Sience

Sience
Environmental Issues Webquest
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
Go to http://www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate–change–and–global–warming–introduction and answer the following questions.
1. What is the greenhouse effect?
2. How does it relate to climate change?
3. Draw and label the greenhouse effect.
4. Scroll down to the section "The Greenhouse Effect is Natural. What do we have to do with it?" What are some ways that humans are thought to be
contributing to climate change?
5. Scroll down to the section "Small Average Global Temperature Change can have a Big Impact." (Do not use the large map. Scroll down past it)
Describe how global warming might affect the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, by clearing forests to support agriculture, we are transferring carbon from living biomass into the atmosphere (dry wood is about 50 percent
carbon).
The result is that humans are adding ever–increasing amounts of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Because of this, atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations are higher today than they have been over the last half–million years or longer.
– The Carbon Cycle; The Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA
Another way of looking at this is with a simple analogy: consider salt and human health:
A small amount of salt is essential for human life; Slightly more salt in our diet often makes food tastier; Too much salt can be harmful to our health.

In a similar way, greenhouse gases are essential for our planet; the planet may be able to deal with slightly increased levels of such gases, but too much
will affect the health of the whole planet.
[pic]Image source: NASA.(Note, values shown represent Carbon Gigatons being absorbed and released)
The other difference between the natural carbon cycle and human–induced climate change is that the latter is rapid. This means that ecosystems have
less chance of adapting to the changes that will result and so the effects
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Stories of Our Earth: Causes for Ice Ages and Their...
Will the ice ages happen again? Ice Ages are dramatically landform changing points in time when the temperatures around the world, including the
atmosphere and the surface of the Earth, are consistently cold for spans of over thousands of years. Ice ages force a glacial period (when thick, large
sheets of ice cover a massive portion of the Earth's northern hemisphere). Studies show that ice used to cover approximately 30% of the Earth during
our last ice age. A point in time can be classified as an ice age as long there are permanent ice sheets, ice glaciers of size over 50,000 km2. That's
roughly 9 football fields. So technically, we're in the middle of an ice age because we still have large ice sheets such as Greenland and Antarctica....
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Changes in land formations during the ice ages happened in different ways, but most of them relate to the process of glaciation. During the Ice Age,
glaciation, the process of being covered by ice sheets took place over giant land masses and entire continents which is known as "continental
glaciation". As this large scale glaciation took place, changes in land formations occurred, that of which are uncommon to be formed today. They
include moraines, drumlins, kames, eskers, and Kettle Lakes. Most of the evidence that was discovered has to do with the Earth's geography, the
physical features of the Earth. The ways these glaciers affected the landscape were separated into three different categories: erosion, transportation and
deposition.
Moraines are rocks and debris carried by glaciers, which are large masses of flowing ice and water that flow because of their heavyweight, and put
into areas, especially near where they are rarely found. From this point, the debris that the moraines consists of can be classified as till, which is
unsorted, randomly arranged material mixed together. This is similar to when sand is washed by sea tides, and the sand is shaped in to a hill near the
shore. Most of these are created by transportation of the debris and deposition.
There are many different types of glacial moraines including ground, lateral, medial,

Rapid Climate Change Events During The Period Between 10ka...
The last glacial period has encountered numerous large–magnitude, rapid climate change events; characterising the period between 10ka and 50ka
(Steig, 1999). During this period was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which occurred approximately 21ka, a glacial period defined by changes in
greenhouse gases, sea level and ice sheets (Otto–Bliesner et al., 2006). In comparison the mid–Holocene occurred approximately 6000 years ago,
during the current interglacial. The Holocene period is regarded as relatively muted in terms of 'signals' of climate change, with changes primarily
associated with changes in seasonal solar radiance (Otto–Bliesner et al., 2006; Steig, 1999).
Models have been constructed in order to replicate the past climates, with specific reference to 'The Community Climate System Model: Version 3'
(CCSM3), aimed to define continental scale dynamics, variability and climate change (Collins et al., 2006). With the use of models the environmental
variation between the LGM and mid–Holocene periods can be construed. Roche et al (2007) refers to the LGM as the classic benchmark for models,
enhanced by the use of proxy data associated with ocean surfaces, vegetation, oceanic–circulation and atmospheric conditions.
Clark et al (2009) presented the extent of the LGM, with growth of ice–sheets to their maximum extent occurring between 33ka and 26.5ka; primarily
in response to climate forcing from decreases in northern summer insolation, tropical Pacific sea surface

Elora Gorge Research Paper
This photograph was taken on a field trip to Elora Gorge. Elora Gorge is an important landscape in Ontario and is also a prime example of
significant change to a landscape by physical processes. Largely, it is the result of erosion by water at the end of the last glacial period. The most
recent glacier over North America, the Laurentide Ice Sheet, resided almost all over Canada. Eventually, the sheet melted, allowing water possessing a
strong stream discharge to be released in numerous directions. One of these melt–out pathways formed the Elora Gorge. Similar to how other gorges
are created, it was the energy of the river water rushing from the melting glacier that was able to cut into the surface of the bedrock. Streams carved
through

