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DEVELOPING AN APPROACHTO NATIONAL
MAPPING – PRELIMINARY WORK ON SCOTLAND
IN MINIATURE
ŁUKASZ BANASZEK
© Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Scotland
is the lead public body set up in
2014 to investigate, care for and
promote Scotland’s historic
environment.
1908
Date: 1908
Entry date: Like "*1988*“
County: <>"NOT APPLICABLE“
District: <>"maritime”
RCAHMS
Caithness (fw)
RCAHMS
Berwick (fw)
Kernel Density
Output cell size 1000m
Search Radius 5000m
Units Km square
1909
RCAHMS
Caithness (fw)
RCAHMS
Galloway, I & 2 (fw)
1910
RCAHMS
Caithness (fw)
Publication
Balfour
1911
RCAHMS
Galloway, I & 2 (fw)
RCAHMS
Caithness
Publication
Beveridge
1912
RCAHMS
Galloway, I
RCAHMS
Dumfries (fw)
1913
RCAHMS
East Lothian (fw)
1914
RCAHMS
Galloway, II
RCAHMS
Outer Hebrides, Skye and
the Small Isles (fw)
Publication
Craw
1915
RCAHMS
Berwick
RCAHMS
Outer Hebrides, Skye and
the Small Isles (fw)
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
RCAHMS
Dumfries
1921
1922
1923
Ordnance Survey update
1924
RCAHMS
East Lothian
Ordnance Survey update
Ordnance Survey update
Publication
Mackintosh
1925
RCAHMS
Fife (fw)
1926
RCAHMS
Midlothian and West Lothian (fw)
1927 RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland (fw)
1928 RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland (fw)
RCAHMS
Outer Hebrides, Skye and
the Small Isles
Publication
Mathieson
1929 RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland (fw)
RCAHMS
Midlothian and West Lothian
Publication
Cruickshank and Gunn
1930 RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland (fw)
1931 RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland (fw)
Publication
Ogston
1932
1933
RCAHMS
Fife
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1934
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)Publication
Macdonald
Publication
Cruickshank
Publication
Smith Institute
1935
Publication
Loder
1936
1937
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1938
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1939
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1940
1941
1942
RCAHMS
Emergency Surveys
1943
RCAHMS
Emergency Surveys
RCAHMS
Emergency Surveys
1944
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1945
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1946
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
RCAHMS
Orkney and Shetland
1947
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1948
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1949
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1950
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire (fw)
1951
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Edinburgh
1952
Ordnance Survey updates
1953
Ordnance Survey updates
1954
Ordnance Survey updates
1955
Ordnance Survey updates
1956
RCAHMS
Roxburghshire
Ordnance Survey updates
1957
Ordnance Survey updates
1958
Ordnance Survey updates
1959
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1960
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1961
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1962
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1963
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Stirlingshire
1964
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1965
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1966
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire (fw)
1967
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Peeblesshire
1968
Ordnance Survey updates
1969
Ordnance Survey updates
1970
Ordnance Survey updates
1971
RCAHMS
Argyll (fw)
Ordnance Survey updates
1972
Ordnance Survey updates
1973
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Argyll (fw)
1974
Ordnance Survey updates
1975
RCAHMS
Argyll (fw)
Ordnance Survey updates
1976
Ordnance Survey updates
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1977
RCAHMS
Easter Ross, Ross and Cromarty District,
Highland Region
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde Region
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Stirling District, Central Region
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1978
RCAHMS
Stirling District, Central Region
RCAHMS
Easter Ross, Ross and Cromarty District,
Highland Region
RCAHMS
Dumbarton District, Clydebank District,
Bearsden and Milngavie District, Strathclyde Region
RCAHMS
Lanarkshire
Ordnance Survey
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Lunan Valley, Montrose Basin, Angus District,
Tayside Region
Publication
McWilliam
1979
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
Berwickshire District,
Borders Region
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Stirling District, Central Region
RCAHMS
Easter Ross, Ross and Cromarty District,
Highland Region
RCAHMS
Ewesdale and Lower Eskdale, Annandale and
Eskdale District, Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1980
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde Region
RCAHMS
Argyll
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Berwickshire District,
