Gandhi News vol. 11 no. 1

April-June 2016
Editor : Prof. Jahar Sen
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Contribution : Rs. 20/-
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1. Editorial ≠ Swadhyaya Movement : 5
A Gandhian Approach to Voluntary Action
2. Document ≠ Gandhi’s Tribute to 8
ISWARCHANDRA VIDYASAGAR
3. A. Annamalai ≠ Revisiting Gandhi—Issues and Challenges 13
4. ¢!¢Ë)˛£Ïî òy¢=Æ ≠ Ë˛yÓly 21
5. ˆàÔÓ˚# xy•zÎ˚%Ó ≠ ÓƒÌ≈ ˆ°yÜ˛lyÎ˚Ü˛ 25
6. §°#° !ÓŸªy§ ≠ ê˛°ﬁê˛Î˚ÈüÈày¶˛# ≠ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly 30
7. Director-Secretary’s : Director-Secretary’s Report on the 37
Report Programmes and Activities of the
Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore,
during March, 2016 to May, 2016
8. List of Articles ≠ List of English Articles Published in 45
Gandhi News/Gandhi Sanbad
from 1998 to 2016
GANDHI NEWS
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5
n this editorial column we have the
pleasure to draw the attention of
the interested readers to an article
‘‘Fifty year down the Road : Some
Home Truths’’ by Kamala
Choudhury published in Indian
Book Chronicle (Vol 24. No. 6,
September 1999.) The article
deals in brief with Swadhyaya
movement in Gujrat and
Maharashtra.
Pandurang Shashtri is a
devoted teacher of Bhagwat
Gita. In 1951 he started the
movement with nineteen
students who atteded his
discourses on Gita. The main
burden of his discourses was :
Devotion should not be limited to
temple worship, rites and rituals,
singing and chanting only. This
crude faith will drown us in oceans
and man shall be degraded to
beastly sensual existence. Under
such conditions, if young people
Swadhyaya Movement :
A Gandhian Approach to Voluntary Action
Pandurang Shashtri
I

6
like you who have studied the
Upanishads and Gita and do
nothing, you will be guilty of
neglecting your duty. Neither
society nor history, nor God will
ever forgive this lapse on your part.
Therefore you must go to villages.
This too is a form of devotion.
The Swadhyaya Movement was
prevalent in Gujrat and
Maharashtra. It has transformed
the traditional society of millions of
people. The alpha and omega of
this movement is the human
and spiritual urges of the people.
These form the basis of
economic development. In 1997
Pandurang Shashtri Athvale, the
founder-leader of the Movement
was awarded Temptation Award
for Progress in Religion.
The Swadhyaya community was
credited in the certificate of the
award with reaching out the nearly
1,00,000 villages and
improving the lives of
an estimated 20
million people.
In a drought-
prone area in Gujrat,
the Swadhyaya
engineers and
technicians helped
Swadhyaya villagers
and communities to
use rain water to
recharge 94,465 wells and 208 dry
lakes. The intermeshing of bhakti,
devotion to God, with technical
knowledge has provided new and
creative ways of teaching and
learning and transforming village
institutions and village
communities.
In his acceptance speech at the
Magasaysay Award, Pandurang
Shastri described his work. ‘‘We
Swadhyayees try to bridge the gap
between the haves and have-nots,
but we are not socialists. We are
engaged in removing the dirt and
rust which has settled on our
culture. Yet we are not reformers.
We do try to emancipate women
from their oppressed conditions but
we are not women liberators. We
are basically devotees, i.e. bhaktas.’’
The Swadhyaya movement and
‘bhaktipheri’ that is devotional tours
Pandurang Shashtri Athvale Award for Progress in Religion, 1997
Vol. 11, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤Ã°üÈç%l˛ 2016

7
to villages became an instrument of
social activism. Every Swadhyayee
practices bhakti by visiting 5
households every month. This
‘bhakti’ is an important instrument
of social activism and change.
Majid Rahman from Iran, an
international civil seryant, in
describing his encounter with the
Swadhyaya movement said
‘‘Swadhyaya has shown how a
number of so-called
underdeveloped people were
successfully ‘developing’ and
adapting themselves to outside
changes in ways much more
effective and intelligent that what
most professional experts in the
field were able to offer.’’
Pandurang Shastri explains his
method : ‘‘My effort is to create a
new man who pursues the divine
mission in which God is the Centre.
Individual transformation and
empowerment is achieved through
service to the divine. It treats
economic development as a by-
product of individual
transformation and empowerment
through service. Swadhyaya
tackles the materialist western
worldview by reasserting the
essential spiritual quality of human
nature.’’
On 12 March, 1930 Gandhi
undertook the historic Dandi
March. On the same day the Gujrati
translation of his Geeta was
published in English.
A member of the Ashram found
it difficult to understand the
Gujrati version. His complain
moved Gandhi. Gandhi was then
residing at Yerwade prison. From
November 4, 1930 onward Gandhi
wrote letter to Ashram. The first
letter was devoted to Chapter XII
of the Geeta. In this letter Gandhi
wrote, ‘‘Let me tell you what the
true devotee is like. ...He reduces
him self to zero.’’ Voluntary work of
group dynamics can work wonder
in every aspect of human activity.
Pandurang is, indeed, little Gandhi.

8
Gandhi’s Tribute
to
ISWARCHANDRA VIDYASAGAR
1. (1774-1833). A great social and religious reformer, founder of the Brahmo Samaj, supported
abolition of Sati and worked hard for the spread of education.
There is no gainsaying the fact
that a nation’s rise or fall
depends upon its great men. The
people who produce good men
cannot but be influenced by them.
The main reason for the special
distinction that we find in Bengal is
that many great men were born
there during the last century.
Beginning with Rammohan Roy,1
one heroic figure after another has
raised Bengal to a position higher
than that of the other provinces. It
can be said that Iswarchandra
Vidyasagar was the greatest among
them. “Vidyasagar”, which means
an ocean of learning, was an
honorific of Ishwarchandra,
conferred on him by the pandits of
Calcutta for his profound Sanskrit
learning. But Ishwarchandra was
not an ocean of learning only; he
was an ocean of compassion, of
generosity, as well as of many other
virtues. He was a Hindu, and a
Brahmin too. But to him, Brahmin
and Sudra, Hindu and Muslim,
were all alike. In any good deed
that he performed, he made no
distinction between high and low.
When his professor had an attack of
cholera, he himself nursed him. As
the professor was poor,
Ishwarchandra called in the doctors

9
2. A kind of unleavened and fried bread made from flour.
3. In West Bengal, then a French possession.
4. In West Bengal.
at his own cost and himself
attended to the patient’s toilet.
He used to buy luchi2 and curds
and feed the poor Muslims at his
own cost, in Chandranagar,3 and
helped with money those who
needed it. If he saw a cripple or
anyone in distress by the roadside,
he took him to his own house and
nursed him personally. He felt grief
at other people’s sorrows and joy at
their joys.
Himself he led a very simple
life. His dress consisted of a coarse
dhoti, a shawl of a
similar kind to
cover his body, and
slippers. In that
dress he used to call
on Governors, and
in the same dress he
greeted the poor.
He was really a
fakir, a sannyasi or
a yogi. It behoves us
all to reflect on his
life.
Ishwarchandra
was born of poor parents in a small
village in the Midnapur taluka.4 His
mother was a very saintly woman,
and many of her virtues were
inherited by Ishwarchandra. Even
in those days, his father knew some
English, and decided to give his son
a better education. Ishwarchandra
began his schooling at the age of
five. At the age of eight, he had to
walk sixty miles to Calcutta to join
a Sanskrit College. He had such a
prodigious memory that he learnt
the English numerals by looking at
the figures on the milestones while
walking along the road. At sixteen
he became well versed in Sanskrit,
and was appointed a Sanskrit
teacher. Rising step by step, he at
last became the Principal of the
college where he had studied. The
Government held him in great
Father : Thakundas Mother : Bhagabati Devi

10
respect. But, being of an
independent nature, he could not
adjust himself to the Director of
Public Instruction and resigned his
post. Sir Frederick Halliday, the
Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal,
sent for him and requested him to
withdraw his resignation, but
Ishwarchandra flatly declined.
His nobility and humanity had
their true blossoming after he had
given up his job. He saw that
Bengali was a very good language,
but appeared poor for want of fresh
contributions. He, therefore, began
writing books in Bengali. He
produced very powerful books, and
it is mainly due to Vidyasagar that
the Bengali language is at present
in full bloom and has spread
throughout India.
But he also realised that
merely writing books was not
enough; and so he founded schools.
It was Vidyasagar who founded the
Metropolitan College in Calcutta. It
is staffed entirely by Indians.
Considering that elementary
education was quite as necessary as
higher education, he started
primary schools for the poor. This
was a stupendous task in which he
needed Government help. The
Lieutenant-Governor assured him
that the Government would bear
the cost; but the Viceroy, Lord
Ellenborough, was opposed to this
and the bills preferred by
Vidyasagar were not passed. The
Lieutenant-Governor was very
sorry and suggested that
Ishwarchandra might file a suit
against him. Brave Ishwarchandra
replied : “Sir, I have never gone to
a court of law to get justice for
myself. How, then, is it possible for
me to proceed against you?” At that
time other European gentlemen
who used to help Ishwarchandra in
his work rendered him good
financial aid. Not being very rich
himself, he often ran into debt by
helping others out of their
difficulties; nevertheless, when a
proposal was made to raise a public
subscription for him, he turned it
down.
He did not rest satisfied with
thus putting higher and elementary
education on a sound footing. He
saw that, without the education of
girls, the education of boys alone
would not be enough. He found out
a verse from Manu which said that
the education of women was a duty.
Pressing it into service, he wrote a
book on the subject and, in
collaboration with Mr Bethune,
founded the Bethune College for
imparting education to women. But
it was more difficult to get women

11
to go to college than to establish it.
As he lived a saintly life and was
very learned, he was respected by
all. So he met prominent people
and persuaded them to send their
womenfolk to the College; and thus,
their daughters began to attend the
College. Today there are in that
College many well-known and
talented women of sterling
character, so much so that they can
by themselves carry on its
administration.
Still not satisfied,
he started schools
imparting elementary
education to small
girls. Here food,
clothing and books
were supplied free of
charge. Consequently,
one can see today
thousands of educated
women in Calcutta.
To meet the need for teachers
he started a Teachers’ Training
College. Seeing the very pitiable
condition of Hindu widows, he
advocated the remarriage of
widows; he wrote books and made
speeches on the subject. The
Brahmins of Bengal opposed him,
but he did not care. People
threatened to kill him, but he went
on undaunted. He got the
Government to pass a law legalising
remarriage of widows. He
persuaded many men and arranged
the remarriage of daughters of
prominent men widowed in
childhood. He encouraged his own
son to marry a poor widow.
The kulin or high-born
Brahmins were given to taking a
number of wives. They were not
ashamed of marrying as many as
twenty of them. Ishwarchandra
wept to see the sufferings of such
women; and he carried on his
efforts till the end of his life to
eradicate this wicked custom.
When he saw thousands of poor
people in Burdwan suffering from
malaria, he maintained a doctor at
his own cost and personally
distributed medicines among them.
He went to the houses of the poor
and gave them the necessary help.
In this way he worked ceaselessly
for two years, secured Government
help and called for more doctors.

