The document lists and describes 19 key components and structures of a neuron, including the nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, lysosomes, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nerve fibers, axon hillock, axon, dendrite, Schwann cell cytoplasm, node of Ranvier, axoplasm, neurilemma, axolemma, Schmidt-Lanterman cleft, and myelin sheath.