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Tourism Development in Ladakh .docx
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Tourism and Entrepreneurship: Impact of Tourism on
Women Entrepreneurship in Ladakh
Synopsis of the Research Proposal
Submitted for the Registration into the Ph.D. Programme
(Part- Time) in Management
Of
The ICFAI University, Jharkhand
Ranchi
By
Mr. Manzoor Hussain
Under the Supervision of
Dr Subrato Dey
Contact: +91 9419540054
Email: manzoorandoo@gmail.com
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Table of Contents
Sl. No. Section Page No.
1 Introduction (the backdrop of the topic) 2
2 Relevance of the Topic (why this topic?) 3
3 Objective/s and scope (what will be covered
and what will NOT be covered)
4
4 Concepts/Theories/Philosophies
5 Research work that was done on the topic,
so far (please give details of the Researcher,
work done etc)
4
6 Problem Statement (Identifying Gap on the
basis of Literature Reviewed)
4
7 Hypotheses (If any): Justification 7
8 Methodology Proposed 7
9 Data proposed to be collected (Types,
Collection Method/s) and Statistical
Techniques (for Analysis) Projected:
Justification
7
10 Relevance of Projected Findings
11 Challenges / difficulties anticipated taking
up the study and how do you propose to
address them?
12 Proposed time frames for completion of the
major mile stones (start date, time estimated
and end date)
13 Help required, if any, from the University
14 Acknowledgements
15 Bibliography 9
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Introduction:
Women entrepreneur may be explained as a woman or a group of women who
assembles the major three factors (Land/Natural Resources,Labour and Capital)as anintegral
to production. The main objective of this research is to find out the opportunities and
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the Himalayan region. This paper focuses on
women entrepreneurs in general and Ladakhi women entrepreneur in particular.
Ladakh is a region lying in the womb of parallel ranges of Himalaya, Zanskar, Ladakh and
Karakorum, situated in Northern most part of India bordering Pakistan in the North, Tibet and
China in the east, Baltistan and Kashmir to the west and Himachal Pradesh in the south.
Ladakh is located at 75. I 5° to 80.15° East longitude and 32.15° to 36° North latitude in the
Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir located 72.30 ° to 80.30° East longitude and 32.10° to 37°
North latitude (Sagwal, S. S, 1991, p. 2).
Ladakh used to be the farming society in which both men and women used to work at the
farm equally, but modernization brings changes and men are moving out to the rural areas or
migrated to the urban areas to earn more and mostly women are staying in the villages
looking after the farm and children. Women never got the opportunity to invest their time
and energy into new start-ups. Women are very strong generally they used to work in the
fields. The Himalayan women continued working in the fields and grazing animals in the
mountains while their male counterparts were migrated to the urban space or into
government employees, who mostly posted far away from the villages.
In the beginning of the 21st century the tourists started exploring the new places and trekking
routes in the rural areas which connected the rural areas with the urban. With the arrival of
tourism in the villages people stated opening new shops, guesthouses, restaurants and home
stays. But these where mainly started by women as the males were out of the villages.
Tourism in the rural areas is the turning point to connect the villages with the mainstream. In
villages women successfully started their small shops which gives them wings to aspire more
and make them more confident and motivated.
In the last decade women in Ladakh come forward and started their own ventures defying
the patriarchal society. Tourism in Ladakh brings more innovative programmes and also many
new enterprises with new technologies, which helps women to come out and join the new
era. Tourism in the Himalayan region is one of the motivational forces to women to
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participate in the social, cultural and economic activities. As any other region, the society of
Ladakh was also dominated by the males in every dimension, like Family Decision, Business,
Social and Economic Decisions at village or town level. The centre, state and the local
government has taken various initiative to encourage more women entrepreneurs with easy
access of loans at low rate of interest. Now many women entrepreneurs from Ladakh are
successfully involved in the ventures at national and international level.
Ladakh used to be one of the important transaction centres of the famous trade route called
Silk Route through which people used to trade goods all the way from many central Asian
countries till Tibet and China.
