Their inquisitiveness in the earlier stages should be encouraged and their questions convincingly answered even if they seem to be absurd. This should be achieved by the aura of scholorship

the interest of youngsters and motivating them to learn. Despite the fact that our society has devalued its teaching community, it is a job that will always have very real value, recognised or not, and it is time that we as individuals recognise that and begin to send our best an brightest back to schools rather than to the boardrooms and glass-walled cabins of the corporate world. THE BEST formative years in one's life is childhood. That is why, the oft repeated expression, "catch them young". It is a known fact that the minds of the children are just like bees was. It could be shaped and moulded to the required shaped easily. Teachers in primary classes influence the young minds to a very great extent leaving a lasting impression. Likewise any wrong impression will also have a long standing effect in children. The over-all development of children is also stunted because of the load and cramming that the school children are subjected to, these days. Rather than stressing on the volume and extent of knowledge, the purpose of education would be better purpose of education would be better served if we could concentrate on the development of the child into a wholesome, healthy individual. These objectives cannot be achieved by brick and mortar of the school building. A well trained and good teacher who could inspire students, is the most important factor. It is therefore evident that the selection of a teacher with requisite aptitude and training to handle the primary classes is of paramount importance for the development and building up of character in the earlier stages in education. It is also true to say "that a poor teacher tells, an

compounded by dedication and sincerity displayed by preceptors which will draw the disciples closer to their mentors whom they approach with awe and respect. An occasional anecdote from the English teacher, the biography of an instance from the science teacher, an instance of self abnegation from the history teacher, the biography of a spiritual leader and a dedicated official who served the government with distinction with a motto of creativity, integrity, honesty and anonymity - all these from a moral education teacher will act as catalytic agents to transform and transmute young minds. Teachers should converse freely with their students , inculcate worthwhile values, encourage extracurricular activities, promote team work and project work. Allocating project work as a team even at their earlier stage of schooling will contribute to team spirit, and will also help them known each other in an open-ended spirit of exploration, dialogue and creation of new grounds of life. Such a mode of learning is pre-eminently a spiritual activity. Spirituality is about the quality of relationship between self and the other. While allocating project work they should be told that there is no constraint on them in carrying out the project work and that the sky is the only limit if there any, thereby arousing their imagination. Team spirit could also be inculcated in children in the classrooms, playgrounds and cultural centres. The imaginary wall between man and man consisting mainly of caste, religion and language which is the barrier for universal brotherhood should be removed. This could.be easily achieved by gradually training

their minds to accepts only one caste, the caste of humanity; there is only one religion, the religion of love and there is only one language, the language of heart. Love is the binding factor which could bring people together, irrespective of religion, caste or language. The entire universe was born out of love; only with love it sustains and prospers; love is the only strength in the universe and love is the only source of peace and happiness. It would be appropriate to quote the precious words of advise from St. Paul, 2000 years ago."Love is patient and kind, Love knows no jealousy.”Nature has endowed abundant faculities on human beings Without any distinction whatsoever. The latest pomputer made by the U.S. can store only one-millionth of the memory that the human brain can store. Such is the ingenuity with which human creations are made. But it is unfortunate that many such faculities endowed with human beings are not properly developed for want of favourable atmosphere. Teachers should offer guidance a^xdcounselling to enable students develop their innate or hidden talents. The meaning of education which has a Latin origin is to draw out the innate talents and not pump in information into their heads. The ceaseless act of cramming, practiced at present in primary and secondary schools, kills the creation of new power- thought among children.

Problem 91 Which of the following are some reasons of the scarcity of talented teachers? Low salaries and poor infrastructures of schools. Increase in the number of schools. The increase in the number of pass-outs from the teacher training institutes. The decline of spiritualism in teachers.

Problem 92 How, does the author say, the society has treated its teachers? They have been sent to be trained in board rooms. They have been publicity humiliated. They have always been held responsible for student's failure. They have always been valued.

Problem 93 How, does the act of cramming practiced in school affect children? It results in the suppression of their hidden talents. It kills the creation of a new power-thought among them. It defines a favorable atmosphere for them to develop their skills. It suppresses their ability to cope with classroom teaching.

Problem 94 What, according to the passage, is the most important factor for the student's intellectual and academic growth? A well-trained and good teacher who could inspire students. Encouraging extra-curricular activities among students. The breaking down of the barriers of caste, religion and language between teachers and students. Satisfying all the qtieries of the students are clearly as possible.

Problem 95 How do we usually think of teaching as a profession, according to the passage? As a profession to be paid homage to. As a last-resort profession. As a natural activity of our lives. As a spiritual act directed towards Heavenly joys.