Borders Region
RCAHMS
Ewesdale and Lower Eskdale, Annandale and
Eskdale District, Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Coastal Survey
Ordnance Survey
1981
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
Ewesdale and Lower Eskdale, Annandale and
Eskdale District, Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde Region
Ordnance Survey
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1982
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde Region
Ordnance Survey
Strathclyde
RCAHMS
South Kincardine, Kincardine and Deeside District,
Grampian Region
Ordnance Survey
Caithness
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1983
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
North Kincardine, Kincardine and Deeside District,
Grampian Region
RCAHMS
Angus District, Tayside Region
RCAHMS
Rhum, Lochaber District,
Highland Region
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde RegionRCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
1984
RCAHMS
West Rhins, Wigtown District,
Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
North Kincardine, Kincardine and Deeside District,
Grampian Region
RCAHMS
Angus District, Tayside Region
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Hunter
1985
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
North Kyle, Kyle and
Carrick, Strathclyde Region
RCAHMS
West Rhins, Wigtown District,
Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Edinburgh
University
1986
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
West Rhins, Wigtown District,
Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Edinburgh
University
1987
RCAHMS
North Perthshire
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
West Rhins, Wigtown District,
Dumfries and Galloway Region
RCAHMS
Orkney
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Edinburgh
University
1988
RCAHMS
North Perthshire
RCAHMS
Argyll
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Edinburgh
University
RCAHMS
Midlothian
1989
Date: 1989
Entry date: Not Like "*1988*“
County: <>"NOT APPLICABLE“
District: <>"maritime”
RCAHMS
OS
Revision
RCAHMS
Strath
Rusdale
RCAHMS
Catertuns
RCAHMS
Stanhope
RCAHMS
OS
Revision
RCAHMS
South Perthshire
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Miket and
Wildgoose
Publication
NOSAS
Publication
Van Hoek
1990
RCAHMS
Gatehouse of Fleet
RCAHMS
Huntly Dufftown
RCAHMS
Waternish
RCAHMS
North Perthshire
RCAHMS
South Perthshire
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Miket and
Wildgoose
1991
RCAHMS
Muirkirk
RCAHMS
Cleish
RCAHMS
Forres
RCAHMS
Strath of
Kildonan
RCAHMS
Knoydart
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Miket and
Wildgoose
Publication
Bute Natural History Society
RCAHMS
Glenesslin
1992
RCAHMS
Braes of Doune
RCAHMS
Central
Scottish
Woodland
s
RCAHMS
Glenesslin RCAHMS
Southdean
RCAHMS
South Perthshire
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
1993
RCAHMS
Den of
Boddam
RCAHMS
Mar Lodge
RCAHMS
Upper Strathnairn
RCAHMS
Strathbraa
n
RCAHMS
OS
Revision
RCAHMS
Finlaggan
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
OS
Revision
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Hood
1994
RCAHMS
Achiltibuie
RCAHMS
Kingussie
RCAHMS
Inverewe
RCAHMS
Canna
RCAHMS
Craigievar
RCAHMS
Central
Scottish
Woodland
s
RCAHMS
Creetown
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
FESP pilot
1995
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Rogart
RCAHMS
Kingussie
RCAHMS
Upper Strathearn
RCAHMS
OS revision
RCAHMS
Lake of Menteith
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Wildgoose
RCAHMS
Publication
Kirby
Publication
Hannah and Proudfoot
1996
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Liddwsdale
RCAHMS
Plateau of Lorn
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Hannah and Proudfoot
1997
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Glen
Urquhart
RCAHMS
Menstrie
Glen
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Barrowman
Publication
Cullen and Tompsett
1998
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Sheriff
Muir
RCAHMS
Holyrood
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
1999
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Kale Water
RCAHMS
Glen Clova
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
SCRAN
Hume project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Dick, Peddie & Mackay
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Hannah and Proudfoot
2000
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Ben Laws
RCAHMS
East
Dumfries
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
SCRAN
Hume project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Scottish Architects Preservation Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Dick, Peddie & Mackay
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Hannah and Proudfoot
2001
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
SCRAN
Hume project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Cropmark tagging