12
In the course of this work, he
saw the necessity of a knowledge of
medicine. So he studied
homoeopathy, attained proficiency
in it, and began to prescribe
medicines to the sick. He did not
mind travelling long distances in
order to help the poor.
He was equally a stalwart in
helping big princes out of their
difficulties. If any of them had
injustice done to him or was
reduced to poverty, Ishwarchandra
used to help him with his influence,
knowledge and money, and mitigate
his distress.
While he was engaged in these
activities, Vidyasagar passed away
in 1890, at the age of seventy. There
have been few in this world like
him. It is said that, had
Ishwarchandra been born among a
European people, an imposing
column, like the one raised by the
British for Nelson, would have been
erected as a memorial to him.
However, a column to honour
Ishwarchandra already stands in
the hearts of the great and the
small, the rich and the poor of
Bengal.
It will now be clear to us how
Bengal provides an example for the
other parts of India to follow.
Source : (From Gujarati), Indian Opinion, 16-9-1905

13
Revisiting Gandhi—Issues and Challenges
A. Annamalai
Director, National Gandhi Museum,
Rajghat, New Delhi- 110002, India
Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel
Laureate and the son of the
soil once wrote about Gandhiji: ‘‘He
stopped at the threshold of the huts
of the thousands of dispossessed,
dressed like one of their own. ‘‘He
spoke to them in their language.
Here was living truth at last, and
not quotations from books. For this
reason, the ‘Mahatma’, the name
given to him by the people of India,
is his real name. Who else has felt
like him that all Indians are his
own flesh and blood...At Gandhi’s
call India blossomed forth to new
This paper was presented as key-note address in the National Seminar on ‘Rethinking
Gandhian thought : Issues and Challenges’, organized by Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya,
Barrackpore, held on March 26, 2016

14
greatness, just as once before, in
earlier times, when the Buddha
proclaimed the truth of fellow
feeling and compassion among all
living creatures.”
Erosion of Ethical Standard
and Corruption :
When there has been deep erosion
of moral values in our private and
public life, and when ethical
principles have all but disappeared,
it is good to revisit Gandhiji
because the Gandhian values
appear to be an effective
alternative to the present crisis of
the world. He provided not only the
political leadership to achieve
freedom, but also moral leadership,
which is of greater need today.
Violence, Terrorism and
Extremism :
Violence and counter-violence of
either side could result in more
inhuman form of destruction and
we risk tit-for-tat violence that
looks hard to get out of this vicious
circle. Recent attacks in Belgium
and France are just an example of
the inhuman, unethical form of
retaliation but ultimately the
sufferers are mostly innocent
people. Therefore Martin Luther
King Jr observed the usage of
violence and its limitation— “The
ultimate weakness of violence is
that it is a descending spiral,
begetting the very thing it seeks to
destroy. Instead of diminishing evil,
it multiplies it... Through violence
you may murder the hater, but you
do not murder hate. In fact,
violence merely increases hate....
Returning violence for violence
multiplies violence, adding deeper
darkness to a night already devoid
of stars. Darkness cannot drive out
darkness; only light can do that.
Hate cannot drive out hate; Only
love can do that”.
Gandhi was well aware of the
ill effects of the act of violence. He
was himself associated with war
during Boer War and Zulu
Rebellion in South Africa and
witnessed two World Wars.
Therefore, Gandhi evolved
carefully and presented to the
world the idea of nonviolence, the
most pragmatic and potent
technique of conflict resolution for
a civilized society-as an alternative
to war and violence. Gandhi’s
nonviolence is not static, it evolves
and adapts to changing situations.
He used his non-violent resistance
against racial discrimination in
South Africa and in India he used
non-violent methods to fight
against the British Raj.
I would like to quote a few

15
instances of non-violence practised
by Gandhi. In South Africa he tried
to present the grievances of Indian
residents, who had migrated from
India in search of jobs. In the
process he had to oppose the
various measures formulated by
General Smuts. However, in 1914,
in an act of supreme generosity,
Gandhi presented Smuts with a
pair of sandals which he had made
himself. These were used by Smuts
for a few years. But, in 1939, he
wanted to return the sandals to
Gandhi on his seventieth birthday,
saying, “I have worn these sandals
for many a summer ... even though
I may feel that I am not worthy to
stand in the shoes of so great a
man. It was my fate to be the
antagonist of a man for whom even
then I had the highest respect. ...
He never forgot the human
background of the situation, never
lost his temper or succumbed to
hate, and preserved his gentle
humour even in the most trying
situations. His manner and spirit
even then, as well as later,
contrasted markedly with the
ruthless and brutal forcefulness
which is the vogue in our day...” In
the words of Gandhi, “It is the acid
test of non-violence that, in a non-
violent conflict, there is no rancour
left behind, and in the end the
enemies are converted into friends.
That was my experience in South
Africa, with General Smuts. He
started with being my bitterest
opponent and critic. Today he is my
warmest friend”.
In another instance, Lord
Irwin, who was the Viceroy of India
when Gandhiji engaged in a Civil
Disobedience Movement through
Salt March, once said, “I personally
felt I could trust Mr. Gandhi and I
did trust him. Now I am going to
tell you something and if you let it
out, my name is mud. It’s finished.
You have got to keep it to yourself.
I’ll tell it to you in confidence.
Never a word to anybody came out
of Gandhi. Therefore, I have every
reason to have great respect and
regard for the name of that very
remarkable little man.” Lord Irwin
trusted his own enemy! This trust
building is essential in resolving
conflict through nonviolent method.
For example, due to the growth
of the Hand Spinning (Khadi)
Movement in India, most of the
textile industries in Manchester
and Lancashire were closed down
and the people became
unemployed. When Gandhi went to
London in 1931 to attend the
Second Round Table Conference, he
wanted to meet those unemployed
mill workers. He wanted to convey

16
his real meaning of ‘Swadeshi’ to
the people of England. Finally he
conveyed his views and they also
understood Gandhi. This is the
power of love and nonviolence. It
penetrates into the hearts of even
the hardest people.
Spiritual Journey— From ‘God
is Truth’ to ‘Truth is God’ :
In a country having great diversity
of religion, caste and political
affiliations, differences are bound to
arise. Differences are a reality and
that is the beauty— difference is
beauty. Whether we are in India or
in elsewhere, we have to appreciate
the differences among different
communities, religions,
nationalities and the like. Gandhi’s
spiritual journey from ‘God is
Truth’ to ‘Truth is God’ is the result
of the acceptance and recognition of
multi-religious and multi-cultural
society. Under normal
circumstances, domination by the
majority or domination by a few
results in the suppression of the
rest and this invariably creates
unrest in the society. Therefore, we
should create an environment in
which all the stakeholders are able
to meaningfully participate in the
process of development and in the
making of the
country.
Gandhi once
wrote, “I shall
work for an India
in which the
poorest shall feel
that it is their
country, in
whose making
they have an
effective voice,
an India in which
there shall be no
high class and low class of people,
an India in which all communities
shall live in perfect harmony.
There can be no room in such an
India for the curse of
untouchability or the curse of
intoxicating drinks and drugs.
Women will enjoy the same rights
as men. This is the India of my
dreams.”

17
Cultural Fundamentalism and
Intolerance :
Gandhiji’s religious pluralism
involves a profound transformation
in the self-understanding of every
religion, particularly those making
absolutist claims. It requires them
to recognize that although they
contain truth, it is neither the
whole truth nor nothing but the
truth, and that they need to be self-
critical and open. While some
groups in all religions are moving
in this direction, others offer strong
resistance.
Basically every religion has its
own geographical character. If we
insist upon certain conditions on
other faiths, naturally they react
and resist. Recent incidents on
religious intolerance posed a great
challenge to the fundamental
principles of the constitution of
India. Freedom of speech and
freedom of expression are the
fundamental rights of the
individual and they cannot be
curtailed in a democratic country
like India. Some people are trying
to interpret nationalism and
patriotism in their own way. If we
started eliminating people
according to our own
interpretation, nobody will be left
out. Therefore, Gandhi said “The
Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the
Christians, the Parsis and the Jews
should be Indians first and Indians
last. Religion is the personal affair
of each individual. It must not be
mixed up with politics or national
affairs.”
Gandhi lived and died for
communal unity and oneness of God
irrespective of labels like Christian,
Parsi, Hindu or Muslim or even an
untouchable. He transcended all
the barriers of religion, language,
nationhood, etc. and moved with all
the people of different faiths in an
equal way.
Poverty, Inequality and
Structural Violence :
Economic development includes
alleviation of poverty and hunger,
adequacy of the supply of basic
needs, reduction of inequality in
the distribution of income and
wealth, reduction of regional
disparities in the rates and
patterns of development and
finally, preservation of acceptable

18
environmental quality and an
enhancement of the quality of life.
The percolation theory believes
“growth solves every problem
including the problem of poverty”.
But in reality when growth goes on
increasing, more and more families
are thrown out at the bottom. This
is the most vulnerable point in the
modern development model. Then
question arises, Development for
whom? This is the
question of the
redistribution of
the benefit of
growth.
Economics as
visualized by
Gandhi must be
seen in the light of
his philosophy of
life in its totality.
He emphasized the
need of production
by masses instead
of mass production. Mass
production is only concerned with
the product, whereas production by
the masses is concerned with the
product as well as the producers,
and the process involved in it. If
understood in the right context and
perspective, his method of
production by masses, i.e.,
decentralized means of production
and distribution, would control the
growth of centralized mode of
ownership, the means of production
and the resulting capital formation.
Gandhi was not opposed to capital
growth but opposed to capital and
the surplus concentrated in a few.
Instead of accumulating the surplus
in the hands of a few, the surplus
should be distributed among the
masses, thereby bridging the
growing gap between the haves and
have-nots.
Today’s growth cannot be
considered as an organic growth.
For example, if you take India, only
a few cities are developed.
Development of handful of cities
cannot solve our economic
problems. In fact, it will create and
increase our problems. This
growth pattern increases the gap
between the rich and poor and

19
urban and rural. Cities are growing
at the cost of the villages causing
livelihood problems in the villages,
resulting in migration to the cities
and living there in inhuman
conditions. Gandhi wanted to have
an organic growth—inclusive
growth—with focus on sustain-
ability. Therefore, our development
mantra should be sustainability.
When asked if he was against
all machinery? Gandhiji said, “My
answer is emphatically ‘No’. But, I
am against its indiscriminate
multiplication..... What I object to,
is the craze for machinery, not
machinery as such. The craze is for
what they call labour-saving
machinery. Men go on ‘saving
labour’, till thousands are without
work and thrown on the open
streets ‘to die of starvation. I want
to save time and labour, not for a
fraction of mankind, but for all, I
want the concentration of wealth,
not in the hands of few, but in the
hands of all. Today machinery
merely helps a few ride on the
backs of millions. The impetus
behind it all is not the philanthropy
to save labour, but greed. It is
against this constitution of things
that I am fighting with all my
might.”
Gandhi was not against
machinery or modern technology.
He insisted that machinery or
technology should be appropriate to
our social and economic
environment. It should not control
the humanity. It should not replace
our huge labour force. Rural
economy and agro-based industries
should be developed and
strengthened. It should be
environmental friendly. Ultimately
it should bring the changes in the
living standards of the common
people. This is what Gandhi
wanted. But we are totally
misinterpreting Gandhi, in
publicizing that Gandhi opposed
modernizing technology.
His economic philosophy is
vibrant, ever widening. It is not
techno-centred, but people-centred.
Due to technological advancements
fewer and fewer people are needed
to work, because the industrialists
want greater productivity. The
masters of the money economy
want more and more efficient
machines working faster and faster,
and the result is that men and
women are thrown out and become
technologically unemployed. Such a
society generates rootless and
jobless millions, living as
dependents of the state or beggers
in the streets of the metros.
Gandhi was fortunate in a way
that no other leader of the world of

20
his time encountered so many
civilizations. He lived, experienced
and experimented with these
civilizations actively and
encountered them very
passionately. He was born and
brought up in the cultural
traditions of India, he went to
London to study law where he
encountered the western
civilization and finally, he
struggled in South Africa where
he experienced African
civilization. Therefore, it has
greater meaning when he says, “I
do not want my house to be walled
in on all sides and my windows to
be stuffed. I want the cultures of all
lands to be blown about my house
as freely as possible. But I refuse to
be blown off my feet by any. I refuse
to live in other people’s houses as
an interloper, a beggar or a slave.”
Environmental degradation,
Pollution and Global Warming :
Environmental issues are posing a
great threat to the planet Earth.
Our planet is a living organism that
acts and responds to everything we
do on her. We cannot treat the earth
as a non-living thing. Recent heavy
rains and floods in Chennai are an
example for the erratic behavior of
the nature. Slowly natural rhythm-
natural cycle is changing due to
various factors including Global
Warming. It is nothing but the
consequential effect of reckless
industrialism and consumerism.
Through various Earth Summits,
countries are now serious in taking
corrective measures. Gandhiji’s idea
that “nature has enough to satisfy
every one’s needs, but not to satisfy
anybody’s greed” becomes one line
ethic to modern environmentalism.
Today we are deliberating upon
many issues and challenges
pertaining to the modern
development. Asking right
question at the right time is as
important as giving the right
answer. Hopefully we have raised
here right questions, in order to find
out appropriate answers.
I conclude my key-note address
with the sayings of Dr. Martin
Luther King, “Gandhi was
inevitable. If humanity is to
progress, Gandhi is inescapable.
He lived, thought and acted,
inspired by the vision of humanity
evolving toward a world of Peace
and Harmony. We may ignore
Gandhi at our own risk.”
Gandhi is not a spent bullet, he
is the creative alternative.