How Annual Planetary Albedo Is Affected By The Forcing...
In this section, we will look at how each factor was affected by the forcing boundary conditions set in the six experiments we ran. The results section
will be organized in sections by factor.
Annual Planetary Albedo
First we will address results about how annual planetary albedo was affected by altering the forcings in the simulations. Overall, when comparing
Control Experiment (Modern Specified SST) to Primary Experiment 3 (Ice Age 21kya run), we observed a relatively higher planetary albedo during
the Last Glacial Maximum, with an average of 2.37% increase. In areas with known ice sheets, such as the Laurentide Ice Sheet over the upper section
of North America or the Scandinavian Ice Sheet over Northern Europe, there was a much more drastic change in albedo. In these regions, the albedo
was significantly higher during the LGM, up to 27% higher in certain areas. Albedo was also higher south of the equator in the oceans surrounding the
Antarctic. Some parts of the earth had a near–neutral change in planetary albedo, mostly in low latitude areas like the tropics. This can be seen in
Figure 1. When put side by side, Figure 1 shows little resemblance to Figure 2, the map comparing annual planetary albedo of Primary Experiment 1
and the Control Experiment. This comparison shows little to no consistent change in albedo between the two eras, with a planetary average change of
0.02%. There are clusters of regions with a very high increase in albedo between the modern

Why Did The Diprotodon Become Extinct
Introduction
Megafauna simply means "big animals" and is a term mostly used to describe a particular group of large land animals which evolved millions of
years after the dinosaurs became extinct. These animals generally have a body mass which is greater than 40 kilograms.
Diptrotodon
The Diprotodon was the largest and the best known of the megafauna.
The Diprotodon co–existed with humans for thousands of years before becoming extinct some 25,000 years ago. It was also the last megafauna to
become extinct.
They were widely spread throughout Australia, including the Darling Downs in Queensland, Wellington Caves in New South Wales. Naracoorte Caves
in South Australia and Bacchus Marsh in Victoria, just to name a few.
It is unlikely that they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Appearance
The Procoptodon was a huge kangaroo which grew up to 2 metres in height and weighed up to 200 kilograms.
The Procoptodon had a short, flat face and forward facing eyes and an upright posture.
The lower jaw was big and a chin was developed. It had small incisors on the upper and lower jaws for nipping the vegetation.
It had long and mobile forelimbs with the two middle fingers having long, recurved claws enabling them to be used like a hook to grasp leafy branches.
It had a single toe on its feet which had a hoof–like claw on the end of it. This may have helped give the Procoptodon a greater measure of speed. It is
believed that the number 2, 3 and 5 toe bones were so reduced that they were lost and the well developed number 4 toe formed into a single toe.
Habitat
Procoptodon were mainly in arid or semi–arid regions on New South Wales and South Australia. Many areas were harsh environments being treeless,
wind–blown sand dunes. Having been found in The Lake Menindee area in western New South Wales, it was a somewhat cooler and wetter climate
than what it is today. The surrounding areas had forests, woodland, savannah and plains with windblown sand dunes on the edges of the lake.
Procoptodon have been found in caves in the Nullarbor Plain in a dry open environment with hard leaved

Glacier Ice Research Paper
Glaciers and Desserts Exercise
The difference between an ice sheet and a glacier; an ice sheet or continental glaciers is a chunk of glacier ice that is the largest and the thickest
type of glacier that can be almost unbelievable. They are massive and can cover large islands and the land surrounding it as it can be greater than
50,000 kilometers wide. If melted, they contain enough water to raise sea level about 66m (216 ft.). Glaciers are smaller and move on average, a
little slower but have remarkable ability to carry a huge volume of water in a stream. Aglacier ice forms, where the depth of the snow increases, as the
snow accumulation exceeds, a deep snowpack forms as it is compressed into ice under great pressure it then begins to flow down the mountain. When
the glacier gets to a point where the melting begins the rate of accumulation dwindles and stops.
Signs of glaciation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lack of rain that controls the high pressure as this results in rising the air at the equator and then eventually sinking back and forming a high
pressure system which leads in very little precipitation.
2). Distance from an ocean as the hot rising air cools as it drops rain as approaches a mountain. Less water can be held and that side of the mountain
gets rain. The cooler the air that crosses over mountains is dry, so deserts form on the other side of the mountain range.
3). Rain shadow effect is when moist air rises against high elevations of land and drops water along the way. This creates a region on the far side of
the mountain range that is relatively deficient in precipitation to the point of forming a rain–shadow desert.
4). Cold ocean currents is because cold water evaporates at a much slower rate than warm water by forming fewer clouds with much less precipitation.
5). A combination of these four factors are often combined, created, and recorded to form deserts that have never had precipitation in these