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Scottish Architects Preservation Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Dick, Peddie & Mackay
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
2002
RCAHM
S
Muck
RCAHMS
Kirkudbright
Training Area
RCAHMS
White Hill
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
First Edition
Survey Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
SCRAN
Hume project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Cropmark tagging
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Scottish Architects Preservation Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Dick, Peddie & Mackay
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Mactaggart and Nicol
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
2003
RCAHMS
Mingulay
RCAHMS
Strathdon
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Arial Photograph
Backlog
(Nationwide)
SCRAN
Hume project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Scottish Architects Preservation Project
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Mactaggart and Nicol
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
2004
RCAHMS
Yarrows
RCAHMS
Binn Hill
RCAHMS
Mulberry Harbour
Rigg Bay
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Greig RCAHMS
Arial Photograph
Backlog
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Mactaggart and Nicol
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Basil Spence
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
2005
RCAHMS
Pentland Range
RCAHMS
Croy Hill
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Publication
Coastal Assessment Survey
Publication
Currie
Publication
Coastal Assessment Survey
RCAHMS
Arial Photograph
Backlog
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Basil Spence
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
2006
RCAHMS
Brae of Abernethy
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
Survey
Loch Katrine Waterworks
RCAHMS
The Waverley Line
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Arial Photograph
Backlog
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Basil Spence
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
2007
RCAHMS
East Renfrewshire
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS
Architecture
(Nationwide)
Publication
NOSAS
RCAHM
S
Muck
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
SRP update
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
2008 RCAHMS
Cape Wrath
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
SRP update
RCAHMS
Architecture
(Nationwide)
Publication
Coastal Assessment Survey
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Currie
SRP update
RCAHMS
Cambo
RCAHMS
Ben
Lawers
2009
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS
North Rona
RCAHMS
Bute
RCAHMS
Architecture
(Nationwide)
SRP update
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
Publication
Currie
2010 RCAHMS-HER
Orkney concordance
RCAHMS
Walls
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS-HER
Scottish Borders concordance
RCAHMS
Bute
RCAHMS
Architecture
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
North Rona
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Buildings at Risk concordance
(Nationwide)
2011
RCAHMS
Walls
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS
Threatened Building Survey Programme
(Nationwide)
SRP update
SRP update
RCAHMS-HER
East & Mid-Lothian concordance
RCAHMS-HS
Listed Building concordance
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
Bute
2012
RCAHMS
Walls
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS
Kale Water
RCAHMS
Threatened Building Survey Programme
(Nationwide)
NTS update
RCAHMS
Uists
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
NTS update
RCAHMS
North Rona
Publication
Crawford
Publication
Shepherd
2013
RCAHMS
Walls
RCAHMS
First World War
(Nationwide)
RCAHMS
ST KILDA
RCAHMS
Uists
RCAHMS
Kale Water
Publication
Watson
NTS update
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
Archaeology Scotland
Discovery and Excavation Scotland
(Nationwide)
NTS update
NTS update
Scottish Canals update
NTS
update
NTS update
NTS update
Publication
Bradford University
2014 (May)
RCAHMS-HER
Western Isles concordance
RCAHMS
War memorials
(Nationwide)
NTS update
NTS update
RCAHMS
Aerial Survey updates
(Nationwide)
NTS update
Scottish Canals update NTS update
NTS update
NTS update
1908-2014
Record density
BACKGROUND
8,264 km² = 25 years
Scotland = 80,077 km²
Systematic survey routinely increases
numbers of known monuments by
50-200%
REMOTE SENSING DATA
Airborne Laser Scanning coverage Orthophotograph coverage
CONTEXT
• Much of Scotland’s archaeology is not on
record
• Majority of RS data is not exploited for
archaeological purposes
• RS data is proliferating
• Use of RS data is largely constrained within
traditional methods of prospection & object
identification developed in the 20th century
• Implications of digital/3D? Can we play a
lead role?
Our response?
Develop an approach to national
rapid mapping
NATIONAL SCALE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY:
SOME ISSUES
• Is ‘national coverage’ necessary?
