Constitution

1. UNION
EXECUTIVE

2. Rashtrapati
Bhavan

3. The President
The President of India is the constitutional head.
He/she is the first citizen of India.
The executive power has been vested in the
President.
He/she is the nominal or ceremonial head of the
state.
The executive power is exercised by the President
only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

4. Qualification for the post
of the President
The person must be a citizen of India.
The person must have completed the age of 35
years.
The person must not hold any office of profit
under the government of India, state government
or local government bodies.
The person must be qualified for the election as a
member of the house of people.
The person shall not be a member of either
house of the union legislature or house of the
legislature of any state.

5. Tenure
The normal term of office of the President is five years.
The office of the President may remain vacant in following
conditions:-
 If the President resigns addressing to the vice-president
of India.
 Due the death of the incumbent President.
 By removal of the President through the process of
impeachment.
 If the office of the President is vacant owing to any of
these reasons, the vice-president acts as the President. In
case of vacancy, an election for the President must be
held within the six months of the vacancy.

6. Election of The President
The President of India is elected by indirect election.
The President of India is not directly elected by the
people but by the representatives of the people.
The President of India is elected by the system of
proportional representation, in which the
representatives give preference to the candidates.
This method is known as the single transferable
candidate is required to get a quota of votes.
The President is elected by an ‘electoral college’
elected members of lok sabha, rajya sabha and
legislative assemblies of the states constitute the
Electoral College for the election of the President.

7. Powers and Functions of The
President
Administrative
Powers
Legislature
Powers
Judicial
Powers
Military
Powers
Diplomatic
Powers
Emergency
Powers
Financial
Powers

8. Role of The President
Constitutional head
Administration/ on advice of the Prime
Minister
Reconsideration
Pocket veto
Nominal head
Changed political scenario

9. List of The Presidents
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
[1950-1962]
Dr. Prasad, from Bihar,
was the First President
of independent India.
He was also a freedom
fighter during
the Indian
Independence
movement. Prasad was
the only President to
serve two terms in
office.

10. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
[1962-1967]
Radhakrishnan was a
prominent philosopher and
writer and also held the
position of vice chancellor of
the Andhra University and
Banaras Hindu University. He
was also made a Knight of the
Golden Army of Angels
by Pope Paul VI. He received
Bharat Ratna award in 1954
before becoming the
President. He was the First
President from South India.

11.  Zakir Husain [1967-1969]
Husain was vice chancellor
of the Aligarh Muslim
University and a recipient
of Padma Vibhushan
and Bharat Ratna. He died
in office, the first to do so.
 Varahagiri Venkata Giri
[1969-1974]
Giri was appointed
as Acting President of
India following the death of
Husain. He resigned in a few
months to take part in the
presidential elections.

12. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
[1974-1977]
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
served as a Minister
before being elected as
President. He died in
1977 before his term of
office ended, and was
the second Indian
President to die in
office.

13. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
[1977-1982]
N.S. Reddy was the first
Chief Minister of Andhra
Pradesh State. Reddy was
the only Member of
Parliament from the
Janata Party to get
elected from Andhra
Pradesh. He was
unanimously elected
Speaker of the Lok
Sabha on 26 March 1977
and relinquished this
office on 13 July 1977 to
become the 6th President
of India.

14. Giani Zail Singh
[1982-1987]
In March 1972, Singh
assumed the position of
chief Minister of
Punjab, and in 1980, he
became Union Home
Minister. He was also
secretary general
to Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) from
1983 to 1986

15.  Ramaswamy
Venkataraman
[1987-1992]
In 1942, Venkataraman
was jailed by the British
for his involvement in
the Indian independence
movement. After his
release, he was elected to
independent India’s
Provisional Parliament as a
member of the Congress
Party in 1950 and
eventually joined the
central government,
where he first served as
Minister of Finance and
Industry and later as
Minister of Defence.

16. Shankar Dayal Sharma
[1992-1997]
Sharma was Chief
Minister of Madhya
Pradesh, and the Indian
Minister for
Communications.
He has also served as
the governor of Andhra
Pradesh, Punjab and
Maharashtra.

17. Kocheril Raman
Narayanan
[1997-2002]
Narayanan served as
India's ambassador to
Thailand, Turkey, China
and United States of
America. He received
doctorates in Science and
Law and was also a
chancellor in several
universities. He was also
the vice-chancellor
of Jawaharlal Nehru
University.He was the
first President
from Kerala, and also the
first Dalit President.

