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1. DIREDAWA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE II
(ARCH
4101)
CASE
STUDY 1
PREPARED BY ASHENAFI BERHANU
Id r/094/03 SUB TO ARCH FETHI REMEDAN
Neoclassical
architecture

4. INTRODUCTION
• Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture also called as “Traditional architecture”
describes buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and
Rome.
• If you look closely at a Neoclassical building you may see echoes of the Parthenon in
Athens or the Pantheon in Rome .
•
• STARTED in Europe from the mid-18th to the 19th century.
• Neoclassicism first gained influence in England and France and then in Sweden.
• Neoclassical Art and Architecture, produced in Europe and North America from about
1750 through the early 1800s, marked by the emulation of Greco-Roman forms.
• More than just an antique revival, neoclassicism was linked to contemporary political
events.
• The last phase of Baroque, the classicising late Baroque existed together with early
Neo-Classicism.

5. • Neoclassical buildings have many (although not necessarily all) of these
features:
• Symmetrical shape
• Tall columns that rise the full height of the building
• Triangular pediment
• Domed roof
• order and simplicity
• Adoption of Classical Forms.
• Temple front, and various classical ornament such as dentils & cornices
At the Royal Scottish Academy,
Edinburgh, William Henry Playfair
employs a Greek Doric octastyle
portico.

6. .
• 18th-century Neoclassical art
responded to the perceived
excesses of the contemporary
Rococo style with a greater
restraint in composition and
severity of line.
• Neoclassical architecture,
emulated both classical and
Renaissance structures,
emphasizing order and
simplicity.
• The subject-matter of
Neoclassical art and literature
was inspired by the emphasis
on martial courage seen in the
Greek and Latin epics. Façade of the Larger Marble Palace (St.
Petersburg, Russia) built by Luigi Vanvitelli's
pupil Antonio Rinaldi.

7. ORIGIN
• Pulteney Bridge, Bath, England, by Robert Adam
• Siegfried Giedion, whose first book (1922) had the
suggestive title Late Baroque and Romantic Classicism,
asserted later,"The Louis XVI style formed in shape and
structure the end of late baroque tendencies, with
classicism serving as its framework." In the sense that
neoclassicism in architecture is evocative and
picturesque, a recreation of a distant, lost world, it is, as
Giedion suggests, framed within theRomantic sensibility.
• Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire
to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome,
to the more vague perception ("ideal") of Ancient
Greek arts and, to a lesser extent, 16th-
century Renaissance Classicism, which was also a source
for academic Late Baroque architecture.
• Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were
influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis
Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite
drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare
geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of
the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas
and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux
addressed the concept of architectural character,
Pulteney Bridge, Bath,
England, by Robert Adam

8. CONT.
• maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its
function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to
"architecture parlante".
• There is an anti-Rococo strain that can be detected in some
European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly
represented in thePalladian architecture of
Georgian Britain and Ireland, but also recognizable in a classicizing
vein of Late Baroque architecture in Paris (Perrault's east range of
the Louvre), in Berlin, and even in Rome, in Alessandro Galilei's
facade for S. Giovanni in Laterano. It is a robust architecture of self-
restraint, academically selective now of "the best" Roman models,
which were increasingly available for close study through the
medium of architectural engravings of measured drawings of
surviving Roman architecture.

9. CHARACTERISTICS
• High neoclassicism was an international movement.
Though neoclassical architecture employs the same
classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture,
• it tends to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than
sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their
effects of light and shade are more flat; sculptural bas-
reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes,
tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features
are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and
complete in themselves.
• International neoclassical architecture was exemplified
in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Old
Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane's Bank of England in
London and the newly built White
House and Capitol in Washington, DC in the United States.
The Scots architectCharles Cameron created palatial
Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the
Great in St. Petersburg.
• Italy clung to Rococo until the Napoleonic regimes brought
the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as
a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians
with republican leanings.
A. Rinaldi. The White hall of the
Gatchina palace. 1760s. An early
example of the italianate
neoclassical interior design in
russian architecture

10. CASE STUDY
In the Soviet Union (1917–1991),
neoclassical architecture was very popular
among the political elite, as it effectively
expressed state power, and a vast array of
neoclassical building was erected all over the
country. Soviet architects sometimes tended to
over-use the elements of classical architecture,
resulting in gaudy-looking buildings, which
rendered Soviet neoclassical architecture the
derogatory epithet "wedding cake-
architecture." The Soviet neoclassical
architecture was also exported to other
members of the Soviet bloc and other socialist
countries. Examples of this include the Palace
of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland and
the Shanghai International Convention Centre
in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China.
The Shanghai International
Convention Centre, a prominent
example of Soviet neoclassical
architecture in the People's
Republic of China

11. • Monticello(second version)
• After Jefferson’s time in France, he reconstructed his house, Monticello,
built from 1768 until 1809 (between the first and second versions). It is
considered one of the “finest examples of the early Classical Revival
architecture style in the United States”. Jefferson envisioned his home to
be monumentalized. The house was expanded ; the entrance hall was
replaced and each floor doubled in size. The windows of the first and
second floor are encased in long frames to imply the illusion of the
building only having one story; it gives the impression that the house is
colossal.Jefferson went to great lengths to make his home a symbol of and
architectural movement away from English tradition. There were classical
characteristics as well, such as the portico and an octagonal dome and
simply columns.
• In 1987, this home was selected to be a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
• The Monticello demonstrates Jefferson’s passion of neoclassicism and his
efforts to represent the style even in his own home.