Strange Cave Research Paper
Mountains is Bear's cave named for the cave bear fossils discovered in the cave. Ciur–Izbuc Cave known as the cave of bones houses the oldest foot
prints known to be found at 36,500 years old, evidence shows that seven individuals entered the cave including a child, after a flood. Focul Viu Glacier
is the third largest underground glacier in Romania, and Bortig Pit Cave contains the second largest glacier in Romania. Another interesting
underground feature is the Movile cave located near the Black sea and Bulgarian border in the southeast. Sealed off from most of the outside world
this poisonous cave is home to many strange creatures, scorpions, spiders, snails, shrimp, and more, all living in darkness and low levels of oxygen.
The Movile cave was discovered by a group researching the land for a power plant and has had less than one hundred humans in contact with it. ...
The sphinx resembles the Great Egyptian Sphinx. The Babele are mushroom shaped rock formations. Both of these are the result of wind and rain
erosion, and are now tourist attractions in Romania. Another area of interest is the Red Ravine located on the Secaselor Plateau near the city of
Sebes. The mountain side has a distinctive sharp pointed appearance to the rocks caused by runoff erosion. The red color comes from the sandstones,
quartz sand, and gravel and the vertical wall reaches heights of fifty to one hundred twenty five meters and forms deep ravines during the rainy
season. Bigar Cascade falls in Caras–Severin part of historical Banat region, are a unique falls because of the way the water

Glaciers Are Formed By Ice Erosion
Glaciers are essentially frozen rivers. They are common in the Northern Hemisphere as well as at high altitude.
Glaciers don't erode quickly, but over a long period of time they can cause drastic changes.
Did you know that Glacial lakes are formed by ice erosion?
The glacier carves out a ditch in the earth and the glacial water melts and is left behind, and when the glacier is moving, it collects rocks with it.
A Glacier's weight, combined with its gradual movement means that the glaciers can change the land and make unique land forms. The three
processes by which glaciation effects and changes landscape is erosion, transportation and deposition. Did you know that when water freezes,it gets
bigger and expands, then it will break the rock. This type of erosion is called the freeze thaw.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two important processes of glacial erosion. The first process is called plucking, Plucking occurs when cracked and broken rocks are
frozen and stuck into glaciers. As a glacier moves over the landscape, water melts under the glacier and gets into cracks within the underlying
bedrock. The water freezes and melts, weakening the bonds holding pieces of bedrock in place. These pieces of rock can now be plucked from their
rocky base and carried along with the moving glacier.
Glaciers have carved out a number of important geographic

Art Analysis: The Ice Age
Introduction
"The Ice Age". Hearing these three words, you might think about the delightful animated kids movies that our modern culture has come to love. You
might think about how old the ice cubes are that you put in your freezer a while ago. But by the end of this section, in which you will learn about
glacial forces, your appreciation for "The Ice Age" will surpass boundaries that you never dreamt were possible. While the average human being's
understanding of the ice age may remain limited, you may find yourself becoming what some may call "an expert" on how glacial forces shaped the
Howe Sound – Whistler region.
As the glaciers (about 2 km thick) travelled from north to south, it created many geological features such as fjords, hanging ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ice came out of the hanging valley and into Howe Sound. We can tell this because the granite has striations. Glacial striations are scratches or
gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. These scratches and gouges are a result of a moving glacier. The glacial polish is a characteristic of the
rock surfaces after the glacier has passed over the bedrock. Shannon Falls is a Bridal Veil Falls, formed by the steep drop from the hanging valley to
the main valley floor usually creating cascading waterfalls.
Erratic rock at Shannon Falls 6
In this photo, you can see some erratic rock on the way up Shannon Falls. The scale is shown by the inclusion of a tasty Fibre 1 bar, now with only
130 calories. The erratic rock differs from the surrounding rock, as it was brought from a distance by glacial action.
Erratic Rock at the Chief 7
This photo is of some erratic rock found in the forest along the hike up the chief. When the massive glacier moved through Howe Sound, it brought
with it this erratic rock from a long distance away. This is why this rock appears different than the other surrounding rock. The rock was brought here
through a process known as 'plucking', which is defined as the erosion and transport of large chunks of rocks. As a glacier moves over the landscape,
water melts below the glacier and seeps into cracks within the underlying

Run In The Light Analysis
In today's society, we feel as though trivial hardships seem like enormous obstacles that prevent us from prevailing in life. Humans in the twenty–first
century believe as though the hindrances we encounter are far worse than those of our ancestors. In this sense, we become a tad oblivious to our own
history. We have become so accustomed to resources being readily available for us that we never question how the first Americans, who did not have
the kinds of resources we have today, created a proficient civilization. The Paleoindians, also referred to as the Clovis People were one of the first
inhabitants of the American continents. This historic migration occurred towards the end of the lastIce Age between 10,000–40,000 years ago. The
Paleolithic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way Mr. Ware describes his emotions towards the characters, in the beginning, was exactly how I felt. Runs In the Light is an underestimated
individual who we want to see succeed right from the beginning of this novel. Raven Hunter isn't necessarily evil but as Ware has said he was
selfish compared to his brother. Many of the questions in this review were similar to ones I had while reading. I agree that this novel has a more
modern tone to it as the novel could have incorporated the time period more. However, I disagree with how Ware said that the pacing of this novel
was excellent. As I read the book, I felt as though the middle portion dragged on and the details could have been written in a more intriguing manner.
This novel had a potential to be really interesting but in the middle, it dies down losing the reader's attention and focus. Nevertheless, I do agree with
Ware's statement on the characters' names. While I do understand that the authors chose such names to incorporate a pre–historic impression, the names
made the novel incredibly difficult to follow. I repeatedly got a couple of the supporting character confused. In addition, I agree with Christopher Ware
upon the fact of becoming attached to the characters. Throughout the novel, I was always rooting for the antagonist and hoping to see a certain group
succeed and sympathized with others. Another review I looked over