21
xyô%!lÜ˛Ü˛yˆÏ° §%ˆÏÎyàÈüÈ§%!Óôy Ùï˛ ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•zÈüÈã˛y!Ó˚!ê˛
Ü˛ÌyÜ˛yˆÏç °yày•zÎ˚y !òÓyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎÙl ~Ü˛ê˛y í˛zÍ§y• ˆòáy
Îy•zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã§ˆÏDÈüÈx≤Ã§ˆÏD ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•zÈüÈã˛y!Ó˚!ê˛
Ü˛Ìy ê˛y!lÎ˚y xy!lÎ˚y ˆ§ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ò%Û˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ü˛í˛¸y Ü˛Ìy ÷ly•zÎ˚y !òÓyÓ˚
ˆ°yË˛G xˆÏlˆÏÜ˛ §¡∫Ó˚î Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈl ly– xyˆÏà xÓ¢ƒ á%Ó
Ü˛Ìy ÷!lï˛yÙ ày•z¶˛ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ~ál ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y
xy˛õlyÈüÈxy˛õ!l•z xˆÏlÜ˛áy!l Ùyã˛yÎ˚ í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈÈüüüÈ àç≈lÜ˛yÓ˚# !§ÇˆÏ•Ó˚yG
ï˛y•z ˆÎl xyÓyÓ˚ áÑyã˛yÎ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈl– !Ü˛v §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Îï˛
÷!lï˛yÙ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢•z ••z° ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ü˛°ÈüÈ!ÙˆÏ°Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚– ~•záyˆÏl•z xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xy˛õ!_– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ày¶˛#Óy!òàˆÏîÓ˚
!lÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ÷ô%Ùye ~Ü˛ê˛y
í˛zÍ˛õyòlÜ˛yÓ˚# Îsf !•¢yˆÏÓ lÎ˚ñ
•z•yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y
≤Ãï˛#Ü˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ– !Ü˛v ˆ§ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
Ü˛Ìy SÈy!í˛¸Î˚y•z !òˆÏï˛!SÈ– ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !òÜ˛ Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚
§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛•z Ü˛Ìy Ó!°ˆÏï˛!SÈ– !Ó÷k˛
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ Ó!°Î˚y ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚
ˆÜ˛ylGÓ› xyˆÏSÈ Ó!°Î˚y•z ˆÎ
!ÓŸªy§ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ ly–
ç#ÓlÈüÈl#!ï˛•z !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ à#!ï˛ó ï˛y•y
ly ày!•Î˚y xÌ≈ÈüÈl#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyl Ë˛y!lÓ
!Ü˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ⁄ ˆ§ylyÓ˚*˛õyÎ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ Ù%oy
Ë˛yÓly ¢!¢Ë)˛£Ïî òy¢=Æ

22
Óy Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚!™ ˆlyˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒï˛/ ˆÜ˛ylG !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ù)°ƒ
lÎ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚•z ~Ü˛!ê˛ oÓƒydÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈– ~•zçlƒ•z ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚
§Ó xy¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ly Ó!°Î˚y ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ !Ü˛S%ÈˆÏï˛•z
ˆÓyV˛yl ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆ§•z xy¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy §Ó ˆÎyà
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ°•z ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zÓñ Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù° ˆÎ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
§!•ï˛ Î%_´ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y xyˆÏòÔ ˆ§•z ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD•z
Î%_´ lÎ˚ó ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ˆÎ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ñ Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù°
ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ç#Ól ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛ó §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y G Ü˛°ÈüÈ!ÙˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ GˆÏë˛ ly– Ùl%£ÏƒÈüÈ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÎ
Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Ü˛°ƒyî°yˆÏË˛Ó˚
ˆÎ ˛õsiyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy§# ••zÎ˚y xyÙÓ˚y Ü˛°ÈüÈ!Ù°ˆÏÜ˛ xy◊Î˚
Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ày¶˛#Óyò ï˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù Ü˛°ƒyî Ó!°Î˚y !ÓŸªy§
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lyó ˆ§•z xÜ˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÌ ••zˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛
ÎÌyÌ≈ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !Ê˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y xy!lˆÏÓ •z•y•z
ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Î!ò xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã ày¶˛#ÓyòˆÏÜ˛•z xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓñ
ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓyòˆÏÜ˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ •Î˚ ly–
ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ó¶%˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ÙˆÏl
˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y ˆà°– §Ó ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚•z ˆÎÙl Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚ ly
••zˆÏ°G !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y !ÓŸªy§ ≤ÃFSÈß¨ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎ
ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆ°yÜ˛ áy!° Û≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛Ü˛y°ÛÈüüüÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§
ˆ°yÜ˛!ê˛ Úxy!ÙÛÈüüüÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛Ó˚G ÷ô% ˆ§•z ≤ÃFSÈß¨
!ÓŸªy§ lÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏÜ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ ˆÓ˚yà !SÈ°– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ñ ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z !Ü˛!MÈ˛ò!ôÜ˛
Ú•zÙ≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛Ü˛y°‰ÛÈüüüÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ˆòyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù
!lò¢≈lÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ !Óôyï˛y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ôÓ˚yï˛ˆÏ°
xÓï˛#î≈ Ü˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y!SÈˆÏ°l !ï˛!l ••zˆÏ°l ÚˆÙy•lòy§
Ü˛Ó˚ÙãÑ˛yò ày¶˛#Û– xÓ¢ƒ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ≤Ã§ˆÏD•z Ü˛Ìy
••zˆÏï˛!SÈ°ñ ~ÓÇ fl∫yË˛y!ÓÜ˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í
Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙÎ≈yòy §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ü˛Ìy
í˛z!ë˛Î˚y!SÈ°– !ï˛!l ~Ü˛!ê˛ §ˆÏçyÓ˚ Ù%‹TƒyâyˆÏï˛ Ó!°ˆÏ°lñ
ÚÚxyç=!Ó Ë˛y£Ïyñ §Ó xyç=!Ó– ~•z ôÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏÜ˛
Ë˛o§ÙyˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl∫yË˛y!ÓÜ˛•z •zFSÈy
•ˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !àˆÏ°Ü˛Ó˚y çyÙy àyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚Gó
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛y •ÛˆÏ° !Ü˛
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ !lˆÏç çyÙy!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆôy˛õò%Ó˚hflÏ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛yã˛
åˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ày!¶˛ç# xyÓyÓ˚ §yÓyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ˆòˆÏÓl ï˛ñ ly xyÓyÓ˚ «˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ÛˆÏÓ⁄ä
ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y!òl ÓˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ !àˆÏ° Ü˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓÓ˚Gó ï˛ˆÏÓ•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !òl ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z çyÙy
˜ï˛Ó˚#ˆÏï˛•z ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆÓÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ly– Ó!°Î˚y•z
!ï˛!l ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ xÜ˛yê˛ƒ Î%!_´Ó˚ §yÓ˚Ó_yÎ˚ ˆÓ¢ áy!lÜ˛ê˛y
!l!Ÿã˛hs˝ ••zÎ˚y Ó!§ˆÏ°l– ày!¶˛ç# ï˛ ÷ô% Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ñ
çyÙy !lˆÏç Ü˛y!ã˛Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°l ly•zñ §Ω˛Ó ••zˆÏ°
!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ñ çyÙy !lˆÏç ˜ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yG °•zˆÏï˛
Ó!°Î˚yˆÏSÈlñ ï˛ï˛ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ƒhs˝ ÷!lˆÏ° Ó¶%˛ÓÓ˚ !Ü˛
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛l çy!l ly– xy!Ù ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ≤Ã§D
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y °•z°yÙó Ü˛yÓ˚î ày¶˛#Óyò ~ÓÇ
Ú!Ê˛l‰!Ê˛ˆÏl xy!jÓ˚ !àˆÏ° Ü˛Ó˚yÛÈüÈÓyò ~•z ò%•z!ê˛•z ˆÎ
Ù)ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~•z Ü˛Ìyê˛y Ë˛y° Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y
Ó%!V˛ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xlƒ ˛õÑyã˛Ó˚Ü˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛Ü≈˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛
ˆÜ˛ylG °yË˛ ly•z– ÎÑy•yˆÏÜ˛ ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó fl∫yÓ°¡∫#
••zˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó xyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚ Ó!ç≈ï˛
••zÎ˚y ˜òl!®l xË˛yÓG xˆÏlÜ˛ Ü˛Ùy•zÎ˚y xy!lˆÏï˛
••zˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ~•z xË˛yÓ=!° ÎÌyÈüÈ§Ω˛Ó Ü˛Ùy•zÎ˚y
ˆÊ˛!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ°•z ïÑ˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyˆÏÜ˛G ˆÎ
xˆÏlÜ˛áy!l Óò°y•zÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ–
Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛y §ˆÏ_¥G
ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ lyly §ÙˆÏÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Óyò çyly•zÎ˚y !SÈˆÏ°l– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Î%!_´ !SÈ°

