Crime Prevention Strategy Paper Explained

Crime Prevention Strategy Paper
My paper will explain a crime prevention strategy that will decrease victimization in Centervale for
all crimes as well as property crimes. I will explain the victimology theory and how it fits the
strategy, I chose and how. I will also include the victim theory that best fits the crimes on campus. I
will also explain how the rate of crime is determined and will define the dark figures of crime. The
things put in place to prevent crime are things like: neighborhood watch and policing the
community. These two things alone will make a crook think twice. Sometimes if crooks see law
enforcement present the will keep going instead of causing
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Crime Prevention Is A Rather Elastic Term
'Crime prevention' is an extremely broad term that intends to change and shape behaviour or events
in order to reduce the possibility or probability of crime. "Crime prevention is a rather elastic term,
which at its broadest encompasses any activity intended to reduce the frequency of events defined as
crimes by the criminal law" (Hough et al, 1980 cited in Doherty, 2005, p.126). Thus is can be hard
to completely define crime prevention in one singular definition, as there are many areas that can be
discussed and defined differently. There are different ways in which crime prevention is defined,
these fall into two intertwining categories. These two categories of crime prevention will be the
main focus of this essay.
Firstly there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Situational crime prevention 'attempts to prevent crime by changing the situations in which crime
occurs' (Poyner, 1983 cited Sanderson, 1995, p.123). Situations which may have allowed crime to
happen are altered to make crimes harder to commit by reducing opportunities for crime. This crime
prevention approach focuses on the time and space within situations rather than the offender.
Environmental conditions can be changed to reduce opportunities for crime by altering the design of
the environment to create anti–crime spaces. For example, some residential areas are gated
communities meaning that only those previously approved are allowed into the community,
therefore, reducing the opportunity for crime as it is made harder for the criminal to gain access and
commit a crime. Rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986) can be used to explain why the
use of situational crime prevention can be used, as the theory claims crime is committed by rational
individuals who weigh the benefits against the risks. Situational crime prevention is used to increase
the risks and lower the benefits of criminal activity (Doherty, 2005). However, although situational
crime prevention does have its benefits, there are also many criticisms and disadvantages that
emerge from this approach to

The Importance Of Crime Prevention
Crime prevention is essential in reducing the amount of criminal activities that occur within society.
It is one of many pieces in a puzzle that help shape a community. By collecting data of criminal
behaviors and locating the influences, a community is able to come together and make a difference.
There are many programs throughout the United States that strive to make a change in crime.
"Sexual violence is a serious public health problem in the United States, affecting people of every
age and background. One in three girls and one in seven boys will be sexually abused before the age
of 17." (Briere & Elliott, 2003) In this paper, I will explain forcible rape in the United States and
discuss ways to decrease criminal behavior in order for these individuals to become successful
contributors within our society. I have chosen to compare crime prevention programs in the states of
California, Florida, and Texas in my research.
Academic literature commonly refers to forcible rape as "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly
and against her will. Attempts or assaults to commit rape by force or threat of force are also
included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded." (Richardson,
2013) In the United States, the arrest rate for forcible rape has seen a significant increase since
2013. Implementation of prevention programs can possibly help create an increase in awareness and
community involvement. However, crime prevention needs to start at

Developmental Crime Prevention
Despite the long–term benefits of transposing developmental crime prevention approaches, they can
be seen as problematic as well. One of the major problems is that because it addresses social issues,
its evaluation becomes difficult and complex . Additionally, getting public support is also difficult
due to the media. Instead portraying the benefits of such initiatives, the media has the tendency to
shape the public's view that crime prevention requires more police control and harsher punishments
for offenders .
Countries such as Australia have successfully implemented this approach to crime prevention. For
example in Queensland, the government has taken the initiative and made it a priority to emphasise
the importance of support services

Crime Prevention Chapter Summary
Summary: This chapter discusses the seven secondary defenses applied to crime after detection.
These seven defenses can be split into two categories: discourage and oppose. The four ways which
potential victims discourage their attackers: movement away from adversary, communicate ability to
escape, distraction, feigns, and startles, and symbiotic protection. The three methods for quick
opposition upon attack are chemical and weapon defense, sudden weaponry, and emergency social
defense.
Movement Away From Adversary
Movement away from adversary (attacker) can simply be displayed by crossing the street to avoid
attacker. In some cases the habitat favors one party in the crime process. We have learned that
offenders commit more crimes in places ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Animals use chemical defenses to deal with predators. During the 1970s, Americans began to carry
chemical defenses such as pepper spray. Police officers also use chemical defenses.
Sudden Weaponry Animals react in many ways when they feel threatened. Some use body language
to deter predators. The porcupine fish swallows water to inflate its body, causing the spines along its
body to become erect. Humans may pull out weapons in hopes of scaring off attacker. People may
change their posture when feeling in danger. They might square their shoulders and snarl.
Emergency Social Defense
After an attacker spots his victim, groups find it necessary to gather their defenses quickly. For an
example wild cattle, such as musk oxen, respond to threat by forming a circle with the adult males
on the outside to fight off the enemy. Some groups have used technology as a way to defend
potential victims. They use alarms, bells; phone calls, shouts, and screams to bring awareness of the
risk, which interferes the offender. The ineffectiveness of neighborhood watch is the lack of alarm
mechanisms. British crime experts developed the cocoon