Minnesota's Glaciers
The Wisconsin Glaciation of Minnesota
A glacier is a large body of ice that moves slowly across land and are formed by there being a higher snow gain rather than a snow melt. Glaciers
move by a small amount of ice melting and the glacier sliding. Glaciers can help and destroy the landscape in front of them but they can also shape
the land into something amazing. Glaciers were once present in Minnesota thousands of years ago and played a massive role on the landscape we
live on today, and as they melted they left behind large amounts of water and formations. The glaciation is very confusing to those who don't know
about glaciers so here is some background information. The last glacial advance started about 75,000 years ago and the last ... Show more content on
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Outwash and till are similar but different at the same time and this is why they are both deposited by glaciers, but the way they are deposited is
what makes them different. Till is simply the sediment left by the ice, outwash is deposited by the running water coming off of the melting glacier.
Because water can sort sediment, and ice cannot, that is why the till is unsorted. Sorting just means when the rocks are sorted by size, bigger pieces
together on the bottom, smaller pieces together on top. Glaciers are constructive and deconstructive they are deconstructive because they tear up land
and the glacier does not stop for anything but it is easy to avoid. Glaciers erode the land and create landforms such as kames, eskers, and drumlins
those terms will be explained a little bit later. Glaciers create valleys by shearing away the mountainside and moving it away. Some of the landforms
that glaciers produce are drumlins, terminal moraine, outwash plain, and an erratic. Drumlins are elongated, teardrop–shaped hills of rock, sand, and
gravel that formed under moving glacier ice. A terminal moraine is where the glacier reaches its max and starts receding making a deposit of till.
An outwash plain is a flat area made by meltwater carrying outwash from the leading edge of the glacier. An erratic is a rock or boulder carried from a
place where the Rock is common to an area where the rock is not

Global Warming Has Left Upon Our Natural Environment
Introduction
With July 2013 recorded as one of the worst snowfalls in the history of Australia winters, well concerned fears are fulminating regarding the future of
the ski industry, namely the ski resorts that reside in the Snowy Mountain region including Thredbo, Perisher, Charlotte's Pass and the Selwyn
Snowfields, and several major Victorian ski resorts including Mt Buller, Mt Hotham and Falls Creek. The Alps are the only region on the Australian
mainland in which deep snow falls naturally, however, with the ongoing impact that global warming has left upon our natural environment, it feels
ominously close that the premonition of a snow–deprived winter may be as soon as 2050. More erratic looking winters have confirmed the beliefs of
many that the ski industry may not be viable beyond the mid–century mark, given that the ski industry's economic viability is highly sensitive and
contingent on the number of days with good snow cover that are received each year. According to a government commissioned report, the ski
industries initial fears are well–founded with ski seasons to be predicted to be 10 weeks shorter, and the snow depth considerably declined. While
some may reflect upon the 2013 winter and overlook the enormity of the issue, scientists predict that the impact of global warming means the
long–term outlook for the ski–industry is bleak, and not positive. Not only does a lack of snowfall presents environmental consequences, but also
poses a series of consequences

Imminent Water Crisis in India
Imminent Water Crisis in India Nina Brooks, August 2007 "There will be constant competition over water, between farming families and urban
dwellers, environmental conservationists and industrialists, minorities living off natural resources and entrepreneurs seeking to commodify the
resources base for commercial gain" –UNICEF report on Indian water.[1] Intro More than two billion people worldwide live in regions facing water
scarcity[2] and in India this is a particularly acute crisis. Millions of Indians currently lack access to clean drinking water, and the situation is only
getting worse. India's demand for water is growing at an alarming rate. India currently has the world's second largest population, which is expected to
overtake... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agricultural Despite the recent rapid growth in the services and industrial production, agriculture is still an integral part of India's economy and society.
Between 1947 and 1967 India underwent the Green Revolution, which concentrated on expanding farm yields by double–cropping existing farmland
and using seeds with improved genetics.[9] The result was a huge increase in agricultural production, making India one of the world's biggest
exporters of grain. The availability of canal water led farmers to adopt highly profitable, but extremely water intensive crops, such as sugar cane.[10] In
addition, India achieved its goal of obtaining food security. The rural economy sustains two–thirds of India 's 1.1 billion citizens.[11] Unfortunately,
this huge surge in agriculture, required significant water resources for irrigation and accelerated the onset of present water shortages. India's
agricultural sector currently uses about 90% of total water resources.[12] Irrigated agriculture has been fundamental to economic development, but
unfortunately caused groundwater depletion. Due to water pollution in rivers, India draws 80% of its irrigation water from groundwater.[13] As water
scarcity becomes a bigger and bigger problem, rural and farming areas will most likely be hit the hardest. Thus far, food security has been one of the
highest priorities for politicians, and the