23
ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ÈüÈˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚˛õsi#–
~áyˆÏlG ˆÎ Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ ï˛y•yG xy§ˆÏ° ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
Ùï˛yhs˝Ó˚ó xy§ˆÏ° Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ~ÓÇ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ùyl§ÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° !Ù° Ìy!Ü˛ˆÏ°G
~ÓÇ í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚•z í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛y¢#°
Ìy!Ü˛ˆÏ°Gñ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ç#ÓlÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÙhflÏÓí˛¸ ÓƒÓôyl !SÈ°ó ç#Ólò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
í˛zË˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôG ˛õ,ÌÜ˛ !SÈ°– ày!¶˛ç#
ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÈüÈájÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õsi#
çy!lÎ˚y ÷ô%Ùye xy!Ì≈Ü˛ Óy §yÙy!çÜ˛ Óy Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
§%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ à°yô/Ü˛Ó˚î Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°l
ly•zó ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ Îy•y ç#Ól ò¢≈l ˆ§•z ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y ájÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§Ôá#l ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôˆÏÜ˛ ly ••zˆÏ°G Ó,•_Ó˚
ˆ§Ô£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ˆÏÓyôˆÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛!¢ï˛
Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
˜Ó!òÜ˛ ÎyàÈüÈÎK˛ˆÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÙl ç#ÓˆÏl
§%≤Ã!§k˛ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xDÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z ï%˛!°Î˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚y
!òÎ˚y!SÈñ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ §)eÈÈüÈÎÈK˛ˆÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ§•z
˛õÎ≈ƒyˆÏÎ˚•z xy!lÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ÓÓyò
≤ÃyÎ˚ xy˛õly ••zˆÏï˛•z !l!Ë˛Î˚y xy!§Î˚yˆÏSÈ– ~Ü˛ê%˛
§!e´Î˚ !SÈ° Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ó
§¡±!ï˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÜ˛• ˆÜ˛• !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ü˛í˛¸y
Ùhs˝Óƒ ÷ly•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈl– ~Ü˛çl Ó!°Î˚yˆÏSÈl ˆÎ
Ù•ydyç#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛!“ï˛ ~•z Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ñ •z•y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÈüÈ§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÓÓ˚MÈ˛ !˛õSÈy•zÎ˚y !òˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆÎ
≤Ã§ˆÏD !ï˛!l Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚ ˆòy£Ï
ˆòáy•zÎ˚yˆÏSÈl ï˛y•yÓ˚ §Ó ≤Ã§D í˛zay˛õl ly Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y
xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô% ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ Ù)° ò,!‹TË˛!D §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛!SÈ– !ï˛!l ˆÎ Ü˛Ìy Ó!°Î˚yˆÏSÈl ˆ§ÈüÈ§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ü˛Ìy
Ó!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ° ïÑ˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ ày!¶˛ç# ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
!¢«˛yÈüÈÓƒÓfliyˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ê˛y ˛õŸã˛yòy˛õ§yÓ˚îÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliy ly
Ó!°Î˚y Ó°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ ày¶˛#Óyò•z ••z° ~Ü˛ê˛y
˛õŸã˛yòy˛õ§Ó˚îÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ xyò¢≈– Ü˛yÓ˚î ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚
!¢«˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚•z
xD#Ë)˛ï˛ñ ~Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Óyò !òÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆòáy
!Ü˛S%ÈˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Ê˛ ••zˆÏï˛ñ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#
!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ã˛y°% Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆã˛‹Ty
ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y x§D!ï˛ xy˛õly
••zˆÏï˛•z xy!§Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– Ü˛yÓ˚î ày!¶˛ç# ˆÎ
ç#ÓlÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ã˛y°% Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
~áyˆÏl ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
~Ü˛ê˛y x§D!ï˛ xy˛õly ••zˆÏï˛•z xy!§Î˚y ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ–
Ü˛yÓ˚î ày¶˛#ç# ˆÎ ç#ÓlÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#
!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!•Î˚y!SÈˆÏ°l xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§
ç#ÓlÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliy˛õß¨ l!•ó !ï˛!l ˆÎ ÓyhflÏÓÈüÈç#Ól
˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ !Ù°y•zÎ˚y °•zˆÏï˛
Ó!°Î˚y!SÈˆÏ°l ˆ§•z ç#Ól ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#
!¢«˛yˆÏÜ˛ !Ù°y•zÎ˚y °•zˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y lyÓ˚yçó ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ lyà!Ó˚Ü˛ Îy!sfÜ˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚
!ï˛!l !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !ã˛ˆÏ°l ˆ§•z §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚•z xˆÏD xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò
~áyˆÏl ˆ§áyˆÏl ~Ü˛ê%˛ ~Ü˛ê%˛ Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚.
V˛y°y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•yÓ˚ x§D!ï˛ ï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá
xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓ•z–
xy§ˆÏ° !¢«˛y!Óò‰ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ÎÑy•yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l !¢«˛yÈüÈ§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~Ü˛ lˆÏ•–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wy!Ë˛Ù%á lyà!Ó˚Ü˛ ç#ÓlˆÏÜ˛ Ù%áƒï˛
xÓ°¡∫l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y fl%Ò°ÈüÈÜ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õ%Ñ!ÌÈüÈ˛õeˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãôyl
í˛z˛õç#Óƒ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÎ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!í˛¸Î˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ
ày!¶˛ç# ï˛y•yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !SÈˆÏ°l– ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
xyò¢≈ ••z°ñ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• G ÙˆÏl ˆÎ

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¢!_´ÈüÈ§Ω˛yÓly !l!•ï˛ Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ fl≥)˛Ó˚ˆÏî
§y•yÎƒ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛y°y– ≤ÃÌˆÏÙ•z ÙˆÏl
Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓñ ày¶˛#Óyò ˆÜ˛w#Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ó
Îy!sfÜ˛ ç#ÓlˆÏÜ˛ xÓ°¡∫l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚
ˆÜ˛w#Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° @˝ÃyÙ=!° ÷Ü˛y•zÎ˚y !àÎ˚y ¢•Ó˚=!°
ÊÑ˛y!˛õÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ– §Ù@˝Ã ˆò¢Óy§#Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚
Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ò,!‹T Ó˚y!áˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ° ~•z ~Ü˛Ù%á#l
ÎyeyÓ˚ à!ï˛ !Ê˛Ó˚y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙ#î
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙy!òàˆÏÜ˛ ˛õ%l/ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛
••zˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál !¢«˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy Ë˛y!ÓÓñ ï˛ál
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zFã˛hflÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%!‹TˆÏÙÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚
ã˛yÜ˛!ã˛ˆÏÜ˛ƒÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z Ë˛y!Ó lyñ xyÙy!òàˆÏÜ˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ §yï˛ °«˛ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z Ù%áƒï˛/ Ë˛y!ÓˆÏï˛
••zˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çy!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ l)ï˛l Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y à!í˛¸Î˚y
ï%˛!°ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏ° ~•z §yï˛ °«˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!ôÓy!§àî
≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒˆÏÜ˛ !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆò•ÙˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙƒÜ˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚
myÓ˚y ~Ü˛!ê˛ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ï˛yçy Ùyl%£Ï ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ü˛Ìy Ë˛y!ÓˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓñ ày!¶˛ç#Ó˚ Ó%!lÎ˚yò#
!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ !¢÷
Î%ÓÜ˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!áÎ˚y à!í˛¸Î˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚yˆÏSÈ– !Ü˛v xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xlƒylƒ !¢«˛y!Óò‰ ÎÑy•yÓ˚y Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛
ÙyˆÏV˛ ~ Ü˛Ìy ˆ§ÈüÈÜ˛Ìy !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ó!°ˆÏ°G ˆÓ¢ ˆÓyV˛y
ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛‹Ty ••zˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ
Ùyl%£Ï à!í˛¸ÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆÎ Ü˛°=!° ˆòˆÏ¢
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛y°% ••zÎ˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏSÈ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ !Ü˛S%È ˜ï˛°
!l!§_´ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ xyÓ˚G !Ü˛S%È Ù§,î ~ÓÇ
ˆÓàÓyl‰ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ !Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy xyÓ˚G !Ü˛!MÈ˛Í ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
ÎyÎ˚ !Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ~•z Ù)° ò,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly
â!ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õˆÏò ˛õˆÏò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– ~Ü˛•z !l/
ŸªyˆÏ§ Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛y Óy ˆÓy¡∫y•zˆÏÜ˛ !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛
!lí˛z•zÎ˚Ü≈˛ Óy GÎ˚y!§Çê˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Ó ~ÓÇ
ï˛y•yÓ˚•z ÊÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ÊÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Óy˛õ%ç#Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚Ü˛yñ
Ó%!lÎ˚yò# !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÙô)l àylˆÏÜ˛G !Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y
ˆÓÙy°%Ù ã˛y°y•zÎ˚y !òÓñ ~•z ò%•z ÓyˆÏâÈüÈàÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛
âyˆÏê˛ ç° áyGÎ˚y•zÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ° ã˛!°ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
xy!Ù ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛ylG GÜ˛y°!ï˛
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó!§ ly•zñ Óyòyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l®yG Ü˛yÙƒ lˆÏ•–
§ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ Îál•z Îy•y !Ü˛S%È ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ••zÎ˚yˆÏSÈ
ï˛ál ˆ§•z Ùï˛ Ë%Ñ˛•zˆÏÊÑ˛yí˛¸ ••zÎ˚y Ü˛álG ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚
lyñ ï˛y•yÓ˚ xy¢ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ç#Ól §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ §ï˛ƒò,!‹TÓ˚
~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛°ñ ˆ§•z §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z
Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïî Óy !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ï˛y•yˆÏÜ˛ @˝Ã•î
Óy Óç≈l Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó!°¤˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òÓó
ï˛y•y ly Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ§•z !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~áylÜ˛yÓ˚
ˆ§áylÜ˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê%˛ Ó˚. ˆÓ˚áy Ù%!SÈÎ˚y ˆÊ˛!°ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!Óã˛yÓ˚•z Ü˛!Ó˚Ó–

25
ÓƒÌ≈ ˆ°yÜ˛lyÎ˚Ü˛
ˆàÔÓ˚# xy•zÎ˚%Ó
çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ lyÓ˚yÎ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ÈüÈÙˆÏMÈ˛Ó˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ lyÎ˚Ü˛– xÓ¢ƒ ˆï˛Ùl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
§yÌ≈Ü˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛⁄ fl∫Î˚Ç ày¶˛#•z Óy !§k˛Ü˛yÙ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈˆÏ°l Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛⁄
xy§Ù%oÈüÈ!•Ùyã˛° ~•z Ë)˛áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ çlàîÙl x!ôlyÎ˚Ü˛ xhs˝ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛
ÓSÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏlƒG Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛l ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ày¶˛#– xÌã˛
fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ ÙyˆÏ§•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yÙÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !ã˛ï˛y çµ°ˆÏï˛
ˆòˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l ~•z Ë˛y.y ˆòˆÏ¢ §y¡±òy!Î˚Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ xy=ˆÏl–
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎ Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál ˆòˆÏ¢ñ ˆÎ
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸ ÷Ó˚&
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ˆlï˛yÓ˚yñ Ó˚yçôyl#Èü ÈˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã¢y§l ÓƒÓfliy Ó˚yï˛
ly ˆ˛õy•yˆÏï˛•z lï%˛l çyï˛#Î˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G xy¢#Ó≈yò °yË˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ôlƒ