Approaches to Crime Prevention Essay
The Dominant Approaches Used
For
Crime Prevention
Jamal Sanchez Bush
Crime Prevention
CJ212
June 21, 2011
Introduction
Crime prevention has influenced by so many fields like sociology, psychology, criminology, urban
planning and design, health care, education, community development, economics & social work,
among the others. This paper focuses on the dominant approaches to crime prevention which is
currently used by law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The dominant approaches to crime
prevention are situational, social development, community crime prevention, and community
policing.
Dominant approaches to crime prevention
Situational – The interventions designed for reducing the opportunity for the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Developmental Prevention
Developmental prevention is new frontier of the crime prevention efforts. May be because kids are
much sympathetic recipients of the government attention & funds than are the teenage delinquent &
adult criminal, spending, scale of the social programs & research on the kid development exceeds
those for the situational or the community prevention (Crime Prevention through Social
Development). The interventions aimed at improving life chances of kids at the risk warrant support
for the reasons wholly independent of the crime prevention but even to concern the crime

prevention emerging findings are promising.
Community Police Approach
This approach is based on police community reciprocity; police & public cooperate for preventing
& for solving the crimes. The vital premise of this approach is that the police must fight with crime
locally rather than the follow dictates from the Washington. The Community policing mostly
features the de–centralization of the command via sub–stations for increasing the police citizen
interaction. This also involves the foot patrol so the police may walk & talk with the citizens. The
New York City & the other metropolitan areas incorporate into the community policing the zero
tolerance attitudes toward the minor crimes & disorder for enhancing the feelings of community
The most effective

The Prevention of Crime
The Prevention of Crime
Steven Fernandez CJ212–01
Kaplan University 2/10/2013
Crime Prevention is the key to keeping citizens safe, and the goal of police departments nationwide.
In order to understand how to prevent crime we must look at the reasons crime occurs. Crime by
definition is "the act or commission of an act that is forbidden, or the omission of that duty that is
commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law. The
prevention of crime takes many shapes in order to be effective. We will evaluate what some of these
steps are, to establish a basis for prevention of crime.
In law enforcement crime prevention takes its most important stand. Crime prevention in law
enforcement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another theory that has been contributed to the prevention of crime is that of cognitive behavioral
therapy for both juveniles and adults. The main focus of behavioral therapy according to Clark
(2011), therapy has played a key role in reducing recidivism rates among juvenile prisoners, violent
offenders, and substance abuse. Clark states in his work that the therapy assumes the patients can be
conscious of their own behavior and thoughts, and thus able to make a change of a positive nature.
This emphasis on the prevention of crime is extremely useful, due to the reduction of recidivism. By
reducing recidivism you can know worry more about rehabilitation of the offender, and not having
to come up with new methods and resources for stopping them.
The prevention of crime will ultimately focus on the part of law enforcement, and their styles to
proactive policing. This proactive result relies on the arrest initiated by police officers rather than
arresting someone after a call for service has been received and investigated. Other ways such as
readjusting resources to ensure extra patrol

Summary Of Crime Prevention And The Science Of Where...
I will lke ro refe to the article by Anderson. In the article "Crime Prevention and the Science of
Where People Are" (Martin A. Andreson & Greg W. Jenion 2008) spatial awareness shows the
probability of crimes to occur and how individuals make themselves vulnerable to becoming victims
of crime. According to Andreson and Jenion (2008): "the increased rates of populations leaving the
relatively protective environment of the home leads to an increase in potential victims and potential
offenders in time and space" (p.169). The areas where the largest amount of violent crime occur
where there are a least two persons present and places of non–residential use. The more people that
are around you at any point in time the more likely you are to be the

Situational Crime Prevention
Through out the nation, preventing crime has become an important factor. Crime prevention
motivates others to focus on devices that can assist in reducing crime and it demonstrates the the
different varieties of crime can be generated (Farrell & Hodgkinson, 2015). Practically, approaches
such as, situational crime prevention and environmental design can attain to forbid crime.
Situational crime prevention an approach of diminishing crime opportunities in the society (Farrell
& Hodgkinson, 2015).
In addition, it takes in consideration of the environmental elements that cause a crime to occur, the
types and the pattern of crimes and costs and benefits that are allied with a particular crime (Farrell
& Hodgkinson, 2015). Furthermore, situational

Surveillance for Crime Prevention Essay
Why do we as American's fear of becoming the victim of a crime? Reality is that we as individuals
of the United States only have a two–percent chance of becoming the victim of a violent crime.
Surveillance is starting to become high in demand for businesses, offices, and even inside and
outside of homes solely because we are taught that crime is always happening to someone,
somewhere. From personal experience, I feel as if surveillance cameras are not only one of the best
ways to prevent crime, but it also increases the possibility to catch the individual(s) who choose to
engage in a deviant act or actions. Although alarm systems can be effective, they do not identify
who is committing the crime. The alarm systems simply tell the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals claim that the states throughout our country are always being watched by the
Government; our every move, our every purchase, and even our every commute to and from work
are being monitored. Welsh and Farrington(2004) both agree in explaining that the closed–circuit
television(CCTV) is doing the exact same thing. "America is on the verge of becoming a
'surveillance society' (Stanley and Steinhardt, 2003:1)" (Welsh, 2004: 2). George Orwell discusses
that "Every single technical device that has been invented, restored, or refurbished in the last ten
years is becoming an increasing negative towards individuals freedom of interference", but Welsh
and Farrington seem to disagree. "Fact is, there are no longer any barriers to the Big Brother regime
portrayed by George Orwell" (Welsh, 2004:2). Clark and Homel (1997) mention in this study that
they have classified three different forms of surveillance when it comes to the prevention of any
given situational crime. In their opinion, the three different types of surveillance contain formal
surveillance, natural surveillance, and surveillance by employees. Clark and Homel (1997) explain
why the reason they came about with these different types of situation crime preventions is because
they are comparing the effectiveness of these surveillances by examination of the outcome of what
is

