القلب الصناعي الحديث

1. Research Methodology
Proposal Presentation
Dr.Malek algabri

2. Artificial heart
An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart
What is an artificial heart?
A normal heart has two pumps, each with two chambers, and the right atrium pumps oxygen-free blood from
the body to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, then the left atrium sends oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to
the left ventricle
Which in turn pumps blood to all parts of the body.
With each heartbeat, the atria contract together, and this contraction is followed by the contraction of the large
ventricles
Congestive heart failure, which is a decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood, is one of the most common
causes of death.
This disease is caused by several factors, including sudden damage caused by heart attacks, viral infection, or
high blood pressure.
According to the American Heart Association, an estimated five million Americans suffer from heart failure
More than 400,000 new cases of disease are diagnosed each year and about 50% of all patients die within five
years Heart disease cost the US Department of Health about $95 billion in 1998 alone.
Although medications and surgical techniques can help control symptoms, the only treatment for heart failure
is a new heart transplant.
In 1998, about 7,000 Americans were on the waiting list for a heart transplant, but only 30% of them got a new
one
Thus , artificial hearts and auxiliary pump devices were developed as potential alternatives.
,

3. How it works?
• The artificial heart maintains the heart's blood circulation
and oxygenation for different periods of time
• The ideal artificial heart should beat 100,000 times every
24 hours without the need for lubrication or maintenance.
• The artificial heart must have a constant power source and
must pump quickly or slowly according to the patient's
activity without causing any infection or blood clots.

4. types
• The two main types of artificial hearts are:
• heart lung machine
• mechanical heart
• The first type consists of an oxygenator and a pump and is used to keep blood
flowing when the heart is working
• This device only works for a few hours and the blood may become damaged after a
while.
• As for the second type, the mechanical core is designed to reduce the load applied
to the core, which does not enable it to operate at its normal capacity . .
• These hearts consist of equipment that pushes blood through the heartbeat or uses
an artificial reserve ventricle to help (left ventricular assist device, LVAD ).
• These devices usually lead to complications that harm the patient, but are used as
temporary alternatives until it is possible to obtain a normal heart for
transplantation. .
• About 4000 . have been cultivated LVAD , The consumption of these devices is
estimated at $12 billion annually in the United States.

5. Contents
1 its formula
2 date
3 problems
4 The first artificial heart transplant
5 types
5.1 Artificial heartAbiocor
5.1.1 Its function
5.1.2 Working Principle
5.1.3 Its parts
5.1.4 Surgery steps
5.1.5 Surgery Steps
5.2 Artificial heartJarvik-7) CardioWest)
5.2.1 Parts of the heart
5.2.2 Carpenter / Carmat

6. Its composition:
• The industrial cores consist of two
pumps each with an inlet valve and an
outlet valve, an external power device to
operate the pumps, and a pump rate
regulating device. The materials from
which artificial hearts are made include
plastic, titanium and carbon .

7. date:
• The first clinical implantation of a
complete artificial heart:
• He tried the first artificial heart in humans in 1969,
when a team of surgeons headed by Wenton Cooley,
who was working at the Texas Heart Institute in the
United States, used the device to temporarily support
blood circulation in a patient until a normal heart was
available for implantation in it. The artificial heart
was able to keep the patient alive for more than 60
hours until the heart transplant was completed.

8.  First clinical use of a permanent pneumatic
complete artificial heart:
In 1982, a surgical team led by William DeVries of the University of Utah was
able to implant an artificial heart, as the first permanent replacement for the
human heart. The device used, the Jarvik-7, was designed by the American
physician Robert Jarvik, and was powered by aerobic power. The man who
gave him this heart lived 112 days, and his name was Barney Clark. Since then,
a number of patients have received the Jarvik-7 as temporary or permanent
hearts. Some patients have had strokes caused by blood clots that form in the
pumps, and then break off and block the brain's arteries. This problem,
combined with the need for a large external power unit and some air tubes that
pass into the skin, has made some doctors question the viability of a
pneumatic heart for permanent use.
During the eighties of the twentieth century, scientists conducted experiments
with electric artificial hearts. Some of these devices are run with batteries that
can be worn, or with a low-voltage current, without requiring an opening in the
skin.

9.  First clinical use of an extracorporeal
pump:
On 21April 1966
, Dr. Michael Dbeki and on his right d .
Domingo Liotta , during clinical implantation of an
extracorporeal assisted circulatory device, at Methodist Hospital
in Houston , Texas , USA .
The Jarvik- 7 artificial heart has two ventricles, like a normal heart
.Each ventricle has an inlet valve and an outlet valve, and there is
a disc pump in each ventricle that expands and contracts to push
blood into the body .There are pneumatic tubes connecting the
ventricles to a power device that operates the two pumps .