Problem 96 Which of the following is not essentially one of the qualities that a person interested in teaching must possess? They should have a natural curiosity and want to keep learning. They should love working with children They should be laborious enough. They should not be short-tempered.

Problem 97 Which of the following is a growing area of specialization in the teaching profession? Handling children in the age groups of 3 to 11 years. Teaching children who are psychologically affected by problem at home. Managing trouble shooters and bullies in class. Handling children with special needs, like the hearing inspired.

Problem 98 How would the teachers act of allocating project work to team of students help them in their academic life? It will enable them share their idea with the teacher. It will help them maintain a spiritual relation with their teacher. It will add the team spirit among them and help them know each other better. It will develop their obedience to the teacher and the elders as well.

Problem 99 What is the best method a teacher can use to impress upon the students? He/She at first can use relevant anecdotes, incidents, etc. from history to kindle their curiosity. He/She weave imaginary stories to teach these values. He/She narrate the biography of a spiritual leaders and ask the children to think further. He/She can organise an educative quiz on the themes of values like honesty and character.

Problem 100 What, according to the passage, discourages people with a natural flair for teaching, decline from taking up it up as a profession? The lack of certified course for the profession. The declining importance and need of teachers in schools. The prospect of an uninspiring and unsatisfying work experience. The tough competition for the B.Ed course, which is essential for teachers.

Direction for questions 101 to 110 : Select the correct choice.

Problem 101 What is the last digit of the number 251 expressed in its decimal form? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 6 4. 8

Problem 102 Let A denote the set of positive integers each of which when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 leaves a remainder of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively. How many numbers in A are between 0 and 100? 0 1 2 none of these

Problem 103 There are 60, 84 and 108 students respectively writing exams in three different exams. If student writing different exams cannot sit in the same room and each room has to seat the same number of students, what is the least number of rooms required to seat everybody? 6 12 18 21

Problem 104 Three wheels make 60, 36 and 24 revolutions per minute respectively. There is a red spot on the rim of all three wheels. If this red spot was at the bottom most point when they started after how much time would they be at the bottommost point again? 5 sec. 12 min. 5 min. 12 sec.

Problem 105 A company has to punch can lids. It has three machines each of which can individually complete the work in 6 days, 3 days and 4 days respectively. If all three machines are used, then in how many days can the task be completed? 2 days 1 1|3 days 1 day 2 1|2 days

Problem 106 A certain number when divided by 899 gives a remainder 63. What is the remainder when the same number is divided by 29? 25 5 27 cannot be determined

Problem 107 From a barrel containing 500ml of alcohol, 3 cups of alcohol are poured into a barrel containing 500ml of water. After mixing the contents well, 3 cups of the mixture are poured into the barrel of alcohol. The percentage of water in the barrel of alcohol and the percentage of alcohol in the barrel of water are then compared. Which one of the following is true? The former is greater than the latter The two are equal The latter is greater than the former Cannot be determined

Problem 108 Three circles with centres P, Q and R, each with radius 20 cms, intersect one another as shown in the figure. The length of AB = 12 cms, CD = 10 cms and EF = 5 cms. What is the perimeter of the triangle PQR? 60 cms 81 cms 87 cms 93 cms

Problem 109 A colony of bacteria in a container grows by each bacterium splitting into eight next generation bacteria. However, because of environmental conditions only 50% of the bacteria in a generation can spilt as above. A colony of first generation was put in container and it was found that the number of seventh generation bacteria was 4096 million. What was the size of the first generation population initially put in the container? 2 million 8 million 1 million 4 million

Directions for questions 110 to 111: These questions are based on the following data ABC is a triangular shed and a cow is tethered at corner B. The cow cannot graze inside the equilateral triangle ABC but can graze outside for as far as the rope permits. Each side of the triangle is 24m long.

Problem 110 What is the area grazed by the cow if it is tethered at B with an 6 m long rope? 671 πsq.m 1271 π sq. m 307 π sq. m None of these

Problem 111 What is the area grazed by the cow if it is tethered by a 36 metre long rope at A? 1176 sq.m 204 sq. m 276 sq. m None of these

Problem 112 Four identical circular coins are placed inside the square ABCD as in the following diagram. If for each coin (area/ circumference) = (circumference area) then the area not occupied by the coins in ABCD is 1. 8(4-7i) 2. 16(8-7i) 3. 16(4-«) 4. None of these

Directions for questions 113 and 114:These questions are based on the following data. A, B, C, D are standing in a queue. It is known that C and D are not standing adjacent to each other and that B is not in the third place.