26
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
çˆÏlƒ Ó!°≤Ãò_ çlˆÏ§ÓÜ˛Ó˚y §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´
àò#=!° òá° Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ˆ§ÈüÈ§ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛•z ˆï˛y ày¶˛#ˆÏÜ˛ xyŸªy§ ˆòÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l !SÈ° ly–
~Ùl !Ü˛ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ lyÙÜ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
~Ü˛Ó˚Ü˛Ù ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛ àí˛¸yñ ˆ§•z Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚
fl∫yô#lï˛yÈüÈ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Ü˛yˆÏ° Ü˛# Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ •ˆÏÓ Óy ˆÜ˛Ùl
Ó˚*˛õ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚G ˆï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ G !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÙÎ≈yòy Ó˚«˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆfl¨•˛õ%‹T xl%ç ˆlï˛yÓ˚y–
xÌã˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çlÙylˆÏ§ ~Ü˛òy ày¶˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃË˛yÓ
Ù•yÓ#Ó˚ !Ü˛ÇÓy Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ≤ÃË˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G !Óhfl,Ïï˛ï˛Ó˚ !SÈ°
ly !Ü˛⁄ !Ü˛hv ˆ§ ≤ÃË˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ àË˛#Ó˚ï˛y ˆÎ xyÈüÈcÜ˛ Ùye
ï˛y ˆï˛y ày¶˛# fl∫ã˛ˆÏ«˛•z ˆòˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈl Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈–
fl∫yô#l Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚# l#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ày¶˛#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ï˛y•z
Ó°y x§Dï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly ˆÎ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!_´Ùyl G
§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛Ó˚ çlˆÏlï˛yG ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï çß√yl!lñ xyÓyÓ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚G ï%˛°ly ˆl•z– ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆï˛y xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛•z Ü˛Ó˚Óú
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛# §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ#
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy•z ly !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ày¶˛# ~ÓÇ
~ï˛Óí˛¸ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈˆÏ°l !Óly
Ó˚_´˛õyˆÏï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ Ü˛í˛¸yG ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚!l
xyˆÏçyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ój¢yÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
°«˛îG ˆl•z– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛
x!Ë˛lÓ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛l ~Ü˛ê˛y Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ÓˆÏê˛ !Ü˛v
ˆò¢ˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛!“ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛Ó° §yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õÑyã˛ Ùy§ lÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y §yˆÏí˛¸
˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÓÑˆÏã˛ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°G ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !Ü˛ly §ˆÏ®•– ï˛ˆÏÓ
!Ü˛ Ó°Ó §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ l.Ì≈Ü˛ ¢!_´ Îï˛áy!l §òÌ≈Ü˛
¢!_´ ï˛ï˛áy!l ˆl•z⁄ Ó°y ˆ•yï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•
ˆ¢y£ÏîÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸lˆÏÜ˛ ly¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢y£ÏÜ˛ÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸Ü˛ˆÏÜ˛ lÎ˚–
!Ü˛v Ü˛yÎ≈ï˛ ˆòá!SÈ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆ¢y£Ïî ˛õ#í˛¸lˆÏÜ˛
§•çÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛ƒ Îsf!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
§ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Î!ò Óy !Ü˛S%È Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
§Ó≈hflÏˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¶…˛ Ó˚ˆÏ¶…˛ Ó‡ò)Ó˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ¢y£Ïî G
˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ §•flÀÙ%á# §)- G ò%!l≈Ó˚#«˛ƒ !¢Ü˛í˛¸=!°ˆÏÜ˛
!l/ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛z˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyly §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚G Ü˛yç lÎ˚ñ
Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆï˛y lÎ˚•z– xyÓ˚ !ÓÜ˛“ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§Ùyç!Ólƒy§ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy•z ˆçyàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ày¶˛#Óyò ˆ§ ˆï˛y xyÙÓ˚y
!e¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚•z ˆòˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ày¶˛#Ó˚ }îydÜ˛
Ë)˛!ÙÜ˛y Î!ò Óy !Ü˛S%È !SÈ°ñ ôlydÜ˛ Ë)˛!ÙÜ˛y !Ü˛ ¢)ˆÏlƒÓ˚
Ü˛ySÈyÜ˛y!SÈ lÎ˚⁄ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚!Ü˛ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛y Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ÚÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÈüÈ§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy˛õÜ˛y!ë˛ •Î˚ñ •ˆÏÓ ly•z
Óy ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ày¶˛#Óyò !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ !§k˛yˆÏlï˛
e&!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ#–
Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Îï˛ Ù•_¥ xç≈l
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô G ò,!‹T e´ˆÏÙ Îï˛
àË˛#Ó˚ G ÓƒyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ çlˆÏlï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛•z
!ï˛!l Ü˛Ù xyÜ˛£Ï≈Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÓˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§–
1974ÈüÈ75 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ àî xyˆÏ®y°lñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ çÓ˚&!Ó˚ xÓfliyÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z
•Î˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ~ Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˆ§ÈüÈ!òl §•flÀ §•flÀ ˆ°yÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÌ
~ˆÏ§!SÈ° çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚•z xy•¥yˆÏl– !Ü˛v •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ü˛ˆÏ°•z !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ï˛yÍ«˛!îÜ˛ ~ÓÇ
í˛zˆÏ_çÜ˛ ~•z§Ó xyˆÏ®y°lñ §Ë˛yñ ˆ¢yË˛yÎyeyñ xy•zl
xÙylƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛álñ ï˛yÓ˚y
§Óy•z ~ál ˆÜ˛Ùl Ó!ôÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xy§° Ü˛Ù≈˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÎ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyÙsfˆÏî– Ü˛ÈüÈ!ê˛
ˆ°yÜ˛§!Ù!ï˛ àë˛l Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xòƒyÓ!ô⁄ fliyl#Î˚ Óy
çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÈüÈ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛
Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§!òl xÌÓy ÷Ó˚& •ÓyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly

27
ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ xyç⁄ ~Ó˚ Ü˛yÓ˚îñ §#!Ùï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
Ü˛Ù≈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD §ÙhflÏ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚G
ˆï˛y í˛z_Ó˚î âˆÏê˛!l– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ˆï˛y
§Ùyl ˆÓˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ °yË˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l– Ê˛ˆÏ° 1942
§yˆÏ° ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù#≈ xl%àyÙ# !SÈˆÏ°l ÷ô%
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z lÎ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó€ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ !SÈˆÏ°l
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚G xˆÏlÜ˛ !˛õSÈˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !ï˛!l ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 15 ÓSÈˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ 1964ÈüÈˆï˛ ÎÑyÓ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§•àyÙ# !SÈˆÏ°l 1974ÈüÈ~ ïÑ˛yÓ˚yG !Ó!FSÈß¨ •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈl çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ü˛ §D ˆÌˆÏÜ˛– Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢e&ÈüÈ!Ùe xˆÏlˆÏÜ˛•z ˆÓ!¢ !òl
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lyày° ˛õyl!lñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏD ˛õy !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– xàï˛ƒy ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛
l#!ï˛º‹Tñ Ó‡Ó˚*˛õ#ñ
§%!ÓôyÓyò#ñ x!fliÓ˚!ã˛_
•zï˛ƒy!ò ày!° !òˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓÜ˛ˆÏÜ˛
¢yhs˝ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– xÌ≈yÍ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô G
˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“lyÓ˚ ˆÎl
e´Ù!ÓÜ˛y¢ ˆl•z– ˆÎl xlí˛¸ xã˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛yˆÏï˛•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÜ˛y¤˛y–
ÙyÜ≈˛§‰ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ˛õsiyÎ˚ Îï˛ ò)Ó˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §#Ùy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆ§•z ˛õÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xyÓ˚G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§ ˛õˆÏÌG
ÎÌyfliyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSÈÓyÓ˚ !Ó°¡∫ ˆòˆÏá lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚
§¶˛yl Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ§ Óƒ!_´ Ó‡ˆÏ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
§ˆÏ®•Ë˛yçl •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xlyfliy xç≈l Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏï˛
xyÓ˚ xyŸã˛Î≈ !Ü˛⁄ Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ çyï˛#Î˚ Ùyl%£Ï xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ˆÏÓ¢ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ Ó•z !Ü˛ú
çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y !lˆÏÓòl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ç˜ÏlÜ˛
xl%Ó˚yà# x“Ü˛y° ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ≠È His call for
struggle against basic maladies of our
society has received a tremendous
response from the people. In his
exhartations they find the expression of
their fellings and aspirations. His optimistic
assertion for total revolution and building
up a new social order radiates hope and
enthusiasm to the oppressed.
çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü˛#!ï≈˛Ó˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î Óí˛¸ Ü˛Ó˚&îñ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛Gñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛G– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
§Ó §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
Ü˛yˆÏç çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xy•¥yˆÏl ly!Ü˛ !Ó˛õ%°
§yí˛¸y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈú •yÎ˚
{ŸªÓ˚ú Ë˛@¿ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´
~•z Ùyl%£Ï!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~
ˆÎl ˛õ!Ó˚•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛l
ˆ¢ylyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óyî#ˆÏï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyÜ˛yA«˛yÓ˚
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ÷lÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l
Ü˛yl Óy Ùl Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò¢ÈüÈÓy§#Ó˚ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ã˛ï%˛!ò≈ˆÏÜ˛ ~•z !lÓ˚&˛õyÎ˚ xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ˆÜ˛l⁄ÈüüüÈ
ˆÜ˛yÌyG çlï˛y Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zFS,ÈC° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Óy
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ !lÙ≈Ù •yˆÏï˛ú §Ó≈ydÜ˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ñ lï%˛l
§Ùyç ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˆÎ fl∫≤¿ !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏï˛ Î!ò
xyÙÓ˚y §!ï˛ƒ•z xy¢y!ß∫ï˛ •ï˛yÙñ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •ï˛yÙÈüüüÈ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z !l/§D xÓˆÏ•!°ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï xÙ)°ƒ ~•z ˆ¢£Ï
Ü˛Û!ê˛ !òl ˛õyê˛lyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛l lyñ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fliyl •ï˛– Îy •GÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y •ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙD° •ï˛ñ ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚•z
ˆàˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È Ü˛Ó˚î#Î˚ Óy!Ü˛

28
ˆl•zÈüüüÈ ~Ùl Ë˛Î˚ylÜ˛ xyd§v!‹T xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈lyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õÌ xyÓ˚G ≤Ã¢hflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y Ë˛yˆÏ°y
lÎ˚ !Ü˛ ˆÎ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏçy
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!ë˛!lú
•z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ç˜ÏlÜ˛ xl%Ó˚yà#Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ
xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ü˛ê%˛áy!l í˛zk,˛ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ≠ J. P. has been
essentially a man of action. But in the
realm of ideas he has always been an
explorer of truth. In his zeal to fathom new
horizons one finds sometimes
contradictions in his ideas. But there is
unique coherence in his thought and it
seeks a positive goal to usher in a new era
free from oppression and exploitation.
~•z í˛zk,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÜ˛ƒ!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ò,!‹T xyÜ˛£Ï≈î
Ü˛Ó˚!SÈ– çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ !Ü˛ Ù)°ï˛ Ü˛Ù#≈ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï⁄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò#«˛y G ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl (maturation)
Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ó !¢“ ◊!ÙÜ˛ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ◊!ÙÜ˛
Ü,˛!£Ïç#Ó#ÈüüüÈ §Ó ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
!ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏ«˛e á%ÑˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl §yÓ˚y ç#Ól
ôˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÌ ºyhs˝ SÈye §Ùyçñ §Ç¢Î˚ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ó%!k˛ç#!Ó
§¡±òyÎ˚G ˆ§•z Ü˛Ù≈ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛!l– !Ü˛v
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÎ !ï˛!l !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lñ
~Ùl!Ü˛ Ü˛álG Ü˛álG ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏÜ˛ ï%˛ˆÏD ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚
˛õŸã˛yò˛õ§Ó˚î•z Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏ¢£Ï !l®yË˛yçl
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î !Ü˛⁄ xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈yˆÏòƒyà Î!ò e´Ù¢ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛e í˛zÂâyê˛l ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
àË˛#Ó˚ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ≤Ã¢hflÏ ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z
§Ó §#!Ùï˛ xyˆÏ®y°lñ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ ê˛yÜ˛y Ùy•zˆÏl Óy Ùyà‰à#
Ë˛yï˛y Óyí˛¸yÓyÓ˚ Ú!Ó≤’ÓÛ !Ü˛ÇÓy Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ !Óây ç!Ù xyòyÎ˚
Ü˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ú!Ó≤’ÓÛ ˆÓ!¢ !òl ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– Ó›ï˛ ~ÈüÈ§Ó xyˆÏ®y°lG ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏÜ˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
§Ù§ƒyÎ˚ §#!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈ ÓÓ˚Ç o&ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒyÆ •ÓyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°«˛ƒ §,!‹T Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ §Çàë˛lñ xyˆÏ®y°lÈüüüÈ ~•z=!° ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ü˛yˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏ˛õÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ùye•z
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ Îy Ó˚GÎ˚y•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛– Ü˛yÓ˚î ~ çyï˛#Î˚ lyly
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD Îál Î%_´ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ˆÏSÈl ï˛álG
!ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆï˛y xÓ§Ó˚ ˆll!l !ï˛!l !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆàˆÏSÈlñ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ x!Ë˛K˛ï˛y=!°ˆÏÜ˛ Ó,•_Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~Ùl
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ¢_´ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Ó˚
Ü˛“lyÓ˚ Ê˛yl%ˆÏ§ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“ly=!°–
Ü˛Ù#≈ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝Ü˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô
Ü˛“ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ÙIyàï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ÓˆÏ° Ìy!Ü˛ñ xÙ%Ü˛ •ˆÏ°l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚
!ÌˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚!ê˛!¢Î˚ylÈüüüÈ xÌ≈yÍ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ï˛_¥ !lˆÏÎ˚•z
ÎyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ §Çáƒy
Îï˛•z Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ï˛•z xhs˝!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yôñ ÙyÌy
Ê˛yê˛yÊ˛y!ê˛ñ ò° Ë˛y.yË˛y!.G Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– ï˛y•z
≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò°ˆÏlï˛yÓ˚•z ˆã˛‹Ty ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ÙyÌyÓ˚ §Çáƒy
Ü˛!ÙˆÏÎ˚ •yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ xÌ≈yÍ ˙
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙyÌy•z
ˆÎ §Ó xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆlï,˛c Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~Ùl lyÈüÈG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙyÌyÓ˚ Ü˛ySÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ Ü˛yç Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xlƒˆÏ◊î#Ó˚ çÓÓ˚òhflÏ Ùyl%£ÏG– ï˛Ó% ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛•z
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y ˆ◊î#!ÓË˛yà Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ° ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~Ü˛ò° Ü˛Ù#≈ xyˆÏÓ˚Ü˛ ò° Ë˛yÓ%Ü˛– !ÌˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚
≤ÃƒyÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏFSÈò ÎyÓ˚y ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ~•z ˆ◊î#Ë˛yà °«˛ƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ï˛Ó% Ó°Ó Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏç Ó˚yî# ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ !Ü˛ Ùç%Ó˚
ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó˚° ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚ çy!ï˛ˆÏË˛ò Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°yê˛y
!Ó˛õIlÜ˛– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò•#l ˆ˛õ¢#§Ó≈fl∫ Ùyl%£Ï xyÓ˚
ò%Ó≈°ˆÏ˛õ¢# Ù!hflÏ‹ÒÙÎ˚ Ùyl%£ÏÈüüüÈ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù x!Ó!Ù◊