10. Total artificial heart transplant:
Carmat artificial heart components .
In late 2020, the company CarmatFrench approval in Europe for its complete
artificial heart . It's exactly what it sounds like: a heart made of synthetic
and biological materials intended for transplantation into people who need
heart transplants. Now, only half a year later, the first American patient has
received a heart.
The transplant took place in mid-July 2021 to a 39-year-old man at Duke
University Hospital in North Carolina. The man didn't go to the hospital
expecting to have a heart transplant, but it ended up saving his life.
After experiencing unexpected heart failure, he was diagnosed with
advanced coronary artery disease( when plaque builds up in the blood
vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart) and underwent surgery
(which transplants a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body). to
reroute blood around the blocked artery).
When his condition rapidly worsened, his medical team realized that bypass
surgery wouldn't do it, but by that point, the traditional heart transplant had
become too risky. The patient was in the right place, because no transplant
center can implant an artificial heart.

11. His problems:
Some patients have had strokes caused by blood clots that
form in the pumps, and then separate and block the arteries
of the brain . This problem, combined with the need for a
large external power unit and some air tubes that pass into
the skin, has made some doctors question the viability of a
pneumatic heart for permanent use. During the eighties of
the twentieth century, scientists conducted experiments with
electric artificial hearts. Some of these devices are run with
batteries that can be worn, or with a low-voltage current ,
without requiring an opening in the skin .
The Russian artificial heart designer and heart transplant
surgeon, Alexander Chernyavsky, tried to answer this
question in an interview with the Russian "Novosti" agency..

12. His problems:
 Chernyavsky said that there are hundreds of patent
certificates for engineers, scientists and doctors, designers
of artificial hearts or their parts, but there are a limited
number of artificial hearts implants, and they cannot be
compared to the thousands of surgeries that doctors have
performed all over the world to transplant parts of the heart
such as ventricles. Thus, it can be said that at present there
is no engineering design that can replace the natural heart .
 There are currently many artificial designs in the world, and
one of the most advanced is the heart" SinCardia"The
antenna is manufactured by the company"
CardioWest"American. It was designed some time ago, and
is constantly under development.
 The latter model is more refined for its small pneumatic
valve. There is also another successful American model of
the model" Jarvik 7".

13. His problems:
 heart stirred" Carmat"The Frenchman has been in a buzz lately, as the
most sophisticated artificial heart. But he still faces many technical and
medical problems.
 As for Russia, it has so far witnessed the design of the artificial left ventricle
of the heart of the “AV Ka Sputnik” model".
 It is known that the patient faces problems after implanting an artificial
heart, including complications related to infection and the need to charge
external or internal batteries.
 Doctors and engineers have not yet found a solution to this technical
problem, and the methods and methods of charging batteries through the
skin are still the subject of scientific research.
 There have been suggestions of a fictional mini thermonuclear reactor for a
long time. Any implanted artificial heart can still be charged by an external
battery that is replaced after 8-10 hours. There are other problems that need
to be solved.

14. His problems:
 Alexander Chernyavsky said,: "If we take a look at the past, we
can notice great progress in the field of implanting artificial and
donated hearts. We also note a development in the duration of its
stay in the human body and its adaptation to its environment,
bearing in mind that the average lifespan of an intruder heart in
the human body is now 3 years, which was unimaginable 10 years
ago.".
 Cherniavsky expressed his hope that in the future, humans will
live for a long time using the artificial heart, and said that "the
heart must have an eternal battery."".

15.  The first
artificial
heart
transplant:
• The first artificial
heart transplant was
performed at the
Georges Pompidou
European Hospital
in the French capital,
Paris, on December
18, 2013
.
[
3
]

16. its types:
artificial heart Abiocor:
It is a pump equipped with two ventricles that are replaced with the
normal ventricles of the heart after suffering heart failure, first
implanted on June 21, 2001 at Louisville Hospital in Kentucky
 His job :
It includes all the work of the heart and is expected to increase the life
span of at least two times for a heart patient, the artificial heart( the
). AbioCorIt is used as a temporary alternative for the patient until he
obtains a normal heart from a donor, a period that can last for several
months.
 Working principle :
It relies on a pump that pumps hydraulic fluid into the chambers to
alternately push the blood

17.  its parts :
• 1
- Hydraulic pump : The pump consists of a chamber with two membrane
walls containing hydraulic fluid and a pump located in the middle, and the two
chambers of the ventricles are fixed at the two ends of the chamber.
• 2
- Transit valves: The valves open and close to allow blood to pass from one
side to the other inside the artificial heart
• 3
- External battery : Continuously supplying energy to the internal heart
pump, as energy is sent from the external battery to the pump through the
external and internal power coils.
• 4
- Wireless power transmission system: This system consists of two internal
and external coils . The magnetic flux is transmitted from the external coil to
the internal coil and a current is induced in it, which is transmitted to the
internal battery and to the internal control unit.
• 5
- Internal battery: It is a rechargeable battery implanted inside the patient’s
abdomen that takes its energy from the internal coil of the wireless power
transmission system, and provides this energy to the control system and the
hydraulic pump
• 6
- The internal and external control system: it monitors and controls the speed
of the heart's pumping, and to deal with the external controller with all its
warnings.

