MODIFICATION OF HEART VALVES THROUGH DECADES.

1. JIS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Submitted by
subhasish karmakar
Artificial Heart
Valves

2. HISTORY
 1952- The first ever invented artificial heart valve
was designed by Charles A. Hufnagel which was
the caged-ball design
 1960- On September 21, the first human was
implanted with the ball and cage design
 Binet and associates, started using porcine aortic
valves for humans
 1969- The Bjork-Shiley valves was the first tilting-
disc design to come out
 1979-the bileaflet design was introduced which
was composed of two semicircular leaflets that
shifted open and closed

4. HEART VALVES
Right Atrioventricular Valve: Tricuspid Valve
Left Atrioventricular Valve: Bicuspid Valve
Right Semi-Lunar Valve:
Pulmonary Valve
Left Semi-Lunar Valve:
Aortic Valve
Purpose of Valves: Prevent backflow,
or flow of blood back into
chamber from which it came.

5. HOW HEART VALVE WORKS ?
When Ventricle expands: atrioventricular valve allows blood to flow
forward to the atrium into the ventricle while the semilunar valve
prevents blood from flowing back in heart.
When Ventricle contracts: atrioventricular valve closes to prevent
backflow while semilunar valve allows blood to body or lungs.
Prevention of backflow: ensures the proper direction of flow and
reduces amount of work heart must do to pump blood.

6. PROBLEMS WITH THE HEART VALVE
 Heart Valve diseases fall into two categories:
stenosis- hardening of the valve.
incompetence- permittence of backflow

7. “ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVE”
 An artificial heart valve is a mechanism that mimics the
function of a human heart valve
 It’s used for patients with a heart valvular disease or have a
damaged valve
 Heart valves are used to provide the heart with a
unidirectional blood flow
 They act as pumps

8. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES
 Mechanical- There are three types. The caged ball,
tilting disk, and bileaflet heart valve.
 Tissue(biological)- valves that are used from
animals to implant them back into humans

9. “AN IDEAL PROSTHETIC VALVE “
 Unidirectional.
 Durable.
 Bloodcompatible,non-thrombogenic.
 Central flow,laminar flow.
 Closing,not damaging the blood cells.
Biomaterial used.
 Pyrolytic carbon is the material used for its strength and
its ability to prevent clotting.
 Polyester for sewing rings.

10. INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL HEART VALVES
 The first mechanical prosthetic heart valve was
implanted in 1952.
 Over the years ,30 different mechanical heart valve
have been originated worldwide.These valves have
progressed from simple caged ball design to modern
bileaflet valves.

12. CAGED BALL HEART VALVE

13. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Ball valve operates on the principle that the ball will be forced
to one side of the valve or the other depending on which way
blood is flowing.
 It prevents back flow of blood.
 But it completely blocks central flow .
 In caged ball design ,the heart must work harder to push the
blood around the ball.
 Ball valves are known to damage or kill blood cells due to
colliding with the ball.

15. TILTING DISC HEART VALVE

17. BILEAFLET HEART VALVE
 This type of heart valve design consists of two semicircular
leaflets ,which pivots on hinges.
 Bileaflet heart valve provides central flow as like natural
valve .
 The leaflet opens completely ,allowing very little resistance to
blood flow.
 They does not cause any type of blood cell damage.
 But the leaflet does not close completely ,which allows some
backflow of blood.

18. BILEAFLET HEART VALVE

21. PORCINE VALVE
 It has good durability and good hemodynamics.

22. PERICARDIAL (COW) VALVES
 Lasts as long as standard porcine valves at 10
years
 The pericardial valve has excellent hemodynamics.
 It has gained a large market share (about 40% of
US tissue valves) in this group of patients.

23. ANIMAL TISSUE VALVES VS. MECHANICAL VALVES
 With the animal tissue, patients do not need
lifelong anticoagulant therapy required with
mechanical valves
 Animal tissue is also inexpensive and mass-
produced
 However, animal tissue has uncertain durability
(5-15 years )that will inevitably require a risky
re-operation
 Mechanical valves can also fail suddenly and
catastrophically
 Have serious problem with thromboembolism

24. ADVANTAGE
 Mechanical heart valves: The biggest advantage is the
durability. While the tissue heart valves are estimated to
last about 10-15 years, a mechanical heart valve can last
30 year
 Tissue heart valves: There is minimal blood regurgitation,
minimal transvalvular pressure gradient, self repairing.
 Does not require and anti-
coagulant drug.

25. DISADVANTAGE
 Mechanical heart valves – In order to decrease
the risk of blood clotting, the patient must take
blood thinners. Some patients can hear their
mechanical heart valve open and close.
 Tissue heart valves – Wear, there is a small
possibility that the body will reject the valve,
inability to implant them into infants and
children.