Crime And Crime Prevention Programs
Briana Manning
Criminal Justice 190
Issue Paper
12/18/2014
Ever since the 1990's there has been a decrease in crime. Although, there are many plausible reasons
for the decrease in crime such has employment rates, age, economic improvement, or culture
variation. However, two other factors play a part in the crime decrease such as a result of better
policing methods. Crime prevention programs have been developed and used all over the United
States. Over the years, these different prevention programs help contribute to crime decrease. They
also have been a great success in the communities. Another reason may be a result of the increase in
incarceration and education on crime since the 1990's. Although, they might not be the main reasons
for the decrease in crime but they certainly play a part.
Explanations for the Decline
Improvement in Policing Strategies
There are different types of crime prevention programs. Community based crime prevention is one
of them. This type of prevention program involves the community helping take initiative in
preventing crime in their communities. The main purpose of community policing is to of course
prevent crime, but they also want to build a relationship with the community. Law enforcement
officers are very fond of the method of policing. The community and law enforcement haven't had
the best relationship. As well as they are seen as the bad guy, which causes people to think badly of
law enforcement. However, community policing allows law

Crime Detection And Its Prevention
Introduction
As residents of the Great State of Florida and citizens of our community we have many concerns
about our safety and what measure our local law enforcement agencies are taking in order to see we
are living in a neighborhood free of the fear that we may be victims of a violent crime. In order to
for us to really take action, we must first understand the true meaning of crime detection. Crime
detection and its prevention is important for effective policing. Police officers are committed to take
all measures necessary, both proactive and reactive to ensure a safe and peaceful community for the
citizens they serve.
Let's take a look at what exactly is crime prevention. According to Wikipedia, Crime prevention is a
term describing techniques used for reducing crime and criminal activities as well as deterring crime
and criminals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention.It is applied specifically to efforts
made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. As we
understand that definition, it gives us the opportunity to identify the crime prevention policy and
how its goal is to reduce or eliminate crime. This may involve both government and community
programs which specify and strive at reducing crime and criminal interaction. States all over the U.S
have been encouraged to investigate proactive measures and advance to seeking resources into ways
to reduce crime rather than seeking reactive measures for dealing with

The Importance Of Crime Prevention Through Environmental...
Crime Prevention through Environmental design's efforts to alter the physical design of an area to
impact the results of crime. Modern crime prevention roots in architectural design from the 1950s–
1970s. Changes in the physical layout of an area increase the difficulty of an individual committing
a crime as well as raising the chances of an offender being caught. Crime prevention through
environmental design is when the physical design of an environment influences positive behavior. In
the Dark
Crime is a social problem that affects most people in one way or another, whether the offender or
victim. Crime then generates a fear in people as a result of serious threats like murder, rape, break–
ins and theft. As crime rates sky–rockets more cities are requiring crime prevention features when
building a new project.
Crime Prevention through environmental design has been a successful method of crime control.
Cpted is consistent with problem oriented policing in that it leads to design proactive strategies for
solutions and accountability, considers a variety of problems, not only just for crime, engages not
only with citizens but with governmental officials and local agencies, and lastly a systematic
analysis of crime events and their conditions. Cpted makes design that offer protection without
making people feel like they have to resort to the prison camp approach. Crime prevention through
Environmental design was

CPTED: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
CPTED) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design is used as a way of protecting assets
whether they are property or a high profile person using architects, designers and security
professionals. This is done in a way by designing it to deter criminals at the same time making it
easier on the eye for the people involved in the area. The basic principles for CPTED are Natural
access controls, Natural surveillance, Territorial reinforcements and Target hardening. Natural
access controls are ways of making access limited to one or two areas, this is done by obstructions
near low windows, fencing placed waist height in away that you have to follow the edges to the
doors. Then once you are there you potentially need buzzing in or have your own

The Effective Prevention Of The Mass Media And Crime...
INTRODUCTION
The prevention of crime has been the priority of every society since the existence of humanity. All
society has always been faced with all of sorts of criminal activities which is obviously
dysfunctional to the growth of any society. Crime is now seen as a norm of the everyday society
which cannot be avoided, but surely can be reasonably prevented from not happening. The dilemma
each society has to go face and the question they always ask is what medium or means seems to be
the most effective way in preventing crime? The world is now technology driven, how well and
efficiently can the people be sensitive and informed about ways of preventing crime to reduce it
drastically? The only answer that comes to everyone is through the mass media. This paper seeks to
find out how mass media can serve to be an effective tool in crime prevention.
This paper research seeks to create awareness on ways to reduce the ever increasing crime rate
especially crime that relates to internet fraud, burglary theft, shoplifting, pickpocketing, car theft,
etc. The cops or the law enforcement agents cannot prevent these crimes all alone; they need the
help of the people to do so, and lots of people to be reached and be well informed about crimes
around them and the way of preventing these crimes. To create a mass awareness on crime
prevention, the mass media includes the TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, internet etc. Without all
these, little or no progress can be made since this is the

Situational Crime Prevention Theory And Routine Activity...
The two derivatives that make up the integral premise of the Chicago School theory are; 1)
Situational Crime Prevention Theory and 2) Routine Activity Theory. The two theories focus on
how opportunities to commit crime and the everyday activities of an individual are related to the
physical environment. Both theories center on an assumed motivated and rational perpetrator and
seek to understand what can be done to limit the opportunities for crime (Bohm & Vogel, 2010).
Situational crime prevention theory has to components; 1) reducing the opportunities needed for the
commission of crime, and 2) increasing the likelihood of getting caught. Oscar Newman's book,
Defensible: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design centered around urban development,

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
CPTED and COP Revision CTPED or Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design is defined
as "The prevention strategy which outlines how the physical environments can be designed in order
to lessen the opportunity for crime." (Queensland Police Department.) CPTED not only is defined
by this definition, but it focuses on four more characteristics that help to make this design work
effectively, and smoothly. These four characteristics are: maximizing the risk that offenders face,
maximizing the effort required by offenders to commit crimes, minimizing the benefits that
offenders can gain from committing crimes, and finally minimizing the excuses for opportunities
toward offenders. COP is defined as "Community policing is a philosophy that promotes
organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem solving
techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues,
such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime." (Community Policing Defined." Community
Policing Dispatch). CPTED and COP are methods that promote strong communities to deter crime,
and provide the community with alternatives to stop crime from ever happening in the first place. As
well as these definitions, the strategies of COP, and CPTED, these strategies are based off of the
broken windows theory. The broken windows theory is the theory that states once criminals see an
area that is under–patrolled, they will commit more crimes