18. Surgery steps :
1. The surgeon implants the transducer coil into the ventricle.
2. He opens the breastbone and connects the patient to the heart-lung
machine.
3. The surgeon removes the right and left ventricles from the normal heart
and leaves the right and left atria, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This
part of the process takes two to three hours
4. Atrial junctions are suturedAtrial CuffsTo the right and left atrium of the
normal heart.
5. .A plastic model is placed in the chest to determine the appropriate and
appropriate position of the heart in the patient.
6. The tissues are cut. Graft” of appropriate length and sutured to the
pulmonary artery and aorta.
7. .The artificial heart is placed in the chest. Surgeons use "quick
connectors", which are small forceps, and are used to connect the heart to
the arteries.
8. All devices are removed.
9. The patient is separated from the heart-lung machine.
10. The surgical team makes sure that the heart is working properly.

19. its types:
 artificial heart CardioWest:)Jarvik- 7)
This heart was implanted in 1982 as the first model before development after
development. It was widely used in Britain, where the new heart is characterized by a
larger size and a weight equivalent to 6 times the normal weight of the heart and is
connected continuously with an external air pump to pump air into the special
chambers within the heart
 parts of the heart :
• -Pumps: The pumps are connected to the place where the heart connects with the
atria by means of an artificial collar. Each pump contains two chambers, one for air
and one for blood, separated by a smooth, flexible membrane made of polyurethane.
• -Valves: The inflow and outflow tubes contain tilted disc valves .
• -The main pump: The pumps are filled with the help of negative pressure where the
air tubes are connected through the chest to an external chamber, and through the
entry and exit of air into the air chamber in the pumps the blood is pushed out of
the blood chamber in the pumps.
• -Monitoring systems: the pumping rate, operating pressure and contraction period
are monitored through an external chamber. The Jarvik-7 heart has a beat volume
equal to 70 mL and an output volume of 6 to 8 L/min (maximum value is 15
L/min)..

20.  Carpenter/Carmat :
On October 27, 2008, French professor and pioneering specialist heart transplant
surgery Alain F. Carpentier announced that a fully artificial heart implant would
be ready for a clinical trial by 2011 and a replacement implant in 2013. It was
developed and will be manufactured by, the biomedical company CARMAT SA ,
[
6
] and venture capital firm Trueville Capital. The model uses built-in electronic
sensors and is made from chemically treated animal tissues, which he called
"bio", or "skin-like" of biosynthetics, from microporous materials. [
7
]
According to Carmat's press release dated December 20, 2013, the first
implantation of an artificial heart for a 75-year-old patient was performed on
December 18, 2013 by the Georges Pompidou European Hospital team in Paris
(France). [
8
] The patient died 75 days after the operation. [
9
]
In Karmat's design, two diaphragm circuits that carry hydraulic fluids are each
divided on one side.
 artificial heart CardioWest:)Jarvik- 7):

21. There is a mechanical pump that moves fluids hydraulically and drives fluids
causes the diaphragm to move; Blood flows through the opposite side of each
membrane. The side of the membrane facing the blood is made from tissue
obtained from the sac that surrounds the heart, to make the device more dynamic
the Carmat device also uses valves made of cow heart tissue and has sensors to
detect increased pressure within the device. This information is sent to an
internal control system that can adjust the flow rate in response to increased
demand, such as when the patient is exercising. [
10
] This distinguishes it from
previous designs that maintain a constant flow rate.
The device is intended as a reversal of previous designs for use in cases of heart
failure, rather than being used as a bridge device while a patient waits for a
transplant. [
11
] The device weighs 900 grams, nearly three times the weight of a
typical heart, and is primarily intended for obese men. It also requires the patient
to carry an additional lithium-ion battery . The life span of the artificial heart is
about 5 years (230 million beats). [
12
]
 artificial heart CardioWest:)Jarvik- 7):

22.  How does the artificial heart work, and
is it possible to mimic the function of
the natural human heart?
• - The artificial heart cannot mimic the human heart
100%, but we are trying to imitate it structurally.
• As for the materials it is made of, it is polyurethane
plastic, in addition to another type of plastic called
“Beck”, which has the hardness of steel and the
weight of a feather, and these two types are
harmless to the body.

