why dont most other types of bacteria produce ulcers ( like helico.pdf

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why don\'t most other types of bacteria produce ulcers ( like helicobacter pylori bacteria) Solution helicobacter is a chronic inhabitant usually persists for lifelong(unless treated) in gastric mucosa. Helicobacter can capable of staying for longer in host so it can able to modulate the localized host tissue by producing cytokinines. these cytokinines are plays important role in ulcer pathogenesis. bacterial virulence factors cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenecity island encoded protein CagA and cytotoxin Vac A are could be responsible of ulcer pathogenesis. unlike other bacteria helicobacter can able to produce cytotoxins which can cause immune mediated tissue damage leads to ulcer formation.

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What could be the rational for IRC exempting income from bonds issued by States and other municipalities from being taxable? Solution Municipal Bonds- These are issued by local and state Government for financing a project. These bonds provide less but fixed return. Rational behind exempting the income from municipal bonds from being taxable- Municipal bonds are issued to finance for the Government projects. These provide very less return to the public and provide no addional income except the interest, that is the reason most of the municipal bonds\' interest is tax exempt from all federal income taxes..

What could be the rational for IRC exempting income from bonds issue.pdf

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Tropical forests are extremely important ecosystems on the planet. Ho.pdf

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We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low mass star. What happens to a black dwarf after it cools to nearly zero Kelvin over trillions of years? Is there any other stage, or does it just remain as an Earth sized burned out ember for eternity? Solution It needs to be understood here that black dwarfs are essentially theoretical. The age of the universe is around 14 billion years which happens to be too short a time for a white dwarf to emit all of its heat out. However, theoretically when this would happen, the white dwarf would reach a stage when its temperature would be down to a level that the radiation coming out of it would become same as the background cosmic radiation and will become invisible to us. That is, it will continue to cool down until it reaches the temperature of its surrounding, a cold mass with nothing to emit or absorb, and would remain so..

We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low.pdf

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What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer? What are the main services provided by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer? Solution The main responsibilities of the Network Layer :- * Network Layer provides Logical Network Address which is also called as IP Address. * Network Layer translates Logical Network Address into Physical Address. * Network Layer provides Routing and Message Forwarding. The main services provided by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer :- * The Network Layer responds to service requests from the Transport Layer which provides Logical Address. * The Network Layer issues service requests to the Data Link Layer which provides Physical Address..

What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer What are th.pdf

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These organs in spiders produce with In this kind of circulatory system blood is carried This organ is both and endocrine and exocrine gland This group includes platypus and spiny anteaters Solution Answer to Question NO. 5.6 Bile is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced in the liver of most vertebrates by special cells called hepatocytes. It is temporarly stored in the gallbladder and aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine..

These organs in spiders produce with In this kind of circulato.pdf

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Ensign Danielle Anderson returned from a Qualified Hazardous Duty Ar.pdf

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Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for metal ions, because there is a measurable net charge. In the case of carbon compounds, oxidation and reduction depend on the nature of polar covalent bonds. Which of the following is the best way to describe these types of bond? hydrogen bonds in a nonpolar solution covalent bonds in an aqueous solution unequal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond Solution The best way to describe these type of bond is option b i.e. covalent bonds in an aqueous solution. In general, we know that bonds between carbon or hydrogen atom and N2, O2, F or Cl atoms are polar covalent..

Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for m.pdf

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Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization? O Making a mental note of data O Graphical reporting O Using descriptive language O None of the above Save Question 10 (1 point) What are the two components of metadata? O ATTRIBUTE : Value KEYWORD : Description CHARACTERISTIC Attribute DESCRIPTOR Example Save Save All Responses Go to Submit Quiz Solution Q 9- Graphical reporting- It is used as data visualization tool for better understanding of data. Q10- Keyword is the correct answer..

Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization O Making a mental no.pdf

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Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile materials greater than materials with high hardness? Q ii. Explain why BCC metals exhibit a Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperature while FCC metals do not. Solution 1)Ductility is more commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the application of a tensile force, or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation without rupture. Ductility may also be thought of in terms of bendability and crushability. Ductile materials show large deformation before fracture. The lack of ductility is often termed brittleness. Usually, if two materials have the same strength and hardness, the one that has the higher ductility is more desirable. The ductility of many metals can change if conditions are altered. An increase in temperature will increase ductility. A decrease in temperature will cause a decrease in ductility and a change from ductile to brittle behavior. As the hardness of a material increases the ductility propertry decreases and brittlness increses therefore toughness dcreases. 2) The ductile-brittle transition is exhibited in bcc metals, such as low carbon steel, which become brittle at low temperature or at very high strain rates. Fcc metals, however, generally remain ductile at low temperatures. In metals, plastic deformation at room temperature occurs by dislocation motion. The stress required to move a dislocation depends on the atomic bonding, crystal structure, and obstacles such as solute atoms, grain boundaries, precipitate particles and other dislocations. If the stress required to move the dislocation is too high, the metal will fail instead by the propagation of cracks and the failure will be brittle. Thus, either plastic flow (ductile failure) or crack propagation (brittle failure) will occur, depending on which process requires the smaller applied stress. In fcc metals, the flow stress, i.e. the force required to move dislocations, is not strongly temperature dependent. Therefore, dislocation movement remains high even at low temperatures and the material remains relatively ductile. In contrast to fcc metal crystals, the yield stress or critical resolved shear stress of bcc single crystals is markedly temperature dependent, in particular at low temperatures. The temperature sensitivity of the yield stress of bcc crystals has been attributed to the presence of interstitial impurities on the one hand, and to a temperature dependent Peierls-Nabarro force on the other. However, the crack propagation stress is relatively independent of temperature. Thus the mode of failure changes from plastic flow at high temperature to brittle fracture at low temperature..

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Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile material.pdf

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Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from engineering analysis perspective. A few years back, when he first visited DC, the price for a 7-day unlimited pass MetroRail ticket was $10. Without knowing the spurt in rail ticket price, he moved to DC very recently without purchasing a vehicle and planned to take Metro to museums and restaurants and for commuting trips, too. Then, he found out the price for Metro tickets tripled. Use your engineering knowledge to forecast or predict which of the following travel plan decisions would change for this person? 1. The total number of trips made in DC; 2. The mode of transportation he uses for travel; 3. Any other perspective of trips he makes. Can you also identify the possible rationale behind all these changes? Problem 2. Name three simplifying assumptions that are used in the mode choice and route choice steps. Pick one of them, and then explain how you could change the procedure to relax this assumption and make the process more realistic. Solution.

Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from .pdf

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Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card that sells in most shops for $15. He is interested in buying a different Felix card that also sells for $15. According to behavioral economics: A. Junior should value the two cards equally and be willing to trade one for the other. B. the availability heuristic will cause Junior to value more highly the card he doesn\'t have. C. the endowment effect would suggest that Junior would not be willing to trade the card he has for the card he doesn\'t have. D. prospect theory says he will buy the second card as both have the potential to appreciate in value. Solution The rational behavior would suggest that the individual should value both the cards equally and be willing to trade one for the other in order to obatin felix card, he does not have. The value of both the card should be same in order for the individual to attain optimal level of utility, otherwsie he will be worse off at sub-optimal level. Assume, his felix hernandes card worth more than what is being sold in the market, then by exchanging the card he will be worse off buy the difference in amount. If on ther otherhand, the card he hold worth less in the market, and if he wish to exchange then it would be not possible for him to do so, as the other party wont accept it. Again, in this circumstances he would still be worse off. Hence, the card should be equally worth and parties in contract should be willing to exchange. The correct answer is A..

Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card tha.pdf

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pros and cons of web APIs OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the relevant knowledge of the application of protocols on top of HTTP by considering the pros and cons of a number of different such protocols. DIRECTIONS Find at least three Web APIs. For each of them, find at least one pro and at least one con that Solution Advantages of API 1. It makes integration easier. Regardless of architecture of the systems data can be transferred between systems. 2. It\'s efficient. Because it doesn\'t contains any presentation overhead. 3. API data can be used easily in automation as the data comes with no additional formatting. Disadvantages of API 1. Providing API incurs extra cost. You may have to maintain a different sets of programs of facilitate API. 2. It becomes bit risky to change process and architecture of the system because doing so greatly affects all other systems, apps which uses your API. 3. This opens another wing of security risk. You never be able sure about the purpose your data are being used for..

pros and cons of web APIs OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the relevant kn.pdf

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Let X be a random variable with the Normal distribution having mean µ and standard deviation . Show that the nth central moment of X, E{ (X µ )} , µ is equal to 0 when is odd and ( n 1) when n is even (where the double factorial “!!” is defined as k!! ={ k 2} = k(k 2)( k 4) …) Solution well as you can see X- miu is the expected value of X and it is equal to 0 when is odd and sigma (n-1)!! n is even.