Progressive Police, Forms Of Crime Prevention
2. Manning's concept of" appearance management is to discuss progressive police, forms of crime
prevention and have these strategies been helpful in reducing crime rates. Progressive police views
is that they cannot solve crimes alone without society help. They need help in information as while
there connections or networks are vast they still have limitations in their organizations. To become
co–producers in society is one of the greatest tools civilians in society can use to track criminals or
those involved in schemes that can destroy a nation within to weaken their principles or beliefs.
Forms of police crime prevention is that crimes can be anticipations according to evidence or
studies, so they must focus on areas that have high crime

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) alters the location or the physical design
in an area to prevent or minimizes crimes in the area. The idea of crime prevention through
environmental design was influenced out of Oscar Newman's 1972 concept of defensible spaces.
Defensible spaces goal is to prevent crime through a physical expression of social fabric and this
defends itself. Residents like the appearance and design of the area and therefore they care more
about it and what happens to it and this idea is to eliminate crime. Potential offenders are supposed
to notice how much these people care about their area and what occurs in it that they will intervene
if anything occurred. When Newman created this concept he also identified four elements to it.
These elements of defensible space are territoriality, natural surveillance, image, and milieu.
However, there have been additional proponents added and these are access control, target
hardening, and activity support.
Territoriality is the desire and ability of legitimate users of a certain area to lay claim to it. This
element of CPTED is considered the most important. This element of defensible space means that
property and/or buildings are owned by an individual(s) and nobody else can claim it. Residents,
owners, and others including offenders recognize the ownership and they make decisions with this
knowledge. Territoriality can be either symbolic or real. Symbolic territoriality is landscape, signs,
etc.

Situational Crime Prevention Theory
The theories of situational crime prevention as well as routine activity imply a series of
opportunities available to criminals which could have been prevented if the victim had behaved in a
different way (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). There are several offenses committed daily where some level
of fault falls upon the victim. The situational crime prevention theory lists a reduction of
opportunities as well as increased risks for being apprehended as way of reducing crime rates. A
study conducted on situational crime prevention did prove the theory to be effective in several cases,
it should be noted that it was not completely fail proof (Clarke, 1997). This study utilized deliberate
acts of prevention to reduce crime, including surveillance, foot patrols, ... Show more content on
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The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an excellent course structured on
reducing crime by adding light to dark areas where foot traffic frequents, reducing blind spots
within parking structures to assist with avoiding ambushes, as well as encouraging communities to
place a special focus on dilapidated structures with their communities. This course was hosted at
University of Tennessee a few years ago, I was blessed to have the opportunity to attend. There are
is a real connection between dilapidated structures to crime rates, the broken window theory is
something we have all learned about throughout of careers in law enforcement. The role of law
enforcement is key in these areas, they assist with identifying structures creating a hazard, lowing
the safety of the residents, as well as locations where criminals tend to gather (George Mason
University, n.d.). The disorder of a neighborhood can cause residents to be fearful forcing them to
retreat from their home conversely lock themselves in not watching the areas around them creating
an environment for more serious crime to move in. A community–based approach would need to be
taken by law enforcement in conjunction with other city officials to remedy these situation.
Speaking from personal knowledge, this approach is assisting with crime rates within

Situational Crime Prevention Theory
"A better society is a less vulnerable society" (Misztal 360)
One of the greatest qualities the human possesses is learning. When one experiences a negative
situation, he is able to learn from it and change his or her behavior in order to prevent a similar
situation from happening again. This process can be clearly seen with people who had previous
experiences with crime in a general manner. Someone getting his wallet stolen will be less likely to
carry a large amount of cash in the future, while a victim of a burglary will be more likely to make
sure his door has been locked before leaving his or her dwelling. Learning from oneself experience
is probably the best way to prevent a crime from happening. However, all purpose of preventing a
crime is for it not to happen. What can a society do to prevent crime is the approach used by
Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory. After providing a detailed explanation of the situational
crime prevention theory, current policies regarding this theory will be analyzed and potential
policies will be proposed to prevent crime from happening in our society. ... Show more content on
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SCP is a leading action–oriented approach of criminology that emphasizes an approach between
these two extremes. Situational Crime Prevention focuses on particular crime problems, which
might include noncriminal problems, usually on a local level, that engender several different
individual criminal cases. Similarly to problem–oriented policing, SCP's approach starts by defining
a problem beyond any single criminal act or any particular legal case. However, such a problem will
be smaller than the overall disorganization or injustice in a community, or the criminal law process