23.  What about the artificial heart
transplant, how is it done?
 The artificial heart operation takes approximately 3 and a half
hours, as we remove the human heart and connect the patient to
a device that works to manage blood circulation to prevent any
bleeding, and it is a type of device that is used during open heart
operations..
 After removing the patient’s heart, we implant the artificial heart
and connect it to the body. The next step is to operate the
artificial heart to pump blood back into the human body, where
there are sensors for the amount of blood to be pumped..
 After the surgery, the patient needs to stay in intensive care for
two days, and then is transferred to the heart care department,
where he can go out to practice his normal life in the second
week of staying in the hospital..

24.  What activities is allowed for the patient
to perform after the operation, and can
he travel and move around?
 The patient who undergoes the implantation of the
artificial heart can do light sports activities: such as
walking or riding a bicycle, for example, but he is not
allowed to practice sports that require effort, such as
football, weightlifting, or even swimming because of the
possibility of infections as a result of the wire that will
extend from The heart is outside the body and is
connected to a device the size of a mobile phone, but it
can shower normally.
 The patient can travel freely, but he is not allowed to pass
through the inspection devices because of the radiation
that may affect the work of the artificial heart, and he will
be given proof that he was unable to pass through those
gates.

25. ‫و‬ ‫المصادر‬
‫المراجع‬
• ^ ‫نت‬ ‫الجزيرة‬ ‫قناة‬ ‫موقع‬
-
‫الصحافة‬ ‫جولة‬
-
‫عام‬ ‫بحلول‬ ‫كامل‬ ‫صناعي‬ ‫قلب‬ ‫غارديان‬
2011
• ^ " ‫اليوم‬ ‫اإلمارات‬ ‫موقع‬
" . ‫مؤرشف‬
‫من‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬
24
‫سبتمبر‬
2015 . ‫بتاريخ‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫اطلع‬
24
‫ديسمبر‬
2013 .
• ^ (ar) ‫فرنسا‬ ‫في‬ ‫اصطناعي‬ ‫قلب‬ ‫زرع‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫أول‬ ‫نجاح‬
,‫يورونيوز‬ ,
12
‫ديسمبر‬
2013 ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 28 ‫أغسطس‬
2016
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬
‫مشين‬.
• ^ ‫القلب‬
‫األصطناعي‬ Abiocor ,January 15, 2014, 6:02 pm.[‫مكسورة‬ ‫]وصلة‬ ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 08 ‫أغسطس‬
2014
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬.
• ^ ‫القلب‬
‫األصطناعي‬ Jarvik -7 ,January 16, 2014, 1:52 am.[‫مكسورة‬ ‫]وصلة‬ ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 08 ‫أغسطس‬
2014
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬.
• ^ Carmat's Long-Term Artificial Heart Nears Human Trials - Businessweek ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 12 ‫سبتمبر‬
2014
‫على‬
‫موقع‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬.
• ^ The Carmat Heart,- The technology behind the prosthesis ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 12 ‫يناير‬
2015
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬.
• ^ "First-in-man implantation of CARMAT's bioprosthetic artificial heart". ‫مؤرشف‬
‫من‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬
23
‫سبتمبر‬
2015
.
• ^ "First patient fitted with Carmat artificial heart dies". Reuters. March 3, 2014. ‫مؤرشف‬
‫من‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬
30
‫سبتمبر‬
2015
.
• ^ New Artificial Heart to Be Tested | MIT Technology Review ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 12 ‫نوفمبر‬
2020
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬.
• ^ "Carmat artificial heart patient in good condition: hospital". Reuters. December 30, 2013. ‫مؤرشف‬
‫من‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬
24
‫سبتمبر‬
2015
.
• ^ Pierwsze wszczepione na stałe sztuczne serce bije już w ludzkiej piersi - TechTrendy.pl ‫محفوظة‬ ‫نسخة‬ 30
‫ديسمبر‬
2013
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫مشين‬ ‫باك‬ ‫واي‬

26. 
‫الهامش‬
:
•
^ "'Next-Generation' Total Artificial Heart Successfully Transplanted into First US
Patient". singularityhub. 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
•
George B. Griffenhagen and Calvin H. Hughes. The History of the Mechanical Heart.
Smithsonian Report for 1955, (Pub. 4241): 339-356, 1956.

‫وصالت‬
‫خارجية‬
:
•
Artificial hearts and heart assist devices currently in use
•
The story of Bill Sewell, who built the first artificial heart pump from pieces of a
child's Erector set, laboratory odds and ends, and dime store goods
•
‫االسترجاع‬ ّ‫م‬‫ت‬
‫من‬
:
"https://www.marefa.org/index.php?title=
‫قلب‬
_
‫صناعي‬
&oldid=2345647"

‫تصنيفات‬
:
•
Implants
•
‫القلب‬ ‫طب‬
•
Artificial organs