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1. Greek Alphabet – The Greek
Letters/Symbols and Their Meanings
As one of the most prominent and improved civilizations of earlier history, the culture of
ancient Greeks surely left its mark on mankind’s progress. Today, we can see Greek
symbols/letters largely used in math and science. But what do they mean? For those
who are curios to know, here is the Greek alphabet, a list of Greek symbols/Greek
letters with their meanings.
Table of Contents
 Alpha
 Beta
 Gamma
 Delta
 Epsilon
 Zeta
 Eta
 Theta
 Iota
 Kappa
 Lambda
 Mu
 Nu
 Xi
 Omicron
 Pi
 Rho
 Sigma
 Tau
 Upsilon
 Phi
 Chi
 Psi
 Omega

2. Alpha
Alpha (άλφα ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Alpha is written as A in uppercase
and α in lowercase.
Alpha symbol is used to denote many things including absorption factor, area, angles
and coefficients
It also has a powerful religious meaning within the context it was used in the Bible
verses when God made the statement “I am the Alpha and Omega” as in “I am the
beginning and the end of everything”.
If you would like to read more about the alpha symbol and its many meanings, check
out our detailed article below:
Beta
Beta (βήτα) is the second letter in the Greek alphabet. Beta is written as B in uppercase
and β in lowercase. In addition to coefficients and angles, it is used to denote phase
constants.
Gamma
As the third one in our list of Greek letters/Greek symbols, gamma (γάμμα ) is written
as Γ in uppercase and γ in lowercase. Gamma symbol is sued to denote propagation
constants, specific gravity, electrical conductivity and complex propagation constants
among other things.
Delta
Delta (δέλτα ) is the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet It is written as Δ in uppercase
and δ in lowercase. Delta symbol is used to denote deflection in engineering, density
and angles along other things in science
Epsilon
Epsilon (έψιλον ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet and it is written as Ε in
uppercase and ε in lowercase. Epsilon symbol denotes dual numbers and the Heaviside
step function in mathematics along with some other things in other scientific areas.
Zeta
The sixth Greek letter zeta (ζήτα ) is written as Ζ in uppercase and ζ in lowercase. The
zeta symbol is used to represent coefficients and coordinates in mathematics while it is
also used in polymer and fluid dynamics as well.

3. Eta
Eta (ήτα ) is the seventh letter in the Greek alphabet used to denote coordinates, surface
charge density and intrinsic impedance among other things. The uppercase letter is
written as Η while the lowercase is η.
Theta
The eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, Theta (θήτα ) is written as Θ in uppercase
and θ in lowercase. It is used to represent time constant and angular phase
displacement.
Iota
The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet, iota (ιώτα ) is written as Ι in uppercase and ι in
lowercase. The iota symbol is used to denote definite descriptor in logic and it is also
used in several different ways in mathematics and programming languages.
Kappa
Kappa (κάππα ) is the tenth letter in the Greek alphabet and is written as Κ in uppercase
and κ in lowercase. It is used to denote thermal conductivity, susceptibility and
curvature in differential geometry
Lambda
As the eleventh one in our list of Greek letters/symbols, lam(b)da (λά(μ)βδα ) is written
as Λ in uppercase and λ in lowercase. The lambda symbol is sued to denote the von
Mangoldt function in mathematics while it can also be seen in areas such as physics,
engineering, statistics and even astronomy.
On an interesting side note, the uppercase lambda symbol (Λ ) was used as the symbol
of Spartans the renowned warriors of ancient times.
Mu
Twelfth Greek letter, mu (μυ ) is written as Μ in uppercase and μ in lowercase.
The mu symbol is used to represent many things in different scientific areas such as the
Möbius function, the Ramanujan-Soldner constant, the learning rate in artificial neural
networks, the friction coefficient and permeability in engineering.
Nu
Nu (νυ ) is the thirteenth letter of the Greek alphabet written as Ν in uppercase and ν in
lowercase.
In physics, the nu symbol denotes the frequency of waves, wave-numbers and spatial
frequency while in fluid mechanics, it represents kinematic viscosity and in statistics, it
represents the degree of freedom.Of course, as with all the other Greek symbols, the use
of nu symbol in scientific areas goes beyond the ones mentioned here.

4. Xi
The fourteenth letter of the Greek alphabet xi (ξι ) is written as Ξ in uppercase and ξ in
lowercase. The symbol is used to denote the Riemann Xi and Harish-Chandra functions
and cascade particles among other things.
On a side note, it is also used to represent units of the cryptocurrency Ether.
Omicron
Omicron ( όμικρον) is the fifteenth letter in the Greek alphabet written as Ο in
uppercase and ο in lowercase. Although initially the capital omicron was used to denote
the asymptomatic growth of a function, the symbol now is rarely used as it is practically
same with the letter O in Latin alphabet.
Pi
The sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Pi (πι) is written as Π in uppercase and π in
lowercase.
The pi symbol is used to denote the real transcendental constant pi, more commonly
known as the pi number (3.14159…) in mathematics, economic profit in
macroeconomics and osmotic pressure in chemistry among many other things
throughout various scientific areas.
Rho
Rho (ρώ) is the seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet written as Ρ in uppercase and ρ
in lowercase.
The rho symbol is used to represent coordinates, volume charge density, the prime
constant and the Rho protein among many other things.
On a side note, it is the second part of the religious monogram, the chi-rho symbol
(simple written as “XP”) used to represent Jesus Christ.
Sigma
Sigma ( σίγμα) is the eighteenth Greek letter written as Σ uppercase and σ/ς or Ϲ ϲ in
lowercase.
The sigma symbol is used to denote sigma bonds (chemistry), the summation operator,
velocity dispersion (astronomy), sigma receptor (biology) and sigma constant
(chemistry) among other things.

5. Tau
The nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, tau (ταυ) is written as Τ in uppercase and τ
in lowercase.
The tau symbol/letter is used to represent the time constant, density, shear stress and
sometimes the golden ratio as well as some other things in different areas.
Upsilon
Upsilon (ύψιλον) is the twentieth Greek letter written as Υ in uppercase and υ in
lowercase. The upsilon symbol is used to denote labiodental aproximant in linguistics
and mass-to-light ratio in astrophysics.
Phi
Phi (φι) is the twenty-first letter in the Greek alphabet written as Φ in uppercase and φ in
lowercase. The phi symbol represents the golden ratio in architecture and mathematics,
magnetic flux in physics and porosity in geology among many other things in science.
Chi
Chi (χι) is the twenty-second Greek letter written as Χ in uppercase and χ in lowercase.
The chi symbol represents electric or magnetic susceptibility in physics, optic chiasm in
neurology, and the Euler characteristic of a surface.
The chi symbol also forms the first part of the chi-ro symbol, the religious monogram
that was used to represent Jesus Christ.
Psi
Psi (ψι) is the twenty-third Greek letter written as Ψ in uppercase and ψ in lowercase.
The psi symbol denotes poly-gamma function, pharmacology
and nucleotide Pseudouridine among other things.
Omega
Omega (ωμέγα) is the twenty-fourth and last letter of the Greek alphabet written as Ω in
uppercase and ω in lowercase.
The omega symbol is used to denote the Omega constant, Chaitlin’s constant, solid
angles, angular velocity and Omega baryons among many other things in different areas
of science.
It is also featured in logos of many companies such as Omega Watches SA and Pioneer
as well as the famous action-adventure video game God of War (2018).