1-maceda What other assessment data would be helpful for the nurse practitioner to have?            The diagnosis of UTI by clinical criteria alone has an error rate of approximately 33%; therefore, the NP should be vigilant and pay attention to additional assessment data (Allen, Manilal & Gezmu, 2019).  For example, patient population is typically premenopausal women of any age with risk factors of diabetes, diaphragm use, especially those with spermicide, history of UTI or UTI during childhood, mother or female relatives with history of UTIs, and sexual intercourse. What are the organisms most likely to cause an UTI?            Urinary tract infections are primarily caused by gram-negative bacteria, but gram-positive pathogens may also be involved. More  than  95%  of  uncomplicated  UTIs  are  monobacterial.  The most common pathogen for uncomplicated UTIs is E.coli (75%–95%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,  Enterococcus  faecalis,  group  B  streptococci,  and Proteus  mirabilis (Bollestad, Vik, Grude& Lindbæk, 2018). What is the pharmacological treatment for Shelly? Keep in mind safe dosing.            The first step in treating Shelly is to classify the type of infection, such as acute uncomplicated cystitis or pyelonephritis, acute complicated cystitis or pyelonephritis, CA-UTI, asymptomatic  bacteriuria  (ASB),  or  prostatitis  (Allen, Manilal & Gezmu, 2019).  The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends that  empiric  regimens  for  uncomplicated  UTIs  be  guided  by  the  local  susceptibility,  particularly  to  E.  coli.  They  recommend   considering   trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole if the local resistance rate is less than 20% and fluoroquinolones if the resistance rate is less than 10% (Bollestad, Vik, Grude& Lindbæk, 2018). The empiric regimen for complicated UTIs should also be guided by local susceptibility trends of uropathogens,  and  definitive  regimens  should  be  tailored  according  to  susceptibility  results,  when available. What are the teaching priorities for Shelly and her mother prior to her discharge from the clinic?            The teaching priority for Shelly is hydration.  During  UTI  management,  hydration  dilutes  the  uropathogen  and  removes  infected  urine  by  frequent  bladder  emptying.  However, the bacterial count returns to the prehydration  level  after  hydration  is  discontinued.  Potential problems with forcing fluids include urinary retention in a  patient  with  a  partially  obstructed  bladder  and  decreased  urinary antibiotic concentration.  References Allen, M., Manilal, A., Gezmu, T., (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of urinary tract infections among women. Journal of Urology, 45 (1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2018.32855 Bollestad, M., Vik, I., Grude, N., & Lindbæk, M. (2018). Predictors of Symptom Duration and Bacteriuria in Urinary Tract Infection. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 36.

1. 1-maceda
What other assessment data would be helpful for the nurse
practitioner to have?
The diagnosis of UTI by clinical criteria alone has an
error rate of approximately 33%; therefore, the NP should be
vigilant and pay attention to additional assessment data (Allen,
Manilal & Gezmu, 2019). For example, patient population is
typically premenopausal women of any age with risk factors of
diabetes, diaphragm use, especially those with spermicide,
history of UTI or UTI during childhood, mother or female
relatives with history of UTIs, and sexual intercourse.
What are the organisms most likely to cause an UTI?
Urinary tract infections are primarily caused by gram-
negative bacteria, but gram-positive pathogens may also be
involved. More than 95% of uncomplicated UTIs are
monobacterial. The most common pathogen for uncomplicated
UTIs is E.coli (75%–95%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group
B streptococci, and Proteus mirabilis (Bollestad, Vik,
Grude& Lindbæk, 2018).
What is the pharmacological treatment for Shelly? Keep in mind
safe dosing.
The first step in treating Shelly is to classify the type of
infection, such as acute uncomplicated cystitis or
pyelonephritis, acute complicated cystitis or pyelonephritis,
CA-UTI, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), or prostatitis
(Allen, Manilal & Gezmu, 2019). The Infectious Diseases
Society of America (IDSA) recommends that empiric regimens

2. for uncomplicated UTIs be guided by the local
susceptibility, particularly to E. coli. They recommend
considering trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole if the local
resistance rate is less than 20% and fluoroquinolones if the
resistance rate is less than 10% (Bollestad, Vik, Grude&
Lindbæk, 2018). The empiric regimen for complicated UTIs
should also be guided by local susceptibility trends of
uropathogens, and definitive regimens should be tailored
according to susceptibility results, when available.
What are the teaching priorities for Shelly and her mother prior
to her discharge from the clinic?
The teaching priority for Shelly is hydration. During
UTI management, hydration dilutes the uropathogen and
removes infected urine by frequent bladder emptying.
However, the bacterial count returns to the prehydration level
after hydration is discontinued. Potential problems with
forcing fluids include urinary retention in a patient with a
partially obstructed bladder and decreased urinary antibiotic
concentration.
References
Allen, M., Manilal, A., Gezmu, T., (2019). Prevalence and
associated factors of urinary tract infections among women.
Journal of Urology, 45
(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2018.32855
Bollestad, M., Vik, I., Grude, N., & Lindbæk, M. (2018).
Predictors of Symptom Duration and Bacteriuria in Urinary
Tract Infection.
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 36
(4), 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2018.1499602

3. 2-alberto
What other assessment data would be helpful for the nurse
practitioner to have?
Nurse practitioners are well positioned to have important
roles in the assessment and management of UTIs. The bacterial
count is an assessment data helpful to the NP. Urine dip sticks
are one of the most frequently used instruments for diagnostic
testing if there is clinical evidence that a patient is suffering
from UTI. Multistix are most often used, which may be able to
detect nitrite (a metabolic product of typical pathogens of the
urinary tract), leukocyte esterase, protein and blood (as a
marker of inflammation).
What are the organisms most likely to cause an UTI?
Infection of the bladder (cystitis). This type of UTI is
usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria
commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However,
sometimes other bacteria are responsible. Infection of the
urethra (urethritis). This type of UTI can occur when GI
bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. Also, because the
female urethra is close to the vagina, sexually transmitted
infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and
mycoplasma, can cause urethritis.
What is the pharmacological treatment for Shelly? Keep in mind
safe dosing.
Antibiotics usually are the first line treatment for
urinary tract infections. Which drugs are prescribed and for how
long depend on your health condition and the type of bacteria
found in your urine.

4. Drugs commonly recommended for simple UTIs include:
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, others)
Fosfomycin (Monurol)
Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
Cephalexin (Keflex)
Ceftriaxone
What are the teaching priorities for Shelly and her mother prior
to her discharge from the clinic?
In many states, NPs already have the authority to
manage UTIs, to varying degrees. Teaching priority includes
drinking plenty of water. Water helps to dilute the urine and
flush out bacteria. Avoiding drinks that may irritate the
bladder. Avoid coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks containing citrus
juices or caffeine until your infection has cleared. They can
irritate the bladder and tend to aggravate the frequent or urgent
need to urinate. Use a heating pad. Apply a warm, but not hot,
heating pad to the abdomen to minimize bladder pressure or
discomfort.
Some alternative remedies may include drinking
cranberry juice to prevent UTIs. There's some indication that
cranberry products, in either juice or tablet form, may have
infection-fighting properties. Researchers continue to study the
ability of cranberry juice to prevent UTIs, but results are not
conclusive.
References
Collins, L. (2019). Diagnosis and management of a urinary tract

5. infection.
British Journal of Nursing, 28
(2), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2019.28.2.84
Duncan, D. (2019). Alternative to antibiotics for managing
asymptomatic and non-symptomatic bacteriuria.
British Journal of Community Nursing, 24
(3), 116–119. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.3.116