• Balance between extent of coverage and level of recording detail
• How comprehensive? (i.e. what sources are consulted?)
• What comprises a minimum level of record?
• How far can RS data can be relied on as the primary source?
• What is the role of field observation?
• How do we define ‘quality’?
• How can we ‘speed up’ archaeological survey?
432 km²
Scotland in miniature
– Isle of Arran
Eilean Arainn
© Historic Environment Scotland
© Historic Environment Scotland
LEVELS OF SURVEY
Where we are at the moment...
• Level 0 - Preliminary, desk-based survey and record
• Level 1 - Basic record: Field visit to produce an accurate location
at basic mapping scale, brief description and classification
• Level 2 - Landscape mapping: detailed landscape mapping by
EDM/GPS 1:2500, 1:5000; 1:10,000) allowing features to be
seen in context
• Level 3 - Groups of monuments: group of sites or structures
planned by SRA at 1:250 and 1:500
• Level 4 - Individual detailed survey and record using plane table
Where does Arran survey and proposed
national mapping fit in?
DO BASIC RECORDS FIT MULTIPLE PURPOSES?
• Where, what, when and how – when do we need more?
• Relationships with ‘deeper’ (sometimes) records in HERs
• How often do users find information exactly the way they want it?
• Is NRHE ‘best’ as an index?
• Would readily available ALS visualisations change what we do?
Level of confidence
Is a field visit required?
ARE THERE ISSUESWITH A PRIMARY RELIANCE
ON RS DATA FOR THE NATIONAL SURVEY?
• Are we happy to use RS data alone for site creation/upgrade?
• How do we develop our confidence in using ALS data?
• How do we assess RS data reliability?
• Do we believe in ‘ground truth’?
• How do we use ground observation selectively?
• What is the role(s) of field visits?
NR83SE 26 8908 3026
NR 8908 3026. A heather-covered hut circle was
found during field investigation situated on gently
sloping moorland at approximately 300ft OD. The
earth and stone bank, spread to 3.0m and up to
0.8m high, encloses a level interior 5.5m in diameter.
There is a 1.0m wide entrance in the south-east with
a single orthostat on its east side.
Approximately 100.0m south of the hut circle is an
80.0m long bank. Comprising earth and large stones,
it is 2.0m wide and 0.4m high and is probably a field
bank associated with the hut.
Lying between the hut circle and the bank is a group
of 15 heather-covered stony mounds similar to other
probable clearance heaps in this area (see NR83SE
11). Visited by OS (TRG), 20 October 1977
A heather-covered probable hut circle was found during
field investigation situated on a gentle slope in open
moorland. The earth and stone bank, spread to 2.5m and
up to 0.8m high, encloses a level interior 5.0m in
diameter. In the south-west the bank is 5.0m wide and
1.8m high, possibly the result of dumping from nearby
peat cutting. There is a 1.5m wide entrance in the south-
east; a small gap in the north-west appears to be a
modern mutilation.
Visited by OS (TRG) 20 October 1977
A basic record
Where
NR 92193 38348
What
Shieling hut(s)
Shieling mound(s)
When
Post Medieval
Event
‘An archaeological survey
of Arran was conducted
between ** and ** by HES,
Survey and Recording ....
ALS data ..., extent and
Level of Survey...’
A more detailed record
Where
NR 92193 38348
What
Shieling hut(s)
Shieling mound(s)
When
Post Medieval
Event
‘An archaeological survey of Arran was conducted between ** and ** by HES,
Survey and Recording .... ALS data ..., extent and Level of Survey...’
A scatter of at least 25 shieling mounds have been identified from Airborne
Laser Scanning data derived visualisations beside the Allt Airigh na Cuiseig in
Glen Iorsa. The majority of the mounds lie to the S of the stream, and are
formed as distinct grassy mounds, with a depression, sometimes
subrectangular, or dimple on the summit. The largest of the mounds measures
about 6m in diameter and up to 0.8m in height.
Information from HES Survey and Recording (DCC) 24 October 2017
WHAT ARRAN SURVEY PROJECT LOOKS LIKE?