The Melting Of An Ice Age
An Ice Age is a period of geologic time in which the Earth's climate sees a dramatic drop in temperatures. This basically means that it is a lot cooler
than it was in different parts of earth's geologic history. As a matter of fact, earth is believed to be in the middle of a glaciation period currently
because of our polar ice sheets. As we know it today there were about six ice ages that have occurred throughout the history of the earth. Glaciation
periods have helped shape the earth as we know it today and has helped humanity progress down its evolutionary track. Though it is agreed upon that
several ice ages have occurred during earth history, the cause of these cycles is still a mystery waiting to be solved. The Huronian Glaciation or
"Snowball Earth" is believed to be the oldest ice age in earth's history. Roughly 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago. During this particular ice age, ice cover
the earth from pole to pole, the entire planet was frozen, nothing could survive. Our next two ice ages were during the Cryogenian Period, which is
nicknamed the "Deep Freeze" because this was the deepest cold the earth has ever experienced. The Sturtian Glaciation 750–700 million years ago, and
the Varanger/Marinoan Glaciation which occurred 660 to 635 million years ago. There is a possibly that the earth was a snowball at these glaciation
periods but proof has not been provided yet. The Andean–Saharan ice age during the end of the Ordovician period and beginning of the Silurian period

Iodp Site 913 Glaciations
The Onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
By Christina Ohrazda
Student at Stockholm University
28.09.15
Introduction
The Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) is believed to have initiated into large scale, permanent ice sheets ~2.5 Ma, which is almost 31.5 Ma after
the initiation of the Antarctica ice sheets. There are many possible causes for the onset of thisclimate event, some of which we will be reviewing in
this essay. In this essay we will look at the cores from IODP and ODP sites 302, Arctic Ocean; 913, Greenland basin; and 907, north of Iceland, in
order to identify the characteristics and possible causes of the northern hemisphere glaciations. First we will look at the evidence for the onset of this
event and the proxies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, proxies show that the initiation of IRD ~46.25 Ma at site 306, correspond to a >1000 ppm decrease in CO2 gases in the atmosphere (See
Figure 5. Note. From 'Cenozoic ice–rafting history of the central Arctic Ocean: Terrigenous sands on the Lomonosov Ridge' (St. John 2007)). This
correlation between IRD and pCO2 is critical since it leads us to the hypothesis that a decline of pCO2 could have driven the climate in the polar
regions over a temperature threshold, which enabled the onset of continental glaciers and ice sheets on the surface of the Arctic Sea (St. John 2008).
This is only one of many possible reasons of the NHG onset, where other potential causes suggested for the initiation of the NHG are: events of
mountain building; plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West; Volcanic triggering, resulting in aerosols in the atmosphere; and the closure
of Panama Seaway, which would have changed the whole ocean circulation and distribution of cold vs. warm ocean water (St. John et al.

Ice Ages: An Alien Idea
Ice Ages: An Alien Idea
In 1827 Louis Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had experienced a past ice age, which he said could explain previous
observations that erratic blocks of alpine rocks scattered over the slopes and summits of the Alps, had been moved there by glaciers. He presented the
theory that ancient glaciers had traveled throughout the entire northern hemisphere and deposited these rock formations along the way. Though many
before him had theorized moving glaciers, he was the first to label this period of time as the Ice Age.
Consequently, he knew that he would need to defend his ice age theory, so he established aglacier observatory where people could visit and experience
firsthand the effects that

Commentary On Housekeeping By Marilynne Robinson
Commentary on Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson is a coming of age novel recounted in the first
person by one of two sisters as they grow up in a small town near a glacial lake in Fingerbone, Idaho. The novel is full of polished lyrical prose and
presents a wonderful novel while describing events that shape our lives; the loss of loved ones, the importance of family, abandonment, and the
impermanence of things. Early in their lives, two young sisters, Ruth and Lucille, experience loss and abandonment from the men in the family.
Their grandfather had died in a train derailment into Lake Fingerbone before they were born, and their father leaves them while they are very young.
Then their mother commits suicide, but not before dropping the girls off on their grandmother's porch. Moreover, then, "she sailed in Bernice's Ford
from the top of a cliff named Whiskey Rock into the blackest depth of the lake (23), again into Lake Fingerbone. After only a few months their
grandmother dies leaving the girls to the remainder of the family, a collection of eccentric females. The girls deal with all of this by relying on each
other. Soon, their great Aunt's, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like when she asks, "when does a berry break upon the tongue as sweetly as when one longs to taste it (152). Alternatively, here she explains loss;
"Memory is the sense of loss, and loss pulls us after it" (194). Her polished portrayal of these ideas is exemplified here as she describes Ruth's
feelings of invisibility. "I often seemed invisible... made no impact on the world... was privileged to watch it unawares" (106), Or how some people
live their lives, not by the clock, the sun, or the calendar, but from event to event. "Their lives spun off the tilting world like thread off a spindle,
breakfast time, suppertime, lilac time, apple time"