18.  A. P
. J. Abdul Kalam
[2002-2007]
Kalam was a scientist who
played a leading role in the
development of India's
ballistic missile and nuclear
weapons programs. He also
received the Bharat Ratna.
Kalam was affectionately
known as the People's
President, due to his extra-
Presidential activities. He
was the first bachelor
President of India, and the
first Muslim President who
completed his term. Kalam
died following a heart
attack while delivering a
speech in Shillong.

19.  Pratibha Patil
[2007-2012]
Mrs.Patil was the First
Woman to become the
President of India. She was
also the first female
Governor of Rajasthan.
 Pranab Mukherjee
[2012]
Pranab Mukherjee held
various posts in the
cabinet ministry for
the Government of India
such as Finance Minister,
Foreign Minister, Defence
Minister and Deputy
Chairman of the Planning
Commission . He is the
Current and 13th President
of India.

20. Ram Nath Kovind was born on
1 October 1945 in Uttar
Pradesh, India. He is an Indian
lawyer and politician. He was
the 14th and current President
of India. He became the
President on 25 July 2017 and is
a member of the Bhartiya Janata
Party. He is the former
Governor of Bihar. His
approach towards political
problems earned him praise
across the political spectrum. As
a Governor his achievements
were the creation of a judicial
commission to investigate
corruption in universities.

21. Droupadi Murmu :born 20
June 1958) is an Indian
politician and former teacher
who is serving as the 15th and
current President of India since
2022. She is the first person
belonging to
the tribal community and also
the second woman
after Pratibha Patil to hold the
office. She is also the youngest
person to occupy the post and
the first President born in
Independent India.

22. Impeachment of President
• Can be removed from the office for violation of the Constitution by a special trial
conducted by Parliament.
•
• Either House of Parliament can frame charges against President and charges must
be preferred by either House at a notice of 14 days.
• Notice must be signed by atleast 1/4th of the total number of members of that
House.
• A resolution with the charge has to be passed by a majority of at least 2/3rds of the
total members of the House.
• Charges are investigated by the Second House.
• If charges are confirmed by a 2/3rds majority in the Second Chamber then the
President stands removed from office with effect from the date on which such a
resolution is passed.
Impeachment is the only punishment to President for violations of the
Constitution.

23. Powers of the President
1. Executive Powers
2. Legislative Powers
3. Financial Powers
4. Judicial Powers
5. Military Powers
6. Diplomatic Powers
7. Emergency Powers

24. 1. Executive Powers
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1. President – Head of the Executive, appoints the key posts , all executive orders
are issued in his name.
2. He appoints:
PM & COM on his advice
Governors of States, the Lt. Governors and Chief Commissioners of the UT.
Chief Judges, Judges of the Supreme Court & High Courts
Chairman & Members of the UPSC
Controller and AGI
Attorney- General of India
Chairman and Members of the Planning Commission
Chairman and Members of the Economic Commission

25. 1. Legislative Powers
1. Summons and proorogues the sessions of Parliament and may dissolve the LS
even before the expiry of its term on the advice of the PM.
2. Addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together and outlines the
policies, after each GE at the commencement of the I Session of the LS.
3. May call a JS of Parliament in case of deadlock between the 2 Houses on a
money bill.
4. Nominates 12 members of the RS and 2 members of the AIC to LS.
5. MB cannot be introduced in LS without the prior approval of President. Any
bill seeking to make alteration in the boundaries of States needs prior
approval of the President before its introduction in the Parliament.
6. Bills passed by Parliament become Acts only after the President gives his
assent if he so desires, may withhold his assent, may return the bill to the
Parliament for amendments, if he desires so. If the bill is passed again with or
without amendments, the President is obliged to give his assent to the bill.
7. Can issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

26. 2. Financial Powers
1. No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without his prior consent.
2. The annual budget of the UG for the ensuring year is placed before FM on
behalf of the President.
3. President constitutes a FC once in every 5 years.
4. CFI is at President’s disposal.

27. 3. Judicial Powers
1. Has the power to grant pardon, to remit or suspend a sentence of punishment
on an appeal for mercy. Can commute even a death sentence to life
imprisonment in respect of an offender who has been sentenced to death by
Supreme Court.
2. Is not answerable before any court of law for the exercise of his powers.
3. No criminal suit can be identified against him during his tenure of office.