29
ò%•zçyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç
x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï•z xyÙÓ˚y !Ù◊ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!í˛¸– ˛õí˛¸y•z
Ë˛yˆÏ°y– ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_ć àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!ÙÜ˛y ÌyˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ù◊ §%£ÏÙ Ùyl%£Ï àí˛¸ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛Ó˚y•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
!Ü˛v xy!Ù ~Ü˛Ìy Ó°Ó ly ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï
ï˛Ê˛yÍ ˆl•z Óy ÌyÜ˛ˆÏÓ ly– !Ü˛S%È !Ü˛S%È Ùyl%£Ï ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ˆÓ!¢
˛õyÓ˚DÙ •ˆÏÓl !ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y°•z ~ÓÇ xlƒ !Ü˛S%È Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆÓ!¢
Ó°#Î˚yl •ˆÏÓl– ï˛ˆÏÓ xy!Ù ˆÎ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !Ù◊ ˆ◊î#Ó˚
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ~•zÙye Ü˛Ó˚°yÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG x§yôyÓ˚î !Ü˛S%È
Óƒ!_ć Ü˛!ã˛Í ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yG ˆÎÙl fl∫FSÈ G
Ó!°¤˛ñ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈G ~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xy@˝Ã• G ò«˛ï˛y–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ§Ó Political being’ ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õy•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyßÿ°y° òy¢=Æ ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ùyl%£Ï–
xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ˆÏÜ˛G Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ fli°ã˛Ó˚ Óy
!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ lˆÏË˛yã˛Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî# K˛yl ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zË˛ã˛Ó˚
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ÙˆÏl Ü˛Ó˚y §Dï˛– í˛zË˛Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ°•z ~•z
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï fl∫FSÈ® !Ó•yÓ˚#– çÎ˚≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ~Ü˛•z §ˆÏD
man of action ~ÓÇ man of cantemplation
ÓˆÏ° xyÙyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õyÕ‘yÎ˚
contemplationÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òÜ˛ê˛y•z ˆÓyô •Î˚ ~Ü˛ê%˛ Ë˛yÓ˚#–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !l/§Dï˛y G ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚îG §Ω˛Óï˛
!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆVÑ˛yÜ˛– Ü˛Ù#≈ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ ëÑ˛y•z
xÑyÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛yç !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ
!ã˛hs˝Ü˛ˆÏÜ˛•z ÙylyÎ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏl
x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ã˛°y– ~•z !lÓ˚&ˆÏj¢ ÎyeyÎ˚ §D# ˛õyGÎ˚yG
ˆÎÙl §•ç lÎ˚ñ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly flõ‹T ˆã˛•yÓ˚yG
ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly §•ˆÏç–

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ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙyllyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~•z çy!lˆÏÎ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Ùï˛ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ
xyê≈˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù ≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ §yÙy!çÜ˛ Ü˛Ù≈ÈüÈÜ,˛!ï˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈ§ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ lylyl
x!Ë˛K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%Ë˛Óñ xl%Ë˛yÓlñ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ xyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yÎ˚
!ï˛!l ~•z §!ï˛ƒ•z xç≈l Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z §ÙyçÈüÈÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇˆÏD
Óƒ!_´ÈüÈÙylˆÏ§Ó˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ˆÙ°Ó¶˛l àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÙylÓï˛yÈüÈˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §%ò,ì˛¸ Ó!lÎ˚yò Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !¢“#
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÈüÈôˆÏÙ≈ fl∫Ë˛yÓï˛•z §yÙy!çÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ §ÙyçÈüÈç#ÓˆÏl !¢“#Ó˚
~Ü˛!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T fliyl ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ §Ùyç G ÙylÓï˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆ§•z
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçl §yôl §yÌ≈Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ÙllyÎ˚ xyê≈˛ ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙÇà°ÈüÈÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛
Óyî#•z Ó•l Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÇà° ÎyeyÓ˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÈüÈx§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷k˛ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒï˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
ê˛°fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ x!Ë˛ôyÎ˚ xyê≈˛ ˆÜ˛yl xˆÏÌ≈•z !¢“#ÈüÈxydyÓ˚ §!MÈ˛ï˛ !lÓ˚&k˛ ¢!_´ !Ü˛ÇÓy
Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏΩ˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õÙ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !l/¢ï≈˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ xyÓ˚ xyl® x•≈îyG ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ
ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ÈüÈày¶˛# ≠ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly
§°#° !ÓŸªy§

31
Ó˚&!ã˛ÈüÈ!ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!Ë˛çyï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈!Üœ˛‹T
Óy§lyÈüÈ!Ó°y§ ÓˆÏ°•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyl®ÓyòÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !lÙ≈Ù !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
xyl®ÙÎ˚ •*òÎ˚yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ÙylÓï˛yÓ˚ ÎyeyˆÏÜ˛ !lï˛ƒ ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õˆÏÌ ≤Ãy!îï˛ ly Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !l!•ï˛
ï˛yÍ˛õÎ≈•z xyÓ˚ Ó˚•z° ly– ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ ÙllyÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z !ï˛!l ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art is not, as a
metaphysician says, the manifestation of
some mysterious idea of Beauty of God, it
is not, as the Hsethitical physiologists say,
a game in which man lets off his excess of
stored-up energy; it is not the expression
of a man’s emotions by external signs; it is
not the production of pleasing objects; and
above all, it is not pleasure; but it is a
means of union among men joining them
together in the same feelings, and
indispensable for the life and progress
towards well-being of individuals and of
humanity.’’
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏSÈ ly ˆÎ xyê≈˛ xˆÏÌ≈
ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~Ùl ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÚÓ,!_Ó˚Û §!ï˛ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇ
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚÓ,!_Û §yÙy!çÜ˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛
ç#ÓˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó ÓyôyÈüÈÓƒÓôyl
§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛ §y!Ó≈Ü˛ Ü˛°ƒyîÙÎ˚ ˜Ùe#Ó˚ xydÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚
§Ü˛° Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˙Ü˛yˆÏdƒÓ˚
í˛zˆÏmyôlyÎ˚ !l!á° ÙylÓ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l ÙÇàˆÏ°Ó˚ x!lÓ≈yò
x!Ë˛§MÈ˛yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ~•z Ë˛yÓly ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!l
Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art, all art, has this
characteristics that it unites people. Every
art causes those to whom the artist’s
feeling is translated to unite in soul with
the artist and also with all who receive the
same expression’’. ~ÓÇ ‘‘If people lack this
capacity to receive the thoughts conceived
by the man who preceeded them, and he
pass on to others their own thoughts, men
would be like wild beasts or like Kashar
houser.’’
ÙylÓÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚Ùyl
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛G ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ë˛yÓ §!e´Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ˆË˛ˆÏÓˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z §!ï˛ƒ
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÙylÓ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ
í˛zß¨!ï˛Ó˚ e´ÙÈüÈôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !•ÇflÀ xyÓ˚îƒÜ˛ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ Ùyl§
ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ §Çâ£Ï≈ xyÓ˚ !•Ç§ydÜ˛ Ë˛yÓyˆÏÓà ˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÙƒ
~ÓÇ x!•Ç§yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÙylÓÈüÈç#Ól ~ÓÇ
§ÙyçÈüÈ§Ç!fli!ï˛Ó˚ fliy!Î˚c ≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°ÓyÓ˚
Ùï˛l•z xyê≈˛ x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ùe# xyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚
xyˆÏÓòˆÏl x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛°ƒyîÙÎ˚
ˆÙ°Ó¶˛ˆÏl ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢yŸªï˛ ÙÇà°
ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !§!k˛–
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘Art as the evolution of
Knowledge proceeds by truer and more
necessary Knowledge dislodging and
replacing what is mistaken and
unnecessary so the evolution of feeling
proceeds through art— feelings less Kind
and less needful for the well-being of
mankind are replaced by other kinder and
more needful for that end. That is the
purpose of art.’’
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z fl∫ÈüÈË˛y!Óï˛ =îÈüÈ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ !Ó!Ë˛ß¨ ˆò¢ ~ÓÇ çy!ï˛Ó˚
!¢“ÈüÈÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ !l!l≈ï˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
Ü˛Ìy ˆË˛ˆÏÓˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈•z Christian ArtÈüÈ•z