Causes Of The Neolithic Revolution
Initiation of the Neolithic Revolution
When considering the most plausible theory for the catalyst that began the Neolithic Revolution, one must look directly at the changing climate of the
region. Approximately 18,000 BC, the earth was experiencing a climactic transition, brought about by the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. During
this transition the earth began to experience warming temperatures, which dramatically changed the landscape, and the very existence of the
hunter–gatherer populations. The oscillating temperatures that occurred during the next few thousand years help guide the trajectory of development in
agriculture and human societies.
While considering the weather, Barry Cunliffe, author of Europe Between the Oceans states, "By about 12,000 BC dense forest covered much of the
western part of the hilly flanks region, giving way, around its borders, to more open areas where extensive stands of wild wheats and ryes could
flourish" (91). This period of warmer weather is referred to as the Holocene. The thawing ice sheets also caused water to rise, and subsequently change
not only the structure of the land, but the plant life as well. As the hunter–gatherers adjusted to these changes in their environment, another climactic
event ensued called the Younger Dryas. The Younger Dryas was a dramatic, and brief return to the cooler, dryer climate experienced as the Last Glacial
Maximum was ending. The general thinking is that this phenomenon occurred due to very cold

North American Migratory Bird Species
North American migratory bird species that forage on air–borne insects, known as aerial insectivores are experiencing widespread regional declines in
population, but the cause remains poorly understood (Paquette et al., 2014). Climate change as well pesticides which both cause changes in the
abundance of insect prey can be a possible cause (). Agricultural and farming intensification in addition to other land use developments on the birds
over–wintering habitat may also be a contributing factor to aerial insectivore decline (Fraser et al., 2012). For example,), have shown that numerous
environmental pressures have rapidly decreased the population of many insect species. This has led to a steep decline in aerial foraging bird populations.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To begin with, in order to understand mechanisms that influence avian population changes biologists often seek to explore similar characteristics such
as biological and ecological similarities that occur across entire 'guilds'. A guild in this sense, is a grouping of species sharing a common life–history
or an ecological trait such as a shared niche. There are numerous guilds that could be classified according to factors such as comparable habitat and
food varieties, reproduction and clutch size, as well as migration and nesting strategies used by the species in question. The guild of 'aerial
insectivores'– consist of birds that feed exclusively on flying insects. These insects include flies, mayflies, moths, butterflies, grasshoppers, crickets,
beetles and other insects Aerial insectivores in other words, are classified as a dietary guild because of their similarities in allocating food resources.
The guild of aerial insectivores consist of flycatchers, nighthawks, martins, swifts, swallows, and whip–poor–wills As this research essay is constrained
in its nature it is thus impractical to spotlight the entire guild of aerial insectivores. In this research essay rather, I will be focusing on one particular
species of aerial insectivore: Chrodeiles minor, otherwise known as common nighthawk, a species that consists of nine subspecies that inhabit Canada
(as well as the United Sates) during the breeding season from May to

Volcanism of Long Valley, California: The Bishop Tuff...
Volcanism of Long Valley, California: The Bishop Tuff Eruption
The west coast of North America has been tectonically and volcanically active for billions of years. The Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern
California were born of volcanoes, and magma has been erupting in the Long Valley to the east of the mountains for over three million years (Bailey,
et. al., 1989). However, the climactic eruption of the region occurred relatively recently in the region's geologic history. About 760,000 years ago, a
huge explosion of magma warped the Eastern Sierra into the landscape that exists today. The eruption depleted a massive magma chamber below the
earth's surface so that the ceiling of the chamber imploded, forming what is now known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The youngest of these rocks are dated at about 220,000 years ago. Rhyodacties and quartz latites in the modern caldera area extruded from about
320,000 years ago to 260,000 years ago, and then silica–rich rhyolites at Glass Mountain northeast of the caldera erupted from about 210,000 years
ago to 80,000 years ago. The scattered distribution of the initial mafic eruptions indicates that they were erupted from the mantle, while the slightly
younger domes and flows were from a deep–crustal source. The youngest rhyolite eruptions erupted at the northeast rim of the caldera at Glass
Mountain and were the first activity of the silicic Long Valleymagma chamber (Bailey, et. al., 1989).
This chamber gave birth to the cataclysmic eruption of 760,000 years ago, and is connected to the magma which erupted from the chain of rhyolite
domes that stretch up to the northwest. Eruptions crept sequentially along this line, beginning with the Bishop Tuff eruption and most recently
displaying activity in the middle of Mono Lake at the island Negit. This most recent volcanism of the Inyo–Mono crater eruptions occurred as late as
1850 A.D (Bailey, et. al., 1989).
The cataclysmic eruption which caused the collapse of the caldera and the deposition of the Bishop Tuff was an explosive, fast event. It ejected
coarsely porphyritic biotite rhyolitic ash and viscous lava with an approximate silica content of 76 percent. The total ejecta came to about 600