28. 3. Military Powers
1. Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces.
2. Appoints the Chiefs of the 3 of the Defence Forces subject to
certain rules and regulations.
3. Can declare war or make peace with any foreign power on the advice of his
COM.
4.

29. 4. Diplomatic Powers
1. Represents his country in international affairs.
2. Appoints Indian ambassadors to foreign countries and receives ambassadors
and other diplomatic representatives of foreign nationals.
3. Enters into treaties and agreements with other nations subject to ratification by
the Parliament.

30. 5. Emergency Powers
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• Emergency due to threat to the Security of India- If the President is satisfied
that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of it is
threatened, he may declare a General Emergency.
President cannot declare such an emergency unless the decision of the Union
Cabinet is communicated to him in writing.
Effects of Proclamation:
President becomes the sole administrator of the country.
The President may issue an order to suspend the right of people to move any
court for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the
Constitution.
Can alter the financial arrangements between the States and the Centre by
issuing an order to the effect.

31. 5. Emergency Powers
• Emergency due to Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery: A situation in
which the Govt of a state cannot be carried on as er the provisions of the
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Constitution. If the President on receipt of such a report from the Governor of
the State, or otherwise is satisfied of the breakdown of the CM, may declare an
emergency in the state thus affected and impose PR.
• Proclamation of PR in the state has to be approved by a simple majority in
each house within 2 months from the date of issue. If not approved then it
cannot declare an emergency.
The PSE remains in operation for 6 months from its date of issue. Cannot
remain in force for more than 3 years without an CA.
SA is placed directly under the President & the Union Govt. President may
dissolve the VS and dismiss the COME or may keep the Assembly of COME
In suspended animation. UP is entitled to pass laws, even on all the Subjects of
the SL. Annual Budget is also presented to and passed by the Parliament.
President cannot assume to himself any of the power vested in a High Court.

32. 5. Emergency Powers
• Financial Emergency: Where the President is satisfied that a situation has
arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he may
declare POFEM.
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• POFEM has to be laid before each House of the Parliament within two months
from the date of its declaration. If not approved by 2 Houses of the Parliament
then it ceases to operate.
The FE continues until it is evoked by the President.
May appoint FC to suggest ways and means to get the country out of the
financial crisis.
Salaries and allowances of the public servants under the Union as well as
State, Judges of the SC and HC can be reduced.
Can instruct the States in regard to the utilization of funds in the manner he
thinks fit.
May order the State Money Bills to be submitted to him for his assent.
May adopt other suitable measures to restore financial stability in the country.

35. The Prime Minister
 The Prime Minister is the head of the government whereas
the President is head of the state.
 He is the real executive authority.
 Prime Minister is appointed by the president.
 Ministers are appointed by the President in accordance with
the advice given by the Prime Minister.
 Council of ministers hold the office during the pleasure of The
Prime Minister.
 Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are responsible to the
Lok Sabha and to the President.

36. Provisions regarding
Prime Minister and Council of
Ministers
 There will be a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers to
aid and assist the President of India.
 The President shall administer the oath of secrecy to the
Ministers.
 The total number of Ministers including the Prime Minister
shall not exceed 15%of the total strength of Lok Sabha.
 The salaries and allowances of all ministers shall be
determined by the Parliament.

37. Selection of the Prime Minister
 The Prime Minister is directly elected by the people.
 The person gets elected as the members of the Lok
Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
 The leader of the with majority of votes in Lok Sabha is
appointed as the Prime Minister.
 The President administers the oath to the Prime
Minister after his/her appointment by the President.

39. Powers and functions of Prime
Minister
 Prime Minister is the head of Council of Ministers.
 He is responsible for co-ordination among the ministers.
 He can allocate, reshuffle various portfolios among
ministers
 Prime Minister is the leader of Lok Sabha.
 He can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha at any
time.
 He advices President regarding summoning and proroguing
the sessions of Parliament
 Prime Minister is the architect of foreign policies.
 Prime Minister is the chairperson of Planning Commission
and Development council
 Prime Minister decides about the proclamation of
emergency.