Background of the problem:
Much of the literature which focuses on social and economic effects of tourism led
development revolves around debate as to positive and negative effects of tourism. The
positive effects are commonly reported to be increase in total income for the local economy,
increase in entrepreneurs particularly the women entrepreneurs, foreign earning, direct and
indirect employment and the stimulation of secondary economic growth. Tourism industry
served as means of cultural revitalization as dying customs were rejuvenated for tourists,
leading to increase in cultural pride.
The real problem lies with the unavailability of literature regarding the relation between the
tourist arrival and the growth of entrepreneurs in general and women entrepreneurs in
particular. The challenges faced by the women entrepreneurs in the region has not been
studied and literature cannot be found. This study shall focus on the relation between the
arrival of tourist and women entrepreneurial growth in the region. The growth of women
entrepreneur in the region increased since the tourist arrival but there is no literary evidence
which shows the relation between the two. Since the tourist arrival the commodification of
religion and culture is increased in the region.
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Objectives of the study:
To examine the Challenges faced by the Ladakhi Women Entrepreneurs.
To analyse the state of entrepreneurship development in Ladakh.
To analyse the impact of tourism on women entrepreneurship.
To look into the factors which motivates the Tribal Himalayan Women to become
Entrepreneurs.
To examine the Local and Centre Government’s support to Women Entrepreneurs.
Literature Review:
The literature review is a mixed on the possible effects of tourism industry on the local and
the cultural life of Ladakh and most of the literature are taking demographic system in
account.
Nawang Tsering Shakspo and Abdul Ghani Sheikh have written a series of books and articles
on Ladakh, in Ladakhi and Urdu respectively. Together with other Ladakhi’s they have taken
part in several of the IALS (International Association of Ladakh Studies) conferences both in
Ladakh and abroad. Tashi Rabgyas, the foremost contemporary Ladakhi lay scholar, has
written series ofbooks and published research papers in Tibetan/Ladakhi; and Kacho Sikandar
Khan has written an Urdu-language history of Ladakh (1987) which draws heavily on
Hashmatullah Khan.
Helen Norberg-Hodge (1991, 2009) first arrived in Ladakh in 1975, prior to the interference of
influx of ideas of material goods. In the firstedition of the book (1991) explained a very strong
social and family status for women and girls in the family and society. But the second edition
(2009) describes a drastic change in the society which is socially, economically and politically.
At this point Helen expresses Ladakh in different dimension. It is natural beauty is moved to
modernization, while increasing greed, intolerance, pollution and threat to the ecological
balance which had been maintained over the past century. Helen raises an important
question about the notion of progress and problem faced by highly industrialised society. The
book raises issues of globalization and the loss of indigenous wisdom.
Janet Rizvi (2001) studies ranges from seventeenth century to twentieth century. It’s a
document of complex pattern of trade upon which the pre-independence economy of Ladakh
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largely depended. The pre-independent Ladakhi’s trade route connecting the central Asians
country along the Indus river.
Andrew Harvey (1983) examines the religions (Tibetan Buddhism) and the spirit of all kinds in
Ladakh region. The study tries to explain the pristine of Buddhism culture in the mountainous
region. Healsoexplains the economic disadvantages and about the trade routes, likethe least
populated region in India cut-off by snow for six months each year. Harvey gives himself over
the landscape, to the mountains, as he tries his back on his western heritage and prepares to
open himself to Ladakhi society and spirituality.
Rassul Galvan (2001) a native of Ladakh, a trusted assistant to various European explorers.
Galvan writes about the journey of expedition in the company of adventure traders and
travellers like Sir Francis Young Husband, who explored the Tibetan plateau the Pamir
mountain and many central Asianregions. This book is one of the most original writings which
travels through the history of Ladakh tourism. Here in this work he explains about the
European tourists and their choice of travel and adventure. He also learned many European
languages and also relates the European with the Ladakhi culture.
Janet Rizvi (1996) in this book shows how the rich and unique tradition and culture met at
this highland altitude cross road. The study explains the rich tradition, economy, trade,
literature and arts..