12. • United States Capitol Building
• A government building where Congress holds its meetings. It was built from 1792-
1830 with the designs of William Thornton, Benjamin Latrobe and Charles
Bulfinch. This public work is definitely an example of 19th century neoclassical
architecture. The exterior is made entirely of marble.Additionally, the institution
was based on the Corinthian order (one of three styles of columns along
with Doric and Ionic) which is characterized to be the most ornate with slender
columns decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls.In the center lies an iron-cast
dome. The interior is lined with smooth walls and vaults. Also, a prominent figure
is represented amongst Roman figures on the ceiling of the dome. The Apotheosis
of Washington depicts Roman gods and goddesses with George Washington and
other American heroes.
• Thomas Jefferson even wrote that the building “captivated the eyes and
judgement of all as to leave no doubt…of its preference over all which have been
produced…It is simple, noble beautiful, excellently distributed and moderate in
size.”
• The Capitol building is an example of the grandiose institution; the design of this
building followed the neoclassical style thus implying the political ideals of ancient
Rome as well.

13. • Jefferson Memorial
• A monument dedicated to remember Thomas Jefferson,
the 3rd President of the United States and one of the
nation’s Founding Fathers who drafted the Declaration of
Independence.The design for this edifice drew inspiration
from the Pantheon in Rome.
• Some features include: the signature round dome, the
circular colonnade, and Corinthian order. The memorial has
virtually the same porch with only slight proportional
differences. Jefferson is the prominent figure is
incorporated which is like how ancient Romans publicly
displayed statues of their various gods and goddesses.
• In Virginia:

14. University of Virginia
• Designed by Thomas Jefferson, he refused to use traditional designs. He
called this institution an “academic village” and from a bird’s-eye view, the
university looks like three sides of a rectangle. The “village” was created to
provide a space of shared learning and for the students to pursuer “life of
the mind”.
• On one side of the campus, there is yet
another Pantheon inspired rotunda (a round building with a dome) that
housed the library. This building represented the enlightenment of the
human mind. On the adjacent dies were two rows of five separate
pavilions. Each pavilion was for one professor and discipline in the
university; they were all unique in itself. Aportico connected each pavilion.
• Jefferson wanted the university to be based on the “illimitable freedom of
the human mind”. This is an example of how classical ideals were reflected
from an architectural piece.

15. Virginia State Capitol
• This government institution was also designed by Thomas Jefferson
himself and began construction in 1785.]The state building was
based on the Roman Maison Carrée in Nimes, France, a temple
dedicated to Lucius and Gaius Caesar, the adopted sons
of Augustus. This edifice is the first building to be directly based on
an ancient temple. Like many of the other examples, the columns
were built in Corinthian order.There is also a portico that surrounds
the building with columns at regular intervals eventually connecting
with pilasters, rectangular columns projecting from the walls.
• This state building also demonstrates the desire to reflect styles of
ancient Roman institutions in order to visually represent the valued
beliefs of antiquity

16. • Spanish Neoclassicism counted with the
figure of Juan de Villanueva, who
adapted Burke's achievements about the
sublime and the beauty to the
requirements of Spanish clime and history.
He built the Prado Museum, that
combined three programs- an academy, an
auditorium and a museum- in one building
with three separated entrances. This was
part of the ambitious program of Charles
III, who intended to make Madrid the
Capital of Art and Science. Very close to
the museum, Villanueva built the
Astronomical Observatory. He also
designed several summer houses for the
kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and
reconstructed the Major Square
of Madrid, among other important works.
Villanuevas´ pupils expanded the
Neoclassical style in Spain.
Marynka's Palace in Puławy (1790-1794)
by Christian Piotr Aigner

17. Analysis and understanding
• Neoclassicism: the revived interest in classical ideals and
forms that influenced European and American society
through thought, politics and fine arts during the 18th and
19th century.This term refers to the art forms created after
but inspired by ancient time. This period derives from the
Classicism movement.
• Classicism: the period in which Greek and Roman principles
and styles were reflected in society.
• Nonetheless, do not mistake the two periods as
interchangeable terms. Classicism refers to the art with
produced in antiquity or inspired by it afterwards while
Neoclassicism always refers to the art inspired by ancient
times, but created later.

18. RECOMMENDATION
• MY RECOMMENDATION ABOUT NEO CLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE INSPIRED FOR OLDISH BUILDINGS.
• It see architecture not only to build
structures but to bring good social thoughts,politics and
arts.

19. • www. Archdaily.com
• www. Wikipedia.com
• http://architecture.abou
t.com Online.
• http://www.greatbuildin
gs.com/types/styles.ht
ml
bibliography
Thankyou!
• www. Wikipedia.com history
of architecture