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ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ï˛!l
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Christian ArtÈüÈÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl
˙ŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ ï˛ò‰àï˛!ã˛_ï˛yÓ˚ àË˛#Ó˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛y §,!‹T
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ≤Ã¢yhs˝ xyhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zÍ§yÓ˚îyÎ˚ §Ó
ˆË˛òÈüÈÙ!°lï˛y Ù%ˆÏSÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ §•ç SÈˆÏ®•z Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xy!dÜ˛ !Ù°l x!lÓyÎ≈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓly ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚î !ï˛l!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï =ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ =ˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ~•z ˆÎ xyê≈˛ Óƒ!Oï˛ §MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ Ë˛yÓ!ê˛
àË˛#Ó˚ÈüÈfl≥%˛ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§y•yˆÏÎƒ•z Óƒ!_´ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xlƒ ÙˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛ï˛
Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏ¡∫à §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏ°•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ~•z
§MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ Ë˛yÓ §ˆÏ¡∫à!ê˛ àË˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !l!Óí˛¸ fl≥)˛ï≈˛ï˛yÎ˚
≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y•z çÓ˚&!Ó˚– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ly •ˆÏ° ~•z
Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏ¡∫à!ê˛ xlƒ ÙˆÏl §•ˆÏç ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈˆÏ®
§MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xydÈüÈçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ê˛°fiê˛° Ë˛y!Óï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ =î!ê˛ ~•z ˆÎ
xyê≈˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛
Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓƒOlyˆÏÜ˛ §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ÈüÈxyê≈˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%£Ï §•ˆÏç Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ï˛ï˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹Tï˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï
=îÈüÈ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•z
x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛
§•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙ ~Ü˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §yÓ°#° ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§ˆÏ¡∫à Óƒ!Oï˛ •Î˚–
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z
Christian ArtÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚î ≤Ã§ˆÏD !ï˛!l ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎ ~•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈâÓ˚ylyÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ l@¿y Ó˚Ùl#Ó˚
ˆÙy!•l# Ù)!ï≈˛ !Ü˛ÇÓy x!Ë˛çyï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §¡õòÈüÈ≤Ãyã%˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
!Ó°y§ÈüÈÓƒ§l xÌÓy ≤ÃyˆÏÙy!òÜ˛ xÓ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏlyòˆÏlÓ˚
Ó!î≈° Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓ˚yà !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óy ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó SÈ!Ó ï˛yÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´ˆÏï˛•z Ü˛yÙly çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° !Ü˛ÇÓy ˆÎÈüÈ§Ó
SÈ!Ó Ó˚*˛õÜ˛ÈüÈ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥yˆÏÌ≈ §yÇˆÏÜ˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
x!ï˛ÈüÈx“ çl•z ÎyÓ˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓƒOly xl%ôyÓl Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ï˛y fl∫Ë˛yÓï˛•z !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ SÈ!Ó– ~ÓÇ ~•z
xˆÏÌ≈•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ Ó#ˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛lñ !¢ƒÙylñ ˆÓˆÏ°≈yç xyÓ˚
Ë˛yàlyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §Ó lyê˛ƒà#!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛•z !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xyê≈˛ ÓˆÏ°
x!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ~•z §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ~•z §Ó lyê˛ƒà#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl xydÈüÈçyà!Ó˚Ü˛
í˛zFã˛ Ë˛yÓ Óƒ!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl xyhs˝Ó˚
˜Ùe#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyG §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓ˚ ‘ninth
symphony’ !Ü˛ÇÓy ‘unfinished symphony’ÈüÈÓ˚
Ùï˛l xyê≈˛ á%Ó §#!Ùï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ùyl%£Ï•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ˜Ùe# ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈ ≤Ãy!îï˛ ~ÓÇ
ÙÇàˆÏ°Ó˚ x!Ë˛§yÓ˚# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°ÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛l §MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛
Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§,!‹TˆÏï˛ ~•z §Ó xyê≈˛ §yÌ≈Ü˛ lÎ˚–
ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !¢“#ÈüÈÜ˛!ÓÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛Ó˚
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛Í lÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏ“ !ï˛!l ~•z ÙylÈüÈ•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ ˆ§ÈüÈxyê≈˛ Ü˛ï˛ í˛zFã˛ˆÏÓy!ôÓ˚ Ë˛yÓ ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÓîï˛yÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ ˜Ùe#ÈüÈÙˆÏsf í˛zˆÏmy!ôï˛
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÓ!¢ƒ ~•z Ë˛yÓlyˆÏÓyôÈüÈ•z ê˛°fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ly®!lÜ˛ !Ó!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝ÃÜ˛ ≤ÃfliylË)˛!Ù Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ~•z !¢“ÈüÈ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!l ˆ¢Ü‰˛§‰˛õ#Î˚yÓ˚ÈüÈ
~Ó˚ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ lyê˛Ü˛ˆÏÜ˛•z !l¡¨ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
x!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚˆÓ˚y!ÙGÈüÈ
ç%!°ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚§ÈüÈÓƒOly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛•z ˛õ!Óe
≤ÃÓîï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚•z Ó°ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl%£Ï Ù•yl !á€ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛çl Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛•z ºyï,˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙ xydÈüÈx!Ó!FSÈß¨ ÙˆÏl
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly ÓˆÏ°•z xyçˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~Ùl
Ú!•Ç§yÎ˚ í˛zß√_Û ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ú!lï˛ƒ !lë%˛Ó˚
m®µÛ x!lÓyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙllyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
ò,¢ƒï˛ §ÙhflÏ §ÇÜ˛#î≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛òÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈß¨ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~Ü˛•z ˙Ü˛ƒ

33
~ÓÇ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˆÎ xyê≈˛
~•z ã˛!°£%èï˛yÈüÈ§¡õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÎ˚Ü˛ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yl
xˆÏÌ≈•z ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛ !ï˛!l §yÌ≈Ü˛ÈüÈ!§k˛ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòl ly– ~ÓÇ ~•z çˆÏl•z ê˛°fiê˛Î˚
!¢“ÈüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyl®Óyò# x!Ë˛Ùï˛ÈüÈx!Ë˛ôyˆÏÜ˛G
fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ly– !ï˛!l ï˛y•z ÓˆÏ°l ˆÎ ˆ§Ô®Î≈
xyl® §,!‹T ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù °«˛ƒ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
˛õ!Óeï˛y ~ÓÇ §yô%ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyîî ôÙ≈– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
x!Ë˛Ùï˛ ~•z ˆÎ ‘‘People have now only to
reject the false theory of ‘Beauty’,
according to which enjoyment is
considered to be the purpose of art, and
religious perception will naturally take its
place as the guide of art of our time.’’ ÷ô%
Ùye x!l®ƒÈüÈx!lÓ≈ã˛l#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ §%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õy§Ü˛
!lÓ˚&˛õy!ôÜ˛ ˆ§Ô®Î≈ÈüÈxyl® ÓƒOÜ˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ï˛#Ó€ï˛Ù
Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘The
art of our time and of our circle has
become a prostitute and this comparision
holds good even in minute detail. Like her
it is not limited to certain times, like her it
is always adorned, like her it is always
saleable and like her it is enticing and
ruinous.’’
~•z ly®!lÜ˛ xl%Ë˛yÓl ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ê˛°fiê˛Î˚ ~•z
§!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù•Í Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•z ˆ◊¤˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù ≤ÃyÓ!lÜ˛– !ï˛!l ÙyˆÏll ˆÎ
~Ü˛Ùye Ù•Í Ë˛yÓ•z Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ ÙlˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ
˜Ùe#ÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚•z fl∫y!Ì≈Ü˛
í˛z_Ó˚îÈüÈí˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ˆ§•z Ë˛yÓ•z Óƒ!Oï˛
•GÎ˚y çÓ˚&!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ë˛yÓ §ÙhflÏ §ÇÜ˛#î≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ
§#ÙyÈüÈˆË˛ò !l!Ÿã˛•´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y xyÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃˆÏÙÓ˚ Ë˛yÓÈüÈÙyô%ˆÏÎ≈ ≤ÃÓ%k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî ˛õÌÈüÈÎye#
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ xlyd§Ùy!•ï˛ §#!Ùï˛ ˆÓyô
~ÓÇ ˆÓy!ôˆÏï˛ ˆÎ xyò¢≈ ÎÌyÌ≈ xl%ôyÓlÈüÈxl%§Ó˚î
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚Ù xyò¢≈ˆÏÜ˛•z ˜¢!“Ü˛
ˆ§Ô£ÏÙƒ ~ÓÇ Ó˚§ÈüÈÓƒOlyÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xlƒÈüÈÙˆÏl §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù
§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛y ÓˆÏ° !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ~ÓÇ
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü‰˛§‰˛õ#Î˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏê˛yˆÏÊ˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ù x!Ë˛!•ï˛ !§k˛ •Î˚!l ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l
ï˛yÓ˚ xÈüÈ=îÓyã˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~Ùl !Ü˛
!ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôÙ≈yl%Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛ ‘Resurrection’
í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛G x§yÌ≈Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
x!Ë˛!•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ~•z ˆÎ
‘‘Resurrection’ í˛z˛õlƒy§!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüÈÓ!MÈ˛ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl%£Ï•z ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Úí˛z˛õˆÏò¢Û ˛õyˆÏÓ ly–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛yÓÈüÈ§MÈ˛yÓ˚Ü˛ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
‘Resurrection’ x§yÌ≈Ü˛–
ê˛°fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎ Ú§Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z
Ë˛àÓyˆÏlÓ˚ §hs˝yl ~ÓÇ xˆÏFSÈòƒ xy!dÜ˛ Ó¶˛ˆÏl
xyÓk˛ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚•z §yÌ≈Ü˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !lË≈˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l ~ÈüÈG Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ
~•zË˛yÓ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓly ≤Ãy!îï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•z Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒˆÏï˛ !l!á°
ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî ≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛
xyê≈˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~•z ˆÎ ~•z xyê≈˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°
!Ü˛S%È !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï Ó˚&!ã˛¢#° Ùyl%£Ï•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
~ÈüÈxyê≈˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OlyˆÏÌ≈•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ~•z xyê≈˛ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï !Ü˛S%È !¢“
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° !§k˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ü˛v ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôƒylÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎ
ÙylÓÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§Ó Ùyl%£Ï•z !¢“# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛°!ï˛
!òˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ÌyÜ˛!Ìï˛ !¢“ÈüÈˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢áyÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yl òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ly– Ü˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎ ˆ§•z !¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyê≈˛ ˆÜ˛yl
!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï Ó˚&!ã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ÈüÈ§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚

34
ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OlyˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z í˛zß¨ï˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ !¢“#ÈüÈÓƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚y
Ó%V˛ˆÏÓl ˆÎ !ÓŸªÈüÈl!®ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ‘Masterpiece’ !Ü˛¡∫y
‘Great Novel’ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyê≈˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛
≤Ãyîl §D#ï˛ Óy §%®Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õÜ˛Ìy Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ xˆÏlÜ˛
ˆÓ!¢– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ‘‘The artist of the future
will understand that to compose a fairy
tale, or a little song which will touch a
lullaby or a riddle which will entertain, a
jist which will amuse, or to draw a sketch
which will delight dozens of generation of
millions of children and adults is
incomparably more important and more
fruitful than to compose a novel or a
symphony, or paint a picture which will
divert some members of the wealthy
classes for a short time, and then be for
ever forgotten.’’
~Ù!lï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ Óyî#Ó˚ §yÓ°#°ï˛yÎ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙllyÓ˚ •z!ï˛ˆÏFSÈò §Ùy!˛õï˛ ly
•ˆÏ°G ê˛°fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ly®!lÜ˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ày¶˛#!çÓ˚
xhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈ!Ù°G ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ lÎ˚– ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ òy¢≈!lÜ˛
x!Ë˛ôyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ó Ù•Í Ü˛Ù≈y!Ë˛ôy•z ç#ÓlÈüÈ§ï˛ƒ
~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ àË˛#Ó˚ §Çà!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ÙylÓï˛yˆÏÜ˛•z ˛õÓ˚Ù í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏî
ˆ˛õÔÑˆÏSÈ ˆòˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ §Ó Ù•Í Ùyl!ÓÜ˛
Ü˛Ù≈y!Ë˛ôy•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Ú§Ó≈yòÎ˚Û ~ÓÇ ~•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚
Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yòÎ˚Û•z §Ù@˝Ã ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Û
xyhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈxyd#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ã˛ly Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !l!á° ÙylÓ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Ù í˛z_Ó˚î §yÌ≈Ü˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l !òˆÏlÓ˚ çyàÓ˚î
xylˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛G
x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛•z ~•z §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyîl xyò¢≈ÈüÈ≤Ãy!îï˛
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yò¢≈ÈüÈ!Óã%˛ƒï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü˛Ù≈yÈüÈ!Ë˛ôyˆÏÜ˛•z ày¶˛#!ç Ù•Í ÓˆÏ° ÙyˆÏll ly–
§ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyò¢≈ÈüÈ!Óã%˛ƒï˛ xyê≈˛G ï˛y•z !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
xyl® Óƒ§ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl–
§ˆÏÓ≈yòÎ˚ xyò¢≈•z ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ ç#Ól §yôlyÓ˚
§ï˛ƒyò¢≈ ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° !Óò?˛ Ù•ˆÏ°•z
§#Ùy!Î˚ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏ¢£ÏK˛ §Ùyç
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ §Ùyò,ï˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÜ˛£Ï≈î ~ÓÇ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆl•z– ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
≤ÃyÓ!îÜ˛ Ë˛yÓ ÓƒOly á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z §Ó ˆ◊î#Ó˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l
çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ flõ®l ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyÜ˛£Ï≈î fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙyòÓ˚– !ï˛!l ˆ§•z
xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ù•Í !¢“G ÓˆÏ°l– ï˛y•z !ò°#˛õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛
!ï˛!l ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ°!SÈˆÏ°l ˆÎ Úxy!Ù ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ Ù•Í !¢“
Ó!° ly ÎyÓ˚ Ü˛òÓ˚ ÷ô%•z !ÓˆÏ¢£ÏK˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ
ˆê˛Ü˛!lˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ §!¶˛ ly çylˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ÙyÌyÈüÈÙ%[%˛•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xy!Ù ÙˆÏl Ü˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ù•Í
!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xyˆÏÓòl !ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ùï˛•z
!ÓŸªçl#l– ã%˛° ˆã˛Ó˚y !Óã˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÌy âyÙyˆÏlyÓ˚
lyÙ•z ˆÎ !¢“ˆÏÓyô ~ xy!Ù Ë˛yÓˆÏï˛•z ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– áÑy!ê˛
Ó˚§ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ùyçòy!Ó˚Î˚yly G ï˛ylê˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆã˛Ü˛ly•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡∫¶˛•z ˆl•z– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ •ˆÏÓ
§Ó˚°ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ •ˆÏÓ §•çÈüüüÈ ˙ ˆÎ Ó°°yÙ
!ë˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyO° Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ Ùï˛l–Û ï˛y•z !ï˛!l
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚•z ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘I want art and
literature that can speak to the millions’‘.
ˆÎ xyê≈˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z §Ó Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ Ë˛yÓ
Ó˚yà §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüüüÈ ˆ§ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù•Í xÓòyl ˆl•z ÓˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z !ï˛!l ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘I love
music and all other arts, but I do not attach
such value to them as is generally done. I
can not for example recognise the value of