Public Surveillance Impinging on Our Privacy and Assist...
PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE IMPINGING ON OUR PRIVACY AND ASSIST FOR CRIME
PREVENTION
In the modern world there have been a lot of technological advances within societies. Technology
concerns about security and surveillance has changed the thoughts of people. This surveillance
technology consist of spying video cameras, CCTV security and surveillance cameras, surveillance
electronic communications, face recognition and many others. Some people think this technology is
okay while others carry a different view. These people feel that it is an invasion of privacy,
especially when it is in a public place. Use of surveillance technology are impinging on our privacy
as they are affecting student moral, privacy at workplace, behavior of people, life ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These stolen databases are even soled to special agencies and institutions. Forth way is
Discriminatory targeting, in Great Britain camera operators have been found to focus
disproportionately on people of color, black people were more likely to be surveilled than one
would expect from their presence in the population. Not only black people but all minority people
are surveilled more than any others in USA and Europe. And last way is voyeurism; the researchers
found that in Britain CCTV cameras are misused voyeuristically spy on women. Fully one in 10
women was targeted for entirely voyeuristic reasons. In Britain cameras are going too far, these
cameras are turning to bedrooms rather than suppose to be focused on roads of Britain. This is how
surveillance technology is misused in USA and Europe and many other developed countries.
Furthermore, Misuse of CCTV surveillance is not limited; Data Protection Commissioner Billy
Hawkes revealed his office opened 783 formal complaints during 2010, with more than 400 cases
related to data security breaches. This is how day by day use of CCTV is increasing and misuse of it
is also increasing so it will be better to reduce usage of this CCTV. There are so many issue in more
developed countries due to high use of surveillance technology An article title of BBC new on 6
December 2005 "CCTV staff 'spied on naked woman'" Two council workers used CCTV

Situation Crime Prevention
There are many strategies that can be considered situational crime prevention strategies. Pick one of
the following crime reduction strategies. 1. Improved Street Lighting 2. Surveillance Cameras on
street 3. Use of access control for buildings 4. Electronic merchandise tags 5. Red light cameras
After picking one of the 5 techniques outlined above do some research on it. First state what the
techniques does and why it would be hypothesized to decrease crime. Second discuss the
effectiveness of the strategy. You may need to seek out academic journal articles through the library
databases to answer these questions. Please cite your sources.
This assignment is due Sunday night (2/21/16) at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cameras could also promote a false sense of security and lead citizens to take fewer precautions, or
they could also cause more crimes to be reported, and thus lead to a perceived increase in crime." I
agree with the completely. When I see cameras I feel safer. I have worked in the hospitality industry
for over twelve years and I depend on the cameras in case an altercation arises. I can tell you how
upset and terrified I was when I found out one place I had worked installed fake cameras. We had a
large group of men get into an altercation with 3 bystanders and nothing other than my word to
describe what happened. Cameras enable users to record footage so they can watch at a later time,
help find criminals, and receive justice from the law. However, they can't stop a crime when it is in
progress. They do not send alerts to the police or neighbors like an alarm system would. They also
could be seen as a invasion of privacy. I do not mind having cameras around but I am also not a
potential criminal or a past criminal of any crimes. Each argument has great points and both pros
and cons. Personally, I like have cameras that would help solve crimes or catch someone for being
unlawful.
Citation: Welsh, Brandon C., Farrington, David P; "Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An
Updated Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis," Justice Quarterly, October, 2009, Volume 26,
Issue 4, pages 716–745. DOI: 10.1080/07418820802506206. – See

Theory And Practice Of Crime Prevention
Activity Space
Michael Pace
University of Cincinnati
Theory and Practice of Crime Prevention
CJ 7070
Dr. Pamela Wilcox
October 21, 2015
Introduction
Crime events have the propensity of occurring in our daily routine activities. In order for a crime
event to occur there must be three elements: a motivated offender, a potential target or victim, and
lack of guardianship (Wilcox, 2015). Evaluating my own activity space, I was able to determine my
nodes and paths. By analyzing my nodes and space, I was able to establish a hot spot, which created
a place where criminal activity was prevalent. Using the Routine Activity Theory and Offender
Search Theory I was able to understand crime is prevalent in this area not only because of the
motivated offender but also because of the lack of guardianship, and pro–criminal social and
environmental factors, which contribute to a continuous encouragement of criminal activity.
My Activity Space
I live in a small coastal town called Toledo, Oregon. The town has about 3,500 people and is located
approximately four miles east of Newport, Oregon. I live in a single story wood built home nestled
in a remote section of a neighborhood. The places I frequent on a regular basis in my community is
my work (Toledo Police Department; Toledo Oregon), my wife's work (Fred Meyers; Newport
Oregon), and my kids school (Newport High School). Schneider (2015) classifies the places where
anyone frequents on a regular basis as a node.
I will

Situational Crime Prevention Theory Of Crime
I would have to agree with situational crime prevention theory that crime can be prevented or at
least limited if people would routinely change their activities approach criminality. In my opinion,
an individual's everyday routine habit, such as leaving their vehicle doors and homes unlocked gives
an opportunity for criminals to commit crimes presented by the physical environment. (Bohm &
Vogel, 2011) " The situational crime prevention theory expresses reducing the physical opportunities
needed to commit a crime and increasing the risk of being caught" (Bohm & Vogel, 2011, p.76). The
presumption of the situational crime concept relies on the hypothesis that more opportunities lead to
more crime, simple crimes attract more offenders, and such existence of easy opportunities makes
possible for a life of crime.
The situational crime prevention efforts are designed to reduce or redirect crime by making it more
difficult to profit from illegal acts. When giving the opportunity, a person may choose to commit a
crime they otherwise would not invest the time in if they think they can get away with it. For
example, people leaving their homes without checking their surroundings to make sure no one
suspicious is paying attention to them leaving home. Also, with the way the society has become, you
would think people would go through the necessary security to protect their property, such as
installing cameras and spotlights. "Cameras and security systems with signage can certainly

Situational Crime Prevention : The Prevention Theory And...
Situational crime prevention is the prevention theory and implementation that focuses mainly on
specific types of crime, and relies heavily on preparation. People who focus on situational crime
prevention follow more with the idea that people commit crimes as an opportunity and not because
of biological or psychological discriminants. A simple way to look at situational crime prevention is
to use the speed bump, while some may limit the value of its effectiveness, a speed bump removes
the opportunity to speed and therefore performs its duty. Similarly situational crime prevention
intends to do they same thing to other crimes, put a metaphorical speed bump in the way, and at
least make it harder to commit those specific crimes. This type of prevention requires a belief that
offenders make their own choices and that a less attractive option will prohibit an offense. For one
to believe in situational crime prevention one must understand the ideas and assumptions behind
rational choice theory. Rational choice theory states that "individuals make decisions on whether to
commit an offense based on an array of inputs including, effort involved, the potential payoff, the
degree of peer support for the action, the risk of apprehension, and punishment." Situational crime
prevention aims to hinder the offender 's ability to see positive inputs that would lead them to
committing a crime. One idea behind rational choice theory is the concept of a "Crime Script." A
crime script could be