Problem 113 If A is not in the second place and B is in the first place, then which is the place for D? 1 3 4 2 or 4

Problem 114 If A is not standing adjacent to B and D is the last in the queue, then which is the place for C? 1 2 3 1 or 2

Directions for questions 115 to 118: KamalBabu came home just after judging a beauty contest where there were four semi- finalists, Ms. Andhra Pradesh, Ms. Uttar Pradesh, Ms. Maharashtra and Ms. West Bengal. His wife was very keen on knowing who the winner was and KamalBabu replied immediately that it was the one wearing the yellow saree. When his wife asked for more details, he gave the following information. * The four girls were wearing sarees of different colours (yellow, red, green, white) and the runner-up was wearing green. * The four girls were sitting in a row, and Ms. West Bengal was not sitting at either end. * There was only one runner-up and she was sitting next to Ms. Maharashtra.

* The girls wearing yellow and white sarees occupied the seats at either end. * Ms. West Bengal was nither the winner nor the runner-up. ,[object Object],* The winner and the runner-up were not sitting next to each other. ,[object Object]

Answer the following questions based on the above information.,[object Object]

Problem 116 Between which two was Ms. West Bengal sitting? Ms. Andhra Pradesh and Ms. Maharashtra Ms. Andhra Pradesh and Ms. Uttar Pradesh Ms. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra Cannot be determined

Problem 117 Who was wearing the red saree? Ms. Andhra Pradesh Ms. Uttar Pardesh Ms. West Bengal Cannot be determined

Problem 118 What was the colour of the saree that Ms. Uttar Pradesh was wearing? White Green Red Yellow

Directions for questions 119 and 120 : Suppose shirts of only three colours, namely, red, blue and green are available. Further suppose Amar does not wear a red shirt. Akbar does not wear a green and Anthony does not wear a blue shirt.

Problem 119 If Akbar and Anthony wear shirts of the same colour then which of the following is necessariliy true? The colour of Amar's shirt is not blue The colour of Amar's shirt is definitely blue The colour of Amar's shirt is not green None of the above necessarily true

Problem 120 If any two of them wear shirts of the same colour then how many of the following statements are definitely false? The colour of Anthony's shirt is red and that of Akbar's shirt is green. The colour of Anthony's shirt is red and that of Amar's shirt is blue. The colour of Akbar's shirt is blue and that of Anthony's shirt is red. The colour of Amar's shirt is blue and that of Akbar's shirt is red.

Problem 121 Consider a 99 digit number created by writing side by side the first fifty four natural numbers as follows: 12345678910111213 5354 The above number when divided by 8 will leave a remainder of 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0

Problem 122 Let P, Q, R and S be four statements such that if P is true, then Q is true if Q is true, then R is true and If S is true, then at least one of Q and R is false. Then it follows that: If P is true, then S is false. If S is false both Q and R are true. If at least one of Q and R is false then S is false. If Q is true than S is true.

Problem 123 My ten year old nephew Debu adores chocolates, likes biscuits, and hates apples. One evening I took him to a super market and told him that he could buy as many chocolates as he wanted, but then he should have twice that number of biscuits and finally buy more apples than the total number of chocolates and biscuits. The chocolates cost Re. 1 per piece and apples are twice as expensive, the price of four biscuits matches the price of one apple. Which of the following can possibly be the amount spent by me on Debu's evening snacks? Rs. 34 Rs. 16 Rs. 25 Rs. 27

Problem 124 If n3 is odd, which of the following statement(s) is true? A. n is odd B. n2 is odd C. n2 is even A alone B and C C alone A and B

Directions for questions 125 and 126 : A company imports component A from Germany and components B from USA. It then assembles them along with other components to produce a machine used in a chemical process. Component A contributes 30% to the production cost and component B contributes 50% to the production cost. The current practice is to self the machine at a price that is 20% over the production costs. Due to foreign exchange fluctuations the German Mark has become costlier by 30% and the US Dollar by 22%. But the company is unable to increase the selling price by more than 10%.

Problem 125 The current margin of profit is 10% 15% 12% 8%

126 Problem Suppose the US Dollar becomes cheaper by 12% of its original value, and the German Mark becomes costiler by 20% at its original value. To achieve a profit margin of 10% , the selling price must exceed the production cost by 10% 20% 12% 15%

Problem 127 You have reached Utopia where you find two kinds of precious stones rubies and emeralds. The worth of a ruby and that of an emerald are Rs. 4 crores and Rs. 5 crores respectively while their weights are 0.3 kg and

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