Presentation Part 3 _Stylistics.pptx
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This document discusses two types of meaning in language - lexical and semantic. Lexical meaning relates to the vocabulary of a language and is expressed at the word level, involving addition, deletion, or substitution of words. Semantic meaning is identified by analyzing the underlying attributes of meaning and the larger meaning of a text, going beyond individual words.
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Presentation Part 3 _Stylistics.pptx
- 1. Lexical For instance, while the words residence and occupied are objective, home and busy are subjective; • Relating to the vocabulary of a language. • Expressed at word-level. • Stylistic variation can arise due to addition, deletion, or substitution of word.
- 2. Semantic For example, the two sentences: He was not very often on time vs. He usually came late. • identified by analyzing the attributes of underlying meaning • identified by analyzing the larger meaning of the text
Editor's Notes
- Words are referred to as lexical items by the terms lexis and lexicon. At this level, stylisticians look at individual words or phrases rather than the whole text. It is significant to remember that a word's semantic structure is made up of various lexical meanings, such as its denotative meaning (which describes the subject of communication) and its connotative or emotive meaning (which depicts additional aspects or shades of meaning primarily related to the emotional side of cognition and perception), stylistic meaning (which identifies the kind of register to which the communication relates) and expressive (which helps the reader form an image of the thing in issue). Lexical variety plays a significant role in language use as well. When we look at words from a stylistic perspective, we consider a variety of factors that could enhance the conceptual richness of lexical objects. We start by examining the Form of the words, or whether they are brief or lengthy. Short words are typically connected with informality, intimacy, and solidarity while long words are typically related to formal contexts or to formal registers and are associated with distance. Long words include investigate, facilitate, degrade, disintegrate, and expedition. Short words Look into, make simple, get worse, fall apart, and trip are some succinct terms. Words like residence and occupied are objective in nature, and emotionally-distant from their subjective counterparts, home and busy
- Nonsense or absurdity can be translated as semantic deviance. In other words, it is an example of the irrational; it does not make sense when weighed against our prior knowledge. This means that there are limitations to how language can be used. Native speakers of a language know what is permissible and what is not permissible due to their internalized knowledge (competence). These are referred to as selectional constraints. In English, we know that 'tall tower' and 'long ribbon' are both perfectly acceptable combinations. Combinations such as 'long tower' or 'tall ribon', on the other hand, are deviant. This type of deviation is known as an "anomaly," and it occurs as a result of combining incompatible things. Vertical nouns include tree, tower, and person; horizontal nouns include snake, rug, and pencil because they have length rather than height. Because of the selectional constraints that govern the selection of items in structures, the adjective "tall" only combines with inherently vertical nouns or nouns that can be construed as "vertical." Another example of an anomaly is saying "that X is not X" or "that X is not X." e.g: • *My wife is not married. •*My bachelor brother is married to a movie star. • This dog is not a dog. Anomalies and contradictions are frequently found in literature, especially in children's literature. A good example of where we find anomalies is in fables. e.g: • Fables in sooth are not what they appear • Our moralist are mice, and such deer • We yawn at sermons, but we gladly turn •To moral tales, and so amused, we learn Semantic Elements of style can be identified by analyzing the attributes of underlying meaning that is being conveyed in a piece of text. For example, consider the two sentences: He was not very often on time vs. He usually came late. While both the sentences have a similar core-meaning, the former seems rather hesitating and noncommital, while the latter stands strong and resolute – being able to express a negative in a positive form. It should be noted that semantic elements of style are identified by analyzing the larger meaning of the text (phrase, sentence, or paragraph), unlike lexical or syntactic elements which consider the meaning of the comprising words.