According to the Australian Government of Criminology (2017), Crime prevention is 'an effective
approach to reducing crime. It is internationally recognised as an important component of a national
approach to building viable communities.' This essay will examine the case of the kings Cross
shooting that occurred in 2012, involving the Indigenous community, Sydney police and Society. it
will cover the importance of Crime prevention and the strategies in which are ideal to maintain the
safety and security of the community and the offender partaking in the crime. This essay will focus
broadly on the perspective of Social Crime Prevention, and the importance it obtains to prevent
crime from occurring.
On Saturday 21st April 2012, Sydney police were patrolling the streets of Kings Cross when they
became aware of a youth whom they recognised, in which was driving a stolen vehicle underage.
The 14 year old Indigenous offender was driving erratically, and in chase by police, mounted the
curb and struck a nearby pedestrian trapping the individual under the car. Due to the safety of the
community, police shot both the 14 year old driver and an 18 year old passenger, who both received
non–life critical injuries. Four other males, aged between 13 to 24, were in the back seat of the car at
the time. (SBS 2012). In this case, Social crime prevention would have in fact been an effective
method of crime prevention that would have been able to assist the individuals involved in this
crime,

Mandating Crime Prevention Strategies
Crime prevention is a crucial aspect in the criminal justice field. Prevention efforts are important for
law enforcement officials, and others associated with the elimination and reduction of crime, to
enforce precautionary and safety measures in one's community in order to reduce the victimization
rate.
Crime prevention strategies should first include efforts starting with adolescents and teenagers by
mandating crime prevention programs at public and private schools. The well–known program,
D.A.R.E. (drug abuse resistance education), has been a widely used curriculum in schools around
the country teaching children about drugs, violence, bullying, internet safety, and other criminal
activities (D.A.R.E., 2016). This programs main goal is to raise awareness and knowledge about
these types of immoral activities that will expectantly assist youth to make better decisions
throughout their lives. Other programs, such as G.R.E.A.T. (gang resistance education and training),
should also be incorporated in crime prevention curriculums at all ... Show more content on
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Restorative justice equally divides its needs for the victim of a crime, the offender of a crime, and
the community. Victims of previous crimes would be of great assistance in crime prevention
methods. Applying active victim participation can assist in prevention strategies by engaging the
community and criminal offenders. When victims of crimes are able to express the importance and
severity of criminal activities by giving an impact statement or speech to the public, the community
and its offenders are able to empathize with the victim, with the hopes of encouraging prevention
attempts and discouraging future criminal acts. Criminal offenders are given the chance to simply
make things right. This can be seen in forms of compensation and

Police Crime Prevention And Partnerships With The Community
Policing has come a long way since the institution of the protection of the citizens. Gradually,
overtime things are meant to get better. Citizen satisfactory and statistical evidence shows that
policing has improved professionally, technologically, and even in affectivity. Being able to
compare the timeline from early America to modern day, also displays a positive, growing influence
in the society. One of the many solutions to the many early problems is community policing. Today,
community policing has been adopted into many law enforcement agencies. Community policing
emphasizes crime prevention and partnerships with the community. With its many goals, one of
which is reducing crime and the fear of crime. Looking at the history of policing, it is
understandable that one is able to recognize corruption in the beginning era of law enforcement.
Everything has to start from somewhere. Policing was introduced differently in the beginning of its
time as compared to our view of policing. The way of a community's protection was through simple
watch systems for example like a police patrol would function. Potter (2013) explains that the watch
system was composed of community volunteers whose primary duty was to warn of impending
danger. Because there was no formal police department yet, this allowed citizen to feel like they had
at least some protection from offenders. These informal techniques lasted until 1838 when Boston
created the first formal police department.

Crime Prevention Essay
Crime Prevention
Marcos Williams
Unit 2: Assignment
Abstract
Crime prevention has become a major issue in our Nation. In our text we have learned that in the
early 1990's President Bill Clinton had passed a bill that hired 100,000 police officers as a result of
the Violent Crime Control Act (Worrall, 2008). The hiring of all the police officers looked as if was
going to make a huge impact across the nation. With the rate of crime going up across the world
crime prevention is really needed. Communities and police officers need to come together to help
preserve our neighborhoods. This is the best form of crime prevention.
In this paper I am going to discuss the relationship of crime prevention to the Criminal Justice
System. I am also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also stop and arrest drunken drivers which help and protect the community. When police make
drug bust in which the community helps with tips or make arrest on repeat offenders this type of
crime prevention is key in the relationship with the Criminal Justice System. Police are used as
mediators and negotiators to resolve domestic disturbances or hostage situations (Plant and Scott,
2009). Police are also trying to find ways to protect the youth of today from following in the same
footsteps as the criminals that they deal with on a day to day basis. Police are trying to do
everything that they can to stop trafficking of persons and drugs throughout our nation and help
keep our youth stay out of the criminal justice system. Crime prevention and the Criminal Justice
System go hand in hand with the reduction of crime.
There are many institutions through which crime prevention programs and practices are delivered.
Most of the programs are built around habitual offenders and youths from the 5 to 18 years of age.
One program that they have for repeat offenders is the Circle of Support and Accountability
(COSA). This program targets young to adult males that have been tried and convicted of a sexual
crime, did not get early release, and are at serious risk of reoffending (National Crime Prevention
Centre, 2008). COSA has up to seven but no less than four volunteers that help the offenders
reengage back to a normal life in their community. The volunteers also hold the