Maximise use of RS data
• Prospection/reconnaissance
• Level of confidence
• Site/record creation to minimum standard
 Where (coordinate/polygon)
 What
 When
 Event
• Identify sites/areas for field visits (anomalies, gaps, poor ALS data)
Strategic field work
• Visit anomalies
• Targeted field reconnaissance in ‘gaps’
• Some more intensive RS-based mapping and field investigation
Develop digital documentation/interpretation experience/skills
SOURCES:
 Old and current OS maps
 First Edition Settlement Project
 Aerial Photographs
 Historic Land Use Assessment
(HLA)
 ALS visualisations
FROM POINTTO POLYGON
Oblique photograph
PREHISTORIC ROUND HOUSE FOOTINGS
Hillshading Sky View Factor
Local Dominance Slope
Known Site Extent
Discovery Area
New Discoveries
Shieling huts
Round houses
Cultivation
RAPID
DESK-BASED
PROSPECTION
8 INTERPRETERS
3 WORKING DAYS
EACH
UP TO 30KM2 PER
PERSON/DAY FOR
BASIC
POLYGONISATION
TAKING THIS AS A MOMENT TO REFLECT
ON THE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
PROCESS
• Role of expertise
• How we think about observation
• Black boxes and explanation
• Descriptions of reliability / probability
• When are we data driven and pattern seeking?
When are we fitting to conceptual models?
TO BETTER DEFINETHE ESSENCE OF
WHAT COMPRISESTHE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL IN LANDSCAPE
SURVEY
What we see is dependent on:
• our expectations
• our experience
• our questions
• our acuity
Accountability?
Observation – interpretation – depiction
Interpretation: ‘Because I say so...’?
Give half a dozen people the same
information and you get half a dozen different
interpretations, all equally valid and probably
not even mutually contradictory in any
significant way, but each of them will bear the
style of the individual interpreter
Reginald Hill, 2008.The Roar of the Butterflies
Archaeology and deep learning
PRE-HISTORY OF AUTOMATION
Object Based Image Analysis
Custom algorithms Adaptive template matching
Zingman et al. 2015
Template matching with morphometric derivatives
Schneider et al. 2015
Deep Learning
STEP CHANGE INTHE LAST 5YEARS
RAPID DEVELOPMENT ACROSS MANY FIELDS
Medical imaging
Cell detection &
Classification
3D
Histopathology
Surveillance
Automated
Video
Surveillance
Systems
Target detection
Social media
Face recognition
Automated
tagging
How variable and
complex are
archaeological
remains compared to:
• Puppies
• Human Faces
• Medical images
Trier (2016) and Zingman (2016)
• Pre-training on ImageNet
• Then train (learn) on a relatively small target set of images
• Can use Matlab toolbox Mat-ConvNet
Automatic charcoal kiln detection for a 3×3 km test
area.
Convolutional Neural Networks (Machine Learning)
Underpinned by field observation
Image courtesy of Ø. Trier
AUTOMATED OBJECT DETECTION: PROOF OF
CONCEPT
• Norwegian Computing Center
• Height data
• Learning sets for hut-circles, small cairns and shieling huts
• Development for national mapping, crucial for big data
• Contribute to understanding better how we see sites
• No threat to archaeological interpretation & expertise, but a tool
AUTOMATION ON ARRAN
Manual mapping
• Up to 30km2 per person/day for basic
polygonisation only
• Single data source
CNN on Arran
• Learning sets (hut-circles, small cairns,
shieling huts)
• Work in progress
Neural network implemented using pyTorch (http://pytorch.org/). Øivind Due Trier
Preliminary results
 Procedures for rapid assessment of ALS/RS data as it becomes
available within a strategy for national mapping
 RS data at the forefront, multiple scales of survey
 Methods to express varying confidence in outputs from RS
 Review what constitutes an adequate archaeological record
 Assessment of the potential representativity of data
 Creation of a ‘learning set’ for automated object detection
routines for ALS data
Developing an approach to national mapping
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• ALS data: Fugro and Scottish Government
• Adara López-López
• Žiga Kokalj
Thank you for your attention!

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