2. Definition
According to WHO, Tuberculosis is caused by
bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that
most often affects the lungs and it is curable and
preventable
3. Epidemiology
It is one of the top 10 causes of death world wide
In 2017, 10 million people fell ill with TB, and 1.6
million died from this disease
In India in 2017, 2.7 million people developed TB
disease and over 4, 00, 000 people died
India accounts for 27% of global estimated cases,
25% of estimated deaths
4. Types
Active TB
It is illness in which the TB bacteria are rapidly multiplying and invading
different organs of the body
Typical symptoms include:
Cough
Phlegm
Chest pain
Weakness
Fever
Chills and sweating at night
A person with active pulmonary TB disease may spread TB to others by
airborne transmission of infectious particle coughed in to the air
5.
6. Types
Miliary TB
It is rare form of active disease that occurs when TB bacteria find their
way in to the blood stream
In this form, the bacteria quickly spread all over the body in tiny
nodules and affect multiple organs at once
This form is fatal one
Latent TB infection
Many of those who are infected with TB do not develop overt disease
Only it will give positive results for tuberculin skin test
There is a ongoing risk that is latent infection may escalate to active
disease
Risk increased by taking HIV medication which decreases our immune
response
7. Risk factors
HIV positive cases
Injecting drug users
Solid organ transplantation
Haematological malignancy
Chronic renal failure on dialysis treatment
Receiving anti TNF α treatment
9. Pathogenesis
Patients with active pulmonary TB, if they cough and sneeze, then droplet
nuclei containing bacteria generated
↓
Close contact persons inhale these droplets; TB is deposited in terminal
airways (alveoli) and ingested by macrophages
↓
TB spreads to remaining organs
Normal person ↓ ↓ Immunocomprimised patients
Cellular immune
response controls
infection preventing
reactivation
developing TB
Infection not
contained;
Patients are at risk
for developing TB
10. Clinical Presentation
Cough for 3 weeks/ more productive cough
Sputum usually mucopurulent
Haemoptysis is not always feature
Fever may be associated with night sweats
Tiredness
Weight loss
Anorexia
Malaise
13. Diagnosis
Based on symptoms and risk factors
Chest radiography
Microscopy of sputum
Culture of sputum
Tuberculin skin test
Blood based immunological tests
PCR and DNA fingerprinting
14.
15. Non Pharmacological Treatment
BCG vaccination
Oxygen therapy
Physiotherapy of chest
Ventilator support
Surgery in case of carcinoma
16. Treatment Algorithm
1. Respiratory TB
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 6 months
17. 2. TB of Peripheral Lymphnodes
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 6 months
18. 3. Meningial TB
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 8 months
+
Prednisolone 20-40mg if on Rifampicin otherwise
10-20mg (Adults)
Prednisolone 1-2mg/ Kg (Children)
19. 4. Bone and Joint TB
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 6 months
Occasionally, surgery may be needed to either relieve
spinal cord compression/ correct spinal deformities
20. 5. General/ Miliary/ TB
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 6 month
Depending upon complication give individualised
therapy
21. 6. Pericardial TB
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrizinamide and Ethambutal
for 2 months
↓
Isoniazid and Rifampicin for 8 months
+
Prednisolone 60mg/day in adult
Prednisolone 1mg/kg/day in Children
22. 7. Latent TB
Isonoazid for 6 months/
Isoniazid +Rifampicin for 3 months
8. Multidrug resistant TB
Do culture test
Based on sensitivity of organism give specific
antibiotic
23. 9. TB in Children
6 months regimen with reduced dose (Ethambutal is
not preferable in children)
10. TB in pregnancy
6 months regimen with reduced dose (Streptomycin is
not preferable in pregnant women)
Pyridoxine 10-15mg is needed to prevent adverse
effects of Isoniazid in women
24. 11. Renal disease patients
Follow 6 months regimen
Decrease the dose of nephrotoxic drugs such as Ethambutal
and Streptomycin
Monitor renal function tests
12. Liver disease patients
Follow 6 months regimen
Monitor liver function tests
In case of severe transaminitis, stop the treatment
temporarily until the LFT levels comes to normal
25. 13. HIV patients
Extend regimen up to 9 months
Check the interactions with retroviral drugs and adjust
the frequency or dose
26. Drugs used in treatment of Tuberculosis
Drug Category Mode of action Dose Adverse effects
Rifampicin Anti Tubercular drug Inhibits RNA transcription
by inhibiting DNA
dependent RNA polymerase
<50kg-450mg-OD
>50kg-600mg-OD
GI disturbances
Hepatitis
Cutaneous reactions
Flu like syndrome
Isoniazid Anti Tubercular drug Inhibit cell wall synthesis in
bacteria by inhibiting lipid
and DNA synthesis
300mg-OD GI disturbances
Hepatitis
Cutaneous reactions
Peripheral Neuropathy
Ethambutal Anti Tubercular drug Inhibit cell wall synthesis in
bacteria
15mg/Kg-OD Retro tubular neutitis
Arthralgia
Hyperurecemia
LFT changes
Pruritis
Pyrizinamide Anti Tubercular drug Not Clear <50kg-1.5g-OD
>50kg--2g-OD
GI disturbances
Hepatitis
Cutaneous reactions
Hyperurecemia
Streptomycin Aminoglycoside Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
<50kg-750mg-OD
>50kg- 1g-OD
Tinnitis
Ataxia
Vertigo
Renal impairment
27. Amicacin Aminoglycoside Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
15mg/Kg-OD Tinnitis
Ataxia
Vertigo
Renal impairment
Kanamycin Aminoglycoside Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
15mg/Kg-OD Tinnitis
Ataxia
Vertigo
Renal impairment
Ofloxacin Fluroquinolone Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
400mg-BD Abdominal distress
Headache
Tremulousness
Vaginitis
Fatigue
Ciprofloxacin Fluroquinolone Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
750mg-BD Abdominal distress
Headache
Tremulousness
Vaginitis
Fatigue
Azithromycin Macrolide antibiotic Inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria
500mg-OD Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Loose stools
Dyspepsia
28. Important points
In pulmonary TB, Sputum examination and culture are the most
sensitive markers of treatment success
Patients taking Rifampicin and Isoniazid should be non-
infectious within 2 weeks
Isoniazid and Rifampicin should be taken before food to improve
absorption
If the patient can not able to take oral preparation, then give IV
formulation of Rifampicin and Isoniazid
If a patient does not become culture negative after treatment, that
indicates drug resistance and non adherence
29. Good adherence is essential if treatment is to be successful and
checking this is difficult, especially when a patient is unwilling to
cooperate
BCG vaccine does not protect against infection, but it prevents the
more serious forms of disease such as miliary TB and Meningeal TB
Common problem with TB treatment include non adherence which
leads to resistance, relapse and failure of current treatment
Factors affecting adherence to treatment include increase frequency of
drugs, more number of drugs, adverse affects and stopping of treatment
if their symptoms are relieved
DOT means Directly observed therapy is used to observe whether the
patient taking medication correctly or not by health care professional
and it is used to the patients who are non adherent