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those activities which require technical
knowledge for thir understanding.’’
xyê≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ ~•z §Ó lylyl x!Ë˛ôy
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §•ˆÏç•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛
Ü˛°ƒyîÈüÈË˛yÓlyÈüÈÙ@¿ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùl Ü˛ál•z ˆ§•z xyê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛
í˛zFã˛ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚!lÈüüüÈ ˆÎ xyê≈˛ ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓyô ≤Ãy!îï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ !l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ Ü˛°ƒyî
≤Ã!ï˛◊&ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l ï˛y•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÚÜ˛°y
˜Ü˛Ó°ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚Û ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Ú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ü˛Ìy•z Ó°ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ~•z Ú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÛÈ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xˆÏÌ≈•z ï˛yÍ«˛!îÜ˛ Óy «˛î ˆÙÔ•)!ï≈˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
~ Ú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÛ xy!dÜ˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l– xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ï˛y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ú≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚•z ò%Û!ê˛ !òÜ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÈüüüÈ ~Ü˛ê˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ
~Ü˛ê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ylê˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚
!ò•zÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙyÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ç!l§ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÜ˛ê˛y ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ùye– ~SÈyí˛¸y ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù)°ƒ ˆl•z– §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚
xyê≈˛ Ùye•z ï˛yÓ˚ xydyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈxydyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ÓˆÏ°•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ó
Ù)°ƒ– ˆ§•z ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyê≈˛•z xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §Ó ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ xyˆÏÓòl çyàyÎ˚– !Ü˛v xyÙyÓ˚ xçyly lÎ˚ ˆÎ
xˆÏlˆÏÜ˛•z !lˆÏçˆÏÜ˛ !¢“# ÓˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚y
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛G ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛lñ xÌã˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢“Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ xydyÓ˚ í˛zô≈yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ü˛¡∫y Ù•ˆÏcÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ x¢yhs˝
xyÜ)˛°ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛îyÇ¢G xyË˛y§ ˆl•z–
§Ó §ï˛ƒy!Ì≈Ü˛ xy!ê≈˛ˆÏÜ˛•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ §_yÓ˚
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÉÉÉ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~•z
§Ó xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•zñ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•z ï˛y
xydyl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ xydyˆÏÜ˛ §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û
Ü˛#ê‰˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛•z ày¶˛#!çG ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ
§ï˛ƒ•z §%®Ó˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ Ë˛yÓ!ê˛•z
§%®Ó˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ à#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ SÈ!Ó §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ç#ÓlÈüÈÓyî#ˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z à#!ï˛ÈüÈSÈ!Ó•z §%®Ó˚–
~•zË˛yˆÏÓ•z Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ç#Ól §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÙÙ≈yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ §ï˛ƒï˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çyàÓ˚î
§Ω˛Ó ÓˆÏ°•z ày¶˛#!ç ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– xydÈüÈ§_yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù
~ÓÇ §ÙƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ùyl%£Ï §%®Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ §,!‹T
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~Ù!lï˛Ó˚ §ï˛ƒ
Ù%•)ï≈˛ ÎÌyÌ≈•z ò%°≈Ë˛ ÓˆÏ°•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢G
ò%°≈Ë˛– ày¶˛#!ç ï˛y•z ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ‘‘True art takes
note not merely of form but also of what
lies behind. There is an art that kills and
an art that gives lives. True art must be
evidence of happiness, contentment and
purity of its authors.’’
Ü%Ñ˛çÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛l•z ày¶˛#!çG §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ÙÇà°ˆÏÜ˛•z
xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ÈüÈ§_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈˆÏ°l–
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ÙylˆÏï˛l ˆÎ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!Ü˛S%ÈˆÏÜ˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛•z ˆÎ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ §%®Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫ï˛/!§k˛ï˛y ˆl•z– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÌÈüÈÎyeyÎ˚ ~Ùl
!Ü˛S%ÈˆÏÏÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛•z ˛õy•z ˆÎ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚
ˆÙy•l Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆl•z xÌã˛ xyhs˝Ó˚ Ù!•ÙyÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xÙ!°l ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ Ù%?˛ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ày¶˛#!ç Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Úxy!Ù
xyˆÏà•z ÓˆÏ°!SÈÈüüüÈ §ï˛ƒ !Ë˛ß¨ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆ§Ô®Î≈ ˆl•z–
xlƒ !òˆÏÜ˛ §ï˛ƒ ~Ùl Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ •Î˚ï˛
!lˆÏçˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Îy §!ï˛ƒ•z
x§%®Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏe´!ê˛§•z
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §ï˛ƒ!l¤˛ Ùyl%£Ï !SÈˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ !Ü˛v @˝Ã#§ ˆòˆÏ¢
!ï˛!l•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü%˛Í!§ÍG !SÈˆÏ°l– xyÙyÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ !ï˛!l
§%®Ó˚ !SÈˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ˆÜ˛l lyñ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yôly !SÈ°– ~ Ü˛ÌyG
fløÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ü%˛Í!§Í Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚

36
çˆÏlƒ !Ê˛!í˛Î˚y§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
Ù)°ƒyÓôyÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lÈüüüÈ ï˛y lÎ˚–Û ~Ùl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë˛yÓÈüÈÓ˚yà xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ÈüÈÓƒ!N˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xl!Ë˛ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ Ë˛yÓ xydyÓ˚ í˛zô≈yÎ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚÎyÈüÈ!Ü˛S%È xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xydyÓ˚
í˛zô≈yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÜ˛ÈüüüÈ ï˛y !ÙˆÏÌƒ ~ÓÇ SÈ°ly çy°–Û
xˆÏlÜ˛xyô%!lÜ˛l®lï˛y!sfÜ˛ÙˆÏlÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚lˆÎxyê≈˛
Óƒ!_´ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!Ó §ï˛ï˛yÈüÈ˛õ!Óeï˛yÈüÈÙÙ≈ ~ÓÇ
Ü˛˜ÏÙ≈£Ïîy !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ !Ó÷k˛ x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ xylˆÏ®Ó˚
Óyî#•z Ó•l Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ày¶˛#!ç Ó°ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÚˆÎÙl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ•yÜ˛ xyÙÓ˚y
~ÈüÈçyï˛#Î˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ xË˛ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ ˆÎ xyê≈˛
Óƒ!_´ÈüÈç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Óeï˛y !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!l§
!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï–xyÙyÓ˚§Óx!Ë˛K˛ï˛y!òˆÏÎ˚•zÓ°ˆÏï˛˛õy!Ó˚ˆÎ~
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ x§ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xy!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˝ˆÏÜ˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑˆÏSÈ!SÈñ
~ál xy!Ù Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Óeï˛y•z ˆ◊¤˛
~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ áÑy!ê˛ xyê≈˛– fl∫Ó˚ÈüÈ§yôlyÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y
àyl ày•zÓyÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c xˆÏlˆÏÜ˛•z xç≈l Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ
!Ü˛vˆ§•zàylˆÏÜ˛~Ü˛!ê˛˛õ!Óeç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚§%£ÏÙyÓ˚ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚
!òˆÏÎ˚çyà!Ó˚ï˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆï˛y°ÓyÓ˚«˛Ùï˛yÜ˛Ùˆ°yÜ˛•zxç≈l
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ÌyˆÏÜ˛l–Û
ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ xyê≈˛ Úxy!dÜ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlÛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yï˛ •ˆÏ°G !ï˛!l ~ÈüÈÜ˛Ìy Ü˛ál•z ÙylˆÏï˛l ly
ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
flõˆÏ¢≈ xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷k˛ï˛y x˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ
!òˆÏÜ˛ ‘Classic art’ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Ùï˛ ~•z ˆÎ
~ xyê≈˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àï˛ ˜ò!lÜ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚
ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓlÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈß¨
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ó,•Í çl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛°ƒyî §yôˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !Ü˛S%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
xyl®ÈüÈ!Ó°yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ âê˛ly fløÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ≠
~Ü˛ ÓyÓ˚ ◊#Ù!ï˛ xyàyÌy •ƒy!Ó˚§l ày!¶˛ç#ˆÏÜ˛
ÓˆÏ°!SÈˆÏ°l ˆÎ !ï˛!l !lŸã˛Î˚•z ~Ü˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆSÈyê˛
ç!ÙˆÏï˛ §Óy•zˆÏÜ˛ ÚÊ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛y£ÏÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ
~•z çˆÏlƒ•z Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆÎ ÚˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛l xydyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚Ç xyÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçlG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–Û ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ày¶˛#!ç
ÓˆÏ°!SÈˆÏ°l ≠ ÚÚNo, I wan’t. Why cann’t you
see the beauty of colour in the vegetables?
And then, there is beauty in the speckless
sky. But no, you want the colours of the
rainbow— which is a mere optical
illusion. We have been taught to believe
that what is beautiful need not be useful
and what is useful can not be beautiful. I
want to show that what is useful can also
be beautiful.’’
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ly®!lÜ˛ Ë˛yÓlyÈüÈÙllyÓ˚
!l!•ï˛yÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ ày¶˛#!ç xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚
˛õyÓ˚!ÙÜ˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yòÎ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!dÜ˛ !Ù°l•z ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
xyÓ˚ ~•z §ˆÏÓ≈yòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ !l!á° ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù
Ü˛°ƒyî §yôlyÎ˚ ÙylÓydyÓ˚ í˛zô≈yÎ˚ï˛ çyàÓ˚î flõ!®ï˛
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yˆÏï˛•z xyê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù !§!k˛ÈüÈ§yÌ≈Ü˛ï˛y
ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ùyl!ÓÜ˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ù
ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚yÈüÈˆÓy!ôÜ˛ çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙÙ≈ÈüÈ§ï˛ƒ•z xydyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù
í˛z˛õ°!∏˛– ~•z ˛õÓ˚Ù ˆ◊ˆÏÎ˚yÈüÈˆÓy!ôÓ˚ xˆÏÙÎ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒ
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏÜ˛ í˛zˆÏmy!ôï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ÷Ë˛ÈüÈòy!Î˚c xyê≈˛ÈüÈ•z
Ó•l Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ày¶˛#!ç ÙˆÏl Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–

37
DIRECTOR-SECRETARY’S REPORT
on the Programme and Activities of the
Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore,
during March, 2016 to May, 2016
1. School Programme for remote
rural areas (21/03/16) :
On March 21, 2016 the Gandhi
Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore
visited the Namkhana Narayan
Vidyamandir situated at
Namkhana, 24 Parganas South as
part of the programme for schools
in remote rural areas. The mobile
exhibition set ‘Alokchitre Teen
Mahajibon’ (three great
personalities in photographs.—
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore,
Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose) in roll-up
standee was mounted by the
Sangrahalaya at the school
premises for the students as well as
the staff of the school. After this the
documentary titled ‘Role of
Barrackpore in the Freedom
Movement of India’ was shown
which was followed by the audio-
visual quiz consisting of twenty (20)

38
questions on Mahatma Gandhi
conducted for the students. The
documentary prepared by the
institution Juktibadi Sanskritik
Samsthha, Canning, titled ‘Snakes
of Sunderban’ was presented by
the Sangrahalaya in the second half
of the programme in the section

Gandhi News vol. 11 no. 1

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