Glaciers-The Identity Of A Glaicer
The Identity of a Glaicer Glaciers have helped define the topography of earth for many years. A glacier is a large mass of ice that has been compacted
of snow and ice for a long period of time. The ice age we will be focusing on is the Pleistocene era, which was "a period that began about 2.5 million
years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago" (513). This was the most recent ice age where it helped formed our present–day lands. During this time,
ice covered about 19 million square miles which was about 1/3 of earth's land surface (515). Many parts of all the continents were covered with ice
and that had a great effect on our topography due to the glaciers it created. The two primary types of glaciers are continental ice sheets and mountain ...
The moraines is a "general term for glacier–deposited landforms composed of till" (526). The features usually are irregular and is normally longer
than wider. The three types of moraines in glacial deposition of ice sheets are terminal, recessional and ground. Terminal moraine is the front part of
a glacier where all the power is. Although glaciers may appear to stop moving forward, the internal part of the glacier continues to give strength to its
movement. Recessional moraine is right behind the terminal moraine where the ice would spread out putting pressure out to the edges in bulges. The
last type is called ground moraine and that is when "large quantities of till are laid down from underneath the glacier rather than from its edge" (527).
A feature we see from the glaciers deposition is an "elongated hill" (527) called a drumlin. These long, small hills that are usually in groups, are much
smaller than moraines but still made predominantly of

Stonehenge Research Paper
What is this mysterious structure of stones that sit in a green grassy field? Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, west of
Amesbury and north of Salisbury.
Through many decades there has only been speculations and theories no one understands how this grand structure arrived to its location. I will show
you the best way to show you how
Stonehenge was created, how it was built, and its purpose.
Stonehenge's ring of standing stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in
England, including several hundred burial mounds.Through many decades there has only been speculations and theories no one understands how this
grand structure arrived to its location. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three of the posts were in an eastwest alignment which may have had ritual significanceНѕ The University of Buckingham's
Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia making it potentially
"one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape."Stonehenge 1
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late
Cretaceous Seaford Chalk, measuring about in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south. It stood in open
grassland on a slightly sloping spot. If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some
500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes,
exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920, been considered unimportant by him, and subsequently reinterred
together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7, in 1935. Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and
women, and included some children.
Stonehenge

Case Study: Don Valley Brickyard
Sarah Hall, 1000680872September 23, 2014
Lab 1: Don Valley Brickyard Short Pre–Lab Report
1. The geology of Ontario is divided into three layers of rock. The first layer, Precambrian Canadian Shield rocks, is composed of mainly igneous and
metamorphic rocks from the Precambrian Eon. This layer is the eldest at approximately 3–0.8x109 years old and is therefore the bottom–most layer
(L). Although this layer is largely found in the Canadian Shield region of Ontario, glacial erratics from the Precambrian layer can be found at the Don
Valley Brickyard (L). In the GTA, younger sediments and rocks cover the Precambrianrock layer (L). The second layer is Paleozoic rock, composed of
sedimentary rocksвЂЁ. It was deposited 600–400 million years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 440 million year old Georgian Bay Formation is largely composed of fossiliferous grey–black shale (L1R). It also consists grey fine–grained
limestone, sandstone and green/grey siltstone interbedded with green/grey and blue/grey shales (Bond et. al. 1976). The frequency of hard rock units
increases toward the top of the formation. Recurrent tropical storms across the Ordovician seas caused the formation of shady, thin limestone with
wave ripples on top. Numerous fossils can be found in the siltstones and limestone including molluscs, crinoids and gastropods

Glacier and Citrus College Chapter Essay
ESCI 118 – Physical Geography Citrus College Chapter 17 – Solution Processes and Karst Topography 1. How does carbonic acid form? It forms when
water and carbon dioxide combine and react. 2. What is meant by dissolution? Dissolution is the action of being dissolved. 3. What kinds of rock are
most susceptible to solution processes? Why? Limestone and dolomite are most susceptible to solution processes because the water, which is slightly
acidic, reacts with rock and dissolves the co2 gas carrying away or dissolving some of the sediment. 4. How does the underground structure of the
bedrock influence the dissolution process? Bedrock that is made of carbonate is more... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an arid land, there is less precipitation than the potential evaporation which is not the case in humid regions. 2. What is meant by an
impermeable surface and how does such a surface influence the results of rainfall in a desert? An impermeable surface cannot be penetrated by
any element. Such a surface will not allow rain to percolate into the desert soil leaving no plants with root systems able to survive unless
specifically adapted to the climate. 3. What is a basin of interior drainage? The land is uplifted crust blocks that form parallel ranges but surface
water doesn't run to the ocean. Instead, it evaporates over time leaving a salt flat. 4. What is the difference between an ephemeral stream and an
exotic stream in a desert? An ephemeral stream is a stream that only exists during rainfall. Exotic streams come from an origin outside of the desert.
5. Although there is very little rainfall in deserts, running water is still the most important process of erosion and deposition in arid environments.
Describe and explain at least two special conditions in deserts that tend to increase the likelihood of fluvial erosion whenever it does rain. Any
rainfall increases fluvial erosion. When rain does fall, this creates ephemeral streams causing water erosion due to fast forces of water. Flash floods
are possible as well creating even more erosion. 6.