Monisha Ahmad, Clare Harris (2005) the combine essay on the history and ongoing
production of art and artefacts in Ladakh and to recognize the Buddhist and Islamic
contribution to cultural and architectural environment. The study explains about the different
areas within Ladakh which shows the tourist attracted areas comparing with the rural areas.
A.H.Francke (2002) records the exploitations by the tourist of local resources and interfering
the socio-cultural jargons. The study illustrates the history of the region, the wars, migrations,
religious battles, conversions, ethnic changes and influences spread over a vast span of time.
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Research Hypothesis:
The following are the indicative list of hypotheses which will be tested in the proposed study.
Hypothesis1: Tourism industry generates more women entrepreneurs in Ladakh than
any other industry.
Hypothesis 2: With the flow of tourism the cold deserted tribal region has been
opened to the world in terms of entrepreneurial growth, innovation and education to
women’s of Ladakh.
Hypothesis 3: The present configuration of the tourism industry does not provide a
sustainable model of economic growth for Ladakh.
Research Methodology:
In order to achieve the objectives of the study various data’s will be collected from different
dimensions to analysis every area of the study. This study is based on generally the cause and
effect of tourism industry on locals with reference to women entrepreneurship. So, we need
to focus more upon the primary data’s which will be collected directly from the involved
stakeholders. The secondary data’s will also be helpful and will be collected from authentic
government Websites, Books, Research Papers, Journals and Articles.
A random interviews and questionnaire will be produced to the women entrepreneurs who
are directly or indirectly involved. The samples will be selected from different locations which
are tourist destinations (Pangong-tso, Nubra valley, Suru valley, Indus valley, Aryan valley,
Thiksey, Zanskar, Batalik, Leh and Kargil town). The questionnaire will be based on Rensis
Likerts scale popularly known as five points scale. The Mean and Standard Deviation will be
obtained from the following variables.
Tourist arrival at different time period
A surveyed shall also be conducted with the help of questionnaires and direct interviews.
Among the stakeholders, an equal proportion will be interviewed from both the categories
0
100000
200000
300000
1978 2009 2011 2016
national
international
total
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those associated with tourist activities and those having no association with tourism. To
achieve the stated objective the following indicators will be selected:
1 Social and Demographic Indicators
a) Age structure
b) Age at marriage
c) Involved in tourism
d) Multi-lingual language
e) Educational standards
2 Economic Indicators
a) Occupational structure
b) Income distribution pattern
c) Source of income
d) Borrowings and investments
e) House structure
f) Magnitude of fixed and variable assets.
The above indicators will be selected separately for both the groups of selected samples to
examine the magnitude of differences between the two groups in terms of impression laid by
tourism industry. Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation will be used to see the relationship.
Regression analysis can also be used to estimate the relationship among the variables.
The secondary data’s will be taken from the authentic sources like official district websites
which will be taken the number of tourist inflow yearly. As most importantly to see the
number of Indian and foreign tourists to see the influence on local population. Various books
authored by foreign nationals are available and also since the inflow of tourist data’s are
available with International Association of Ladakh Studies (IALS), which is a common platform
of research scholars interested in Ladakh studies.
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Chapter scheme:
The proposed study will be divided into Five chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction- This chapter will provide the objectives of the study, its scope, a
brief overview of the research methodology and the structure of the thesis. It will also deal
with the review of existing literature on the subject.
Chapter 2: Tourism and Entrepreneurship in Ladakh- this chapter will present an overview of
the state of tourism industry as well as entrepreneurship in Ladakh.
Chapter 3: State of Women Entrepreneurship in Ladakh- This chapter will discuss the status
of women entrepreneurship in Ladakh. The chapter will also elaborate on scope and
challenges for women entrepreneurship in Ladakh.
Chapter 4: Impact of Tourism Development on Women Entrepreneurship in Ladakh- this
chapter will analyse the impact of growing tourism industry on women entrepreneurship
development in Ladakh.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations- this chapter will present the findings of the
research study and it will also enlist recommendations for the promotion and development
of entrepreneurship in general and women entrepreneurship in particular in the newly
established Union Territory of Ladakh.
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