40. His resignation is considered as the resignation of
entire Council of Ministers.
Prime Minister acts a link between the President and
Council of Ministers.
He advises President regarding the appointment of
important officials like Attorney General, CAG,
Auditor General of India, members of UPSC etc.
Prime Minister is the political head of services.

41. Different metaphors for the Prime
Minister
 Moon among the stars
 The Steering of the car
 The sun among the stars
 The centre of the universe

43. The current Prime Minister
Mr
. Narendra Modi is the 15th and the
current Prime Minister of India
 He was elected by majority of votes in 2014
general elections and sworn in as the Prime
Minister on 26 May 2014
 He is the leader of Bhartiya Janata Party and was
the former Chief Minister of the state of Gujrat.
 Prime Minister Modi is the member of Parliament
from Varanasi.
 With his victory BJP emerged as the largest party
with absolute majority in Parliament after 25 years.
 Prime Minister Modi has introduced innovative
and visionary programmes like Make In India,
Digital India, 100 smart cities, Swach Bharat
Abhiyan for the development of India .
 He has also focussed on making India's
international relations more stronger and making
India a global leader.

44. Notable Prime Ministers in the History
 Jawaharlal Nehru
[1947 – 1964 Congress]
• He was the first Prime Minister
of Independent India.
• Prime Minister Nehru is
known for having a
charismatic personality
• He is known as the visionary of
India
 India Gandhi
[1966 – 1977 Congress and
1980 – 1984 Congress(I)]
• She was the daughter of
Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Mrs Gandhi was the office
holder of Prime Minister for
two terms.
• She is popularly known for the
National Emergency of 1975
and Operation Blue Star
(Golden Temple, Amritsar)

45.  Rajiv Gandhi
[1984 – 1989 Congress(I)]
• He was the son of Mrs.
Indira Gandhi.
• His main contribution was
in the passing of Ant-
defection law in 1985
• He is also popularly known
for his involvement in
Bofors scam.
PV Narsimha Rao
[1991 – 1996 Congress(I)]
• He was in the office of
Prime Minister from1991-
1996.
• His major contribution was
the introduction of the
policy of LPG,(Liberalization,
Privatization, Globalization)
along with his Finance
Minister Dr.Manmohan
Singh.

46. Atal Bihari Vajpayee
[1996 – 1996 BJP and 1998 – 2004
NDA]
• He could not complete his
first term for the office of
Prime Minister as he could
not prove his majority in
Lok Sabha.
• Prime Minister Vajpayee
was re elected as Prime
Minister for the second
term of 1998-2004.
• He has received Bharat
Ratna ,the highest civilian
award by Indian
Government in 2014
Manmohan Singh
[2004 – 2014 UPA}
• He served as the Prime Minister
of India for two consecutive
terms 2004-2009 and 2009-2014.
• Prime Minister Singh is a
renowned economist He has
completed his education in
renowned Universities like
University of Cambridge and
Oxford University.
• His tenure saw introduction of
may policies like National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme,
Right to Information and Right to
education, making it a
fundamental right.

49. Introduction
The Council of Ministers headed by a Prime
Minister is the real executive authority in our
administrative system.
They are divided into three categories :-
 Cabinet Ministers
 Ministers of State
 Ministers of State with independent charge.
The Council of Ministers assist Prime Minister In
taking all the important decisions regarding policies
of the government.

50. Council Of Ministers
 It consists of 60-70 members.
 It does not meet as a body, to
transact government business
 It has no collective functions.
 Council of Ministers has
vested with all powers but in
theory.
 Its functions and decisions are
determined by the cabinet
 Its classification and size are
determined by the Prime
Minister according to the
situation.

51. The Cabinet
 It is a smaller body consisting of
15-20 members.
 It is a part of Council Of
Ministers.
 The Cabinet meets frequently to
deliberate and take decisions
regarding the transaction
business.
 It directs the Council of Ministers
by taking policy decisions which
are binding on all Ministers and
also implements them.
 It enforces collective
responsibility of Council Of
Ministers to the lower house of
Parliament.

52. The role of the Cabinet
 It is the highest decision making authority in the Indian
Political System.
 It is the chief policy formulating body of the
Parliament.
 It is the chief coordinator of central administration.
 It is the chief advisory body of the President and its
advice is binding on him.
 It deals with all foreign policies and foreign affairs.
 It deals with all major legislative and financial matters.