Evidence Based Crime Prevention Case Study
To be able to take the best decisions and adopt the most efficient strategies the security manager
must first make a proper identification by gathering and analysing information on workplace crime
and risk factors. The identification step is essential in order to know the urgency and priority to
tackle crime and to take the best decision regarding the strategies to intervene (Haelterman, 2009).
The second step is an organisational one that involve the process of preparing and doing the projects
to prevent crime and the process of creating relationships and partnerships that are necessary for the
implementation of chosen strategy. The intervention involve the designing and implementation of
strategies and methods that are created to eliminate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whilst it has been shown that there are a large number of examples of successful crime prevention
strategies it also have been presented some critics regarding these approaches and their challenges to
implementation. For an even better knowledge of these strategies and their application in workplace
crime it is necessary that the study of crime prevention evolves in a manner that will permit to the
opportunity reduction techniques to be developed and refined. Morgan (2012) also concluded that
even if the importance of evidence–based crime prevention and the quality of evaluations that have
been conducted has been recognised more and more it is still necessary to find the best ways
through which these methods work on the ground and make better use of the available evidence.
Schneider (2014, p.59) has claimed that "strong empirical evidence linking 'design and prevent' is
yet to be developed and those who blithely report that certain interventions can prevent crime are
usually overstating the case". The next step is the debate of research needed to increase the
understanding of crime prevention in order to be effective and sustainable (Department of
Criminology, 2016) and to clearly demonstrate that crime prevention is not

Crime is understood by society as an offence carried out by an individual whom is expected to be
then punished by the law. Crime prevention strategies seek to measure the potential impact of crime
on an individual and within society, therefore, the importance of effective prevention methods
provide a safe and secure environment for society to improve with. The importance of evaluating
crime prevention methods assist to reassure reoccurring criminal offences and help minimise the
result of criminal activity on a specific category and/or area. The focus of this essay is based around
the effective crime prevention strategies, which underlie several different perspectives by law
enforcement and society. The importance of producing effective crime policies and strategies to
protect future offenders and society will be explored throughout this essay, and therefore the focus
on strategies such as community policing, social crime prevention and situational crime prevention
will be discussed.
Crime prevention strategies can ultimately improve society by the implementation of prevention
measures that are effective to the safety and security of society. According to Burssens (2015), the
importance of evaluating crime prevention strategies is measured by the suitability and initiative to
account for crime prevention. Burssen provides a theoretical perspective of the issues related to
crime and how they can be altered to reduce the occurrence of crime in individuals and within

Technological Advances In Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention through Technological Advances.
According to Nation Master, in the year 2002 the United States was one of the top 3 countries with
the highest number of crimes in the world; total amount of 11.8 million crime cases. In light of this
discovery the law enforcement agency has put in more effort to prevent crimes through various
ways especially the use of technology. For example, according to the United States Department of
Justice, in 2002 authorities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Colorado used DNA evidence to link
and solve a series of murder and rape crimes committed by the same individual.
We can depend on technology to benefit us in many ways, one being an effective crime–fighting
tool. Technological advances are being used to fight crimes by deterring criminals and also catching
them after the act. These technological advances range from fingerprints to prints of retinal patter to
voiceprints. Has technology helped in crime prevention? Has technology helped in catching
criminals? If these criminals cannot act again, is the crime rate less?
Most people believe that crime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Robert Dominique and Dufresene Martin, writing in a New Genetics & Society article,
DNA meaning deoxyribonucleic acid, a self–replicating material present in all living organisms.
DNA and DNA databanks are major forms of evidence in the investigation process and in the
discovery of the guilt or innocence. According to Robert and Martin, since the late 1980's and early
1990's, states require offenders convicted of certain crimes to provide DNA samples; this preventing
the offenders from committing new crimes because they know they can be caught again due to their
DNA samples registered in the system. In 1999, New York police authorities linked a man through
the use of DNA samples to 22 sexual assaults and robberies that had troubled the

Crime Prevention Division Essay
In 1844, the first uniformed police unit was organized and has since grown exponentially to
incorporate a lot of different departments. One of those expanded departments is the Crime
Prevention Division. In 1972, the original Premise Protection Squad turned into the Crime
Prevention Squad. Over the course of six years that squad grew into the Crime Prevention Section
(NYC.gov, N.d.). The Crime Prevention Division is comprised of four sub–units; the Borough
Liaison Team, the Training Team, the Security Team, and the Special Projects Team (NYC.gov,
N.d.). This division is aimed at helping the citizens and businesses of the City of New York with
crime deterrent programs and services. The offer a variety of programs such as security surveys,
lectures, Operation I.D., Combat Auto Theft (CAT), Commuter Combat Auto Theft (C–CAT), Help
End Auto Theft (HEAT), Taxi/Livery Robbery Inspection Program (TRIP), Bike Registration, and
brochures (NYC.gov, N.d.). All the previously mentioned services are complementary and come at
no cost to the public. One of the most successful lecture programs they have conducted is that of
Officer McGruff. McGruff is a program designed for child crime prevention by using a nationally
recognized character to reinforce their crime prevention message (NYC.gov, N.d.).
Mass incarceration is important, particularly because the U.S. incarceration rates have skyrocketed
and the US now holds the highest amount of prisoners in the world! Yet, New York has been the