Let X be a random variable with the Normal distribution having mean .pdf

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Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and how the Sun\'s magnetic field produces each of prominences, solar flares, CME\'s and auroras. Solution The sun, like the earth, generates a magnetic field that extends out into space. However, the sun\'s magnetic field changes both its shape and intensity over the surface, and over time, much more rapidly.In the Sun, the flows of hot plasma in the convection zone create the solar magnetic field. The plasma is a hot gas \"soup\" with many free charged particles (electrons and protons). The moving charges are a current, and produce magnetic fields, just like the current in coils of wire around the nail. What\'s different in the sun? The convection current is driven by the heat from the Sun\'s fusion, instead of a battery. Sunspots are regions of very strong magnetic field, where the field lines get so crowded together that they push up through the surface, bringing some of the hot plasma with them in a spectacular arc, or loop. We see the end of the loop as a sunspot on the sun\'s visible surface, or photosphere. This dense bundle of field lines creates huge magnetic pressures. What is magnetic pressure? We know what pressure is in a gas: if you compress some gas, like squeezing a balloon, it tries to push out again. A solar flare is a magnetic storm on the Sun which appears to be a very bright spot and a gaseous surface eruption. Solar flares release huge amounts of high-energy particles and gases and are tremendously hot (from 3.6 million to 24 million °F). They are ejected thousands of miles from the surface of the Sun. A solar prominence (also known as a filament) is an arc of gas that erupts from the surface of the Sun. Prominences can loop hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Prominences are held above the Sun\'s surface by strong magnetic fields and can last for many months. At some time in their existence, most prominences will erupt, spewing enormous amounts of solar material into space. The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. Where these fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly and violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections. A large CME can contain a billion tons of matter that can be accelerated to several million miles per hour in a spectacular explosion. Solar material streams out through the interplanetary medium, impacting any planet or spacecraft in its path. CMEs are sometimes associated with flares but can occur independently..

Please write a full essay describing the following phenomen solar and.pdf

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Individual plants homozygous for various combinations of linked R and T (i.e., RRTT, RRtt, rrTT, rrtt) were cross in pairs to produce F1 plants, which were then self-fertilized to produce an F2 generation. R is dominant to r and T is dominant to t. State the genotype (e.g., RT/rt) for each F1 parent of the following F2 phenotypic distribution: F2 Phenotype distribution F1 Parent Genotype RT Rt rT rt 106 34 0 0 ________________ 0 0 104 36 ________________ 99 0 31 0 ________________ 64 10 8 18 ________________ Solution It can be seen from the quantitative data that the number of offsprings for various combinations has been given into 4 sets. Each of these sets represent a population of offsprings with their respective genotypic ratios. According to the information, it is also clear that the individual plants or P1 population was homozygous for both the alleles, i.e. the genotypes of parents were RRTT and rrtt. Thus, after crossing these parents, the F1 offsprings should all have RrTt genotype. However, since the R and T genes are linked, the ratio of this cross will deviate from normal Mendelian poulations. Thus, the answers and explanations can be found as below: _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________ F2 Phenotype distribution F1 Parent Genotype Explanation _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________ RT Rt rT rt RRTt * RrTt Since majority of the populatio contains RT or Rt 106 34 0 0 genotypes, it is clear that both the parents contain atleast one R allele. Since R and T alleles are linked, it suggests that at least one parent contains a dominant allele pair for both alleles. Finally, since there is no population with recessive genotypes, none of the parents can have a homozygous recessive pair of alleles. 0 0 104 36 rrTT * rrTt Since none of the offsprings carry dominant R allele, it is clearly absent in the parents as well. Since te majority of population carries dominant T allele, it must be atleast heterozygous in nature. Rest of the pouplation will carry homozygous dominant T allele. 99 0 31 0 RRTT * RrTT Since there is no offspring with recessive t allele, both parents should be homozygous dominant for this allele. Finally, since only a few offsprings carry r allele, atleast on of the parents should be heterozygous for Rr and other should be homozygous dominant. 64 10 8 18 RRTt * RrTt It can be seen that the population with recessive t allele are very few and those with dominat R allele are maximum. Thus, both the parents should contain atleast one R allele and atleast one should be homozygous. Similarly, a very few population contains t allele thus both parents should contain atleast one t allele..