Global Warming And Its Effects
Global warming is a subject that elicits different opinions, even in the political sphere. During the 2016 presidential campaign, the Democratic
candidates all declare that global warming is a national crisis and that some policies need to be implemented. On the other hand, the majority of the
Republican candidates claims that global warming is all a hoax and that designing policies to combat global warming are a waste of money and
energy. The different stances happening in the political sphere are also happening outside of the political sphere. Everyone in the world has different
views on global warming, but very few of us did anything to lessen the impact of global warming in that the majority of us each drive our own fossil
fuel–using vehicles instead of using public transportation, and the majority of us rarely reuses and recycle. Global warming occurs when carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in Earth 's atmosphere because some of the sun 's rays cannot escape. It is a worldwide phenomenon that
impacts each and every one of us because it cause irregular climate patterns, increases the sea levels, and decreases human living standards. We can
usually anticipate what the temperature will be the next couple days because there is a normal pattern to it, the temperature will be stable throughout
the months until the season changes which will cause an increase or decrease temperature depending on which season is next. But recently we have not
been able to

Nature And Mother Nature : Reconnecting With Mother Earth
The glacial erratics represent the beginning of human population of the America's and the beginning of traditional culture, and the rocks carry
with them the essence of the spirit of all those years. In honour of the truth and reconciliation act, this essay has an ode to healing by walking the
land and, more specifically, reconnecting with Mother earth. I am not a religious person. I am not a spiritual person even in my own mind. And I
do not even know if I believe if there is or is not a god. But I have always known that the forest and the mountains and the animals are alive as much
as I am, and as an anxious, extroverted, depressed, abused, somewhat autistic person, I have always found more comfort in the company of a forest
than a crowd. I have always been a person who retreats to the solitude of the forest to find my peace, my happiness, and some kind of connection
with something greater than myself. Despite my strong lack of religious faith or spiritual belief, my connection to mother nature and my spiritual red
roots grew deeply on what I was able to participate in during the field trip. As I prayed during smudge I had intense vision in a trance which made me
sick to my stomach as I purged myself of the toxins that had entered my spirit both from people and from having to live in the city with no nearby
forest for the last few years. My trances are explained in detail in the appendices II and III as I feel they are important to my experiential learning.
Aside from

A Study of Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Their...
A study of Climate change adaptation practices and their implementations.
1) Introduction–
A series of reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the Nineties conclusively linked increasing climate variability
as a consequence of human actions resulting in increasing quantities of Green House Gases in the environment.
These reports led to a call for international action and thus the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established
in 1994. The Framework envisaged two main strategies to tackle climate change–
Mitigation– processes involving reducing the output of green house gases
Adaptation–methods used to cope with climate change
1.1) The need for Adaptation–
Mitigation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sunderbans, located in West Bengal, have been particularly susceptible to typhoons arising from the Bay of Bengal. Farmers have relied on
embankments to segregate saline sea water from engulfing their soil but the devastation caused by Typhoon Aila in 2009 destroyed approximately 900
kms of embankment thus salinating many miles of agricultural land. This prompted Kolkata NGO, Society for Environment and Development
(ENDEV) to look into introducing strains of paddy rice which were resistant to saline water and soil thus providing farmers a lifeline to their crop yield.
ENDEV activists took a year to identify five indigenous salt resistant seeds :
Hamilton
Talmugur
Nona bokra
Lal getu
Sada getu
The NGO then collaborated with five other organisations in the Sunderbans to propagate the new seeds. The harvest observed after subsequent planting
of these seeds was satisfactory despite the late monsoons in 2012.
Citation– (Ghosh, 2013)
4) Case Study 'B': Radio as a means of climate change education in Bundelkhand through the 'Shubh Kal' project.
Azadpura village in the Indian district

Ohio's Ice Age
Although difficult to imagine, Ohio has at vari– ous times in the recent geologic past (within the last 1.6 million years) had three–quarters of its surface
covered by vast sheets of ice perhaps as much as 1 mile thick. This period of geologic history is referred to as the Pleistocene Epoch or, more
commonly, the Ice Age, although there is abundant evidence that Earth has experienced numerous other "ice ages" throughout its 4.6 billion years of
existence.
Ice Age glaciers invading Ohio formed in cen– tral Canada in response to climatic conditions that allowed massive buildups of ice. Because of their
great thickness, these ice masses flowed under their own weight and ultimately moved south as far as northern Kentucky. Oxygen–isotope analysis ...
Lake deposits are primarily fine–grained clay– and silt–size sediments. The most extensive area of lake deposits is in north– ern Ohio bordering Lake
Erie. These deposits, and adjacent areas of wave–planed ground moraine, are the result of sedimentation and erosion by large lakes that occupied the
Erie basin as Wisconsinan–age ice retreated into Canada. Other lake deposits accumulated in stream valleys whose outlets were temporarily dammed
by ice or outwash. Many outwash–dammed lake deposits are present in southeastern Ohio far beyond the glacial boundary. Peat deposits are associated
with many lake deposits and formed through the accu– mulation of partially decayed aquatic vegetation in oxygen–depleted, stagnant water.
The term glacial drift commonly is used to re– fer to any material deposited directly (e.g., ground moraine) or indirectly (e.g., outwash) by a glacier.
Because the ice that invaded Ohio came from Canada, it carried in many rock types not found in Ohio. Pebbles, cobbles, and boulders of these
foreign rock types are called erratics. Rock collect– ing in areas of glacial drift may yield granite, gneiss, trace quantities of gold, and very rarely,
diamonds. Most rocks found in glacial deposits, however, are types native to

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