Crime Prevention Programs Help Protect And Deter Crime...
Crime prevention programs help to prevent and deter crime within neighborhoods by getting the
neighbors involved. Neighborhood watches use residents within a neighborhood to look out for
suspicious activity/ issues then report them to police before any crime occurs. Using this method
potentially deters crime and offenders from committing more crimes. A neighborhood watch can
consist of a block watch, community watch, home watch and citizen alert. Neighborhood crime
prevention programs arose because of the need to get citizens involved in preventing crime.
Overview of history and objectives
Neighborhood Crime Prevention Programs vary in number and purpose. One of the oldest and most
effective neighborhood crime prevention programs in the U.S. is the Neighborhood Watch which
was first started in 1972. The concept of a neighborhood watch can be traced back to days when
night watchmen patrolled the streets. Today, what we know as the neighborhood watch was
developed from sheriff and police chiefs who wanted a neighborhood crime prevention program that
would involve the citizens and to reduce the increase in robberies. Neighborhood watches worked
then and continue to work now because it helps reduce the opportunities to commit crime. The
Neighborhood watch was created to help strengthen the relationships between the neighbors and
community crime prevention. The police have relied on the community for years to help assist with
crime prevention. In fact, neighborhood watches have

The Crime And Crime Prevention
In the world there are many social problems and most of them affect each and every one of us, such
as cancer or Ebola. One that stands out is the rise in crime in America. Crime is huge in America
although law enforcement say they are doing something about and have it handled, the truth is it is
out of control. Stated in America.Net in an article online "Attorney General Eric Holder spoke at the
Project Safe Neighborhoods annual conference in New Orleans on Tuesday, July 13, 2010 and
endorsed three crime control strategies. Law enforcement through cooperative efforts between
police, community and prosecutors to reduce violent crime, and the incarceration of high–risk
offenders. Project Safe Neighborhoods. Crime prevention by addressing underlying social issues.
Reentry programs to assist offenders returning from prison." If these programs are being put in place
then there should be a decreased incidence of crime in America. People can 't even leave their
homes without having to worry if something is going to happen to them. This is a growing concern
in America, but what is America doing to prevent this from happening? There are many
organizations working on the issue of crime to reduce the number of incidences. There is one main
contributing factor lead increases the likelihood of crime and that is poverty. However, it is ironic
that although poverty is a not so pleasant thing, it is needed to prevent communism and the risk of
taking our freedom away as stated as a

Crime And Crime Prevention Programs
Introduction
Criminal activities will never completely end, owing to the human nature of wanting to defy law
and order. However, criminal activities can be mitigated. The history of crime is as old as the
beginning of life itself. In every generation of time, we learn of people who engaged in crimes
against the law and who were punished in accordance to law of the lands in which they lived. Today,
methods of mitigating crime have greatly improved, so has the methods of committing crime. It's a
delicate game. The reception of crime prevention programs has however been on the rise and people
are beginning to see the effect of these programs owing to many cases being solved and more
criminals brought to justice. Technology has had much to contribute to the emergence of programs
that make it easier to detect and mitigate criminal activities. Towards this regard, this paper develops
a program that acts as a proposal showing how criminal activities could be mitigated. The paper will
investigate crime rates in various states and offer a proposition on how these crimes could be
minimized or done away with altogether.
Jurisdiction of the proposal
The proposal outlined here will be applicable to a state or city. Larger forms of jurisdiction will not
be fully captured in this proposal. The proposal will mainly be focused on crime prevention
measures but it can canvass other modes of the crime prevention program. The adult justice system
will be the major point of focus in this

Definition Of Situational Crime Prevention
Module III
Mr. Aundra' M. Segrest
University of Cincinnatti
March 29, 2015
Weak Defensible Space – CPTED Principles
Introduction
Physical enhancements and beautification of a neighborhood are important components of both
increasing the perception of safety and reducing real crime. The environmental design, conditions
around a place and how the place is used can lend opportunity for crime to occur (Taylor, 2002).
Crime is everywhere and will forever exist as long as there are people in the world. Socio–ecnomic
background, ethnicity and geographic location does not change the presence of crime. Research on
environmental criminology has concluded that geographic location and buildings architectural
features and design have much to contribute to offenders' opportunity for criminial activity and
victimization in a community.
Architect and urban planners, Oscar Newman and Jane Jacobs initiated the study on the relationship
between environmental design and crime in our society. Newman's book, Defensible Space: Crime
Prevention Through Urban Design, (1972) focused on the study of residential housing physical
design and how the building's features implicated crime in urban residential housing communities
and public housing in inner–city residential neighborhoods. His theory described defensible space
relative to crime and disorder in the community but have been criticized that physical design had
little to

Crime Prevention
The truth about crime prevention is more complicated –less utopian than some liberals would like,
but far more promising than conservatives will admit. Prevention can work and that it can be far less
costly, in every sense, than continuing to rely on incarceration as out first defense against violent
crimes. Instead of simply insisting that prevention is better than incarceration, then, we need to
pinpoint more clearly what kinds of prevention work—and why some programs work and others do
not, the most encouraging efforts share important characteristics; there are reasons why they work,
whether the ‘target' population is abusive families, vulnerable teens, or serious juvenile offenders
who've already broken the law. Likewise, there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poor children aged three and four were enrolled in preschool for two and half hours a day. In
addition, their teachers visited the children and their mothers at home once a week for about an hour
and a half. Most of the children stayed in the program for two years, a few for just one. This
program as called the Perry project. It allowed children to explore the meaning of those activates
with their teachers. The project was assigned to 123 neighborhoods children and the outcome was
widely disseminated. But what makes them particularly striking is that they were achieved with
such modest means, and with unusually high–risk children in severally disadvantaged communities.
The author then goes on to mention two profound limitations on early intervention as it now
practiced in United States: 1. Unlike many other advanced societies, we cannot link our early–
intervention programs to national–level health care or family–support systems would allow us to
provide services to children and families reliably throughout the course of childhood. The absence
of those systems means that our programs for children and families are usually unstable and short
term: most, indeed, never get beyond the "pilot program" stage. It also means that the most effective
programs must spend a great deal of their time and energy brokering basic support services that
ought to be provided routinely through national policies. Above all, it means that most families that
could

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