Individual plants homozygous for various combinations of linked R an.pdf

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In phlogony tree, if taxa of polytomy rotate around nodes, do they still depict the same relationship? IL E Solution When a phylogenetic tree has more than two branches radiating from a node,it is called a polytomy.Polytomies arise when the relationships between a group of taxa are unresolved.It is important to understand that although sister taxa and polytomy do share an ancestor, it does not mean that the groups of organisms split or evolved from each other.Organisms in two taxa may have split apart at a specific branch point,but neither taxa gave rise to the other.The branches of a phylogeny can be rotated around a node without changing evolutionary relationships.If we want to determine how two or more taxa are related,it is important to look at the nodes and branches in a tree and not just the ordering of descendant taxa.Sometimes the evolutionary relationships between taxa cannot be determined..

In phlogony tree, if taxa of polytomy rotate around nodes, do they s.pdf

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Many people feel the Fed, which is largely independent of Congress and the President, is too powerful. In fact, the Chairman of the Fed\'s Board of Governors has been called the second most powerful person in the country. Do you think the Fed is too powerful? Should Congress have more oversight of the Fed? Share your thoughts. Original answers with references please Solution Yes, the Fed is too powerful. It works independently and also funds itself with the return it gets from the bonds. Fed has a huge influence on the currency, it can boost or shrink the money supply anytime using monetory instruments. Therefore, the Fed has too much power as it takes its decisions itself without any approval from the government. Fed does not maintains very good relationship with congress. Time and again, congress representatives have said that Fed has confused its independence on monetary policy with independence from their oversight. The congress should have more oversight on the Fed as too much regulatory power which can lead to many problems in the future..

Many people feel the Fed, which is largely independent of Congress a.pdf

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Look at the two histograms below. Each involves the same number of data. The data are all whole numbers, so the height of each bar represents the number of values equal to the corresponding midpoint shown on the horizontal axis. Notice that both distributions are symmetric. (a) Estimate the mode, median, and mean for each histogram. (b) Which distribution has the larger standard deviation? Why? Distribution (i), because more of the data are farther from the mean.Distribution (ii), because more of the data are farther from the mean. Distribution (i), because more of the data are closer to the mean.Distribution (ii), because more of the data are closer to the mean.(i)(ii)modemedianmean Solution a) Mode = most frequent entry, which is 7 in both data. Median is middle entry which is again 7 in both because equal number of poitns are before and after 7 in both. Mean is also 7 in both because of visible symmtery. b) Distribution (i), because more of the data are farther from the mean..

Look at the two histograms below. Each involves the same number of d.pdf

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Describe the two body forms of cnidarians and give an example of each. Solution The phylum cnidaria represents the jellyfish like organisms in it. It is a large phylum containing these primitive organisms which are aquatic by nature. Most of these organisms are jelly-fish like by appearance, but they can be broadly divided into two types as discussed below: 1. Motile/swimming medusae forms: As the name suggests, these are motile forms of cnidarians which can move from one place to another by propulsion of water and thus swimming. Structurally, these forms look like inverted umbrella and bloomy. They are voluminous in nature and have gelatinous transluscent appearance. For example, scyphomedusae, stauromedusae, cubomedusae and hydromedusae, 2. Sedentary polyp forms: The forms of cnidarians normally form the coral in the sea. As they are sedentary, their body structure comprise of lower penetrating regions which help them attach to the substratum and the upper surface remains free. The upper body surface is generally flashy in appearance which attracts the prey. For example, gorgonian polyps, scyphozoan polyps, hydra etc. Thus, different morphological forms of cnidarians can be directly used to distinguish between different classess of cnidaria..

Describe the two body forms of cnidarians and give an example of each.pdf

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describe the different parts of projects cycle. show graphically(bar chart, line schedule, pie chart, etc.) the length of each portion in relation to each other Solution Initiation Phase During the first of these phases, the initiation phase, the project objective or need is identified; Planning Phase The next phase, the planning phase, is where the project solution is further developed in as much detail as possible and the steps necessary to meet the project’s objective are planned. Implementation (Execution) Phase During the third phase, the implementation phase, the project plan is put into motion and the work of the project is performed. Closing Phase During the final closure, or completion phase, the emphasis is on releasing the final deliverables to the customer, handing over project documentation to the business, terminating supplier contracts, releasing project resources, and communicating the closure of the project to all stakeholders..

describe the different parts of projects cycle. show graphically(bar.pdf

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