Submit Search
Upload
MPMC chapter
•
Download as PPT, PDF
•
0 likes
•
72 views
S
subhamsriramka
Follow
mpmc chapter for exam revision
Read less
Read more
Science
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 45
Download now
Recommended
Ch8 of OS
Ch8 of OS
Nv Thejaswini
Main memory-2 (ch8,os)
Main memory-2 (ch8,os)
University of Technology - Iraq
Ch2
Ch2
Kailash Maheshwari
Lecture#5
Lecture#5
Adil Alpkoçak
Operating systems chapter 5 silberschatz
Operating systems chapter 5 silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Operating Systems Chapter 6 silberschatz
Operating Systems Chapter 6 silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Ch1
Ch1
nubinny
cs8493 - operating systems unit 2
cs8493 - operating systems unit 2
SIMONTHOMAS S
Recommended
Ch8 of OS
Ch8 of OS
Nv Thejaswini
Main memory-2 (ch8,os)
Main memory-2 (ch8,os)
University of Technology - Iraq
Ch2
Ch2
Kailash Maheshwari
Lecture#5
Lecture#5
Adil Alpkoçak
Operating systems chapter 5 silberschatz
Operating systems chapter 5 silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Operating Systems Chapter 6 silberschatz
Operating Systems Chapter 6 silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Ch1
Ch1
nubinny
cs8493 - operating systems unit 2
cs8493 - operating systems unit 2
SIMONTHOMAS S
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
SIMONTHOMAS S
5 process synchronization
5 process synchronization
BaliThorat1
Ch4 threads
Ch4 threads
Ankit Dubey
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
HimanshuSharma1389
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
Shafaan Khaliq Bhatti
6 cpu scheduling
6 cpu scheduling
BaliThorat1
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
HimanshuSharma1389
4 threads
4 threads
BaliThorat1
CPU scheduling ppt file
CPU scheduling ppt file
Dwight Sabio
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
HimanshuSharma1389
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
GiulianoRanauro
Deadlocks
Deadlocks
SyedTalhaBukhari2
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Muhammad Bilal Tariq
Ch2
Ch2
nubinny
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
SIMONTHOMAS S
2 os structure
2 os structure
BaliThorat1
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
dsuyal1
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
dsuyal1
ch7Deadlock.ppt
ch7Deadlock.ppt
FamilyAdmin
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Amin Omi
More Related Content
What's hot
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
SIMONTHOMAS S
5 process synchronization
5 process synchronization
BaliThorat1
Ch4 threads
Ch4 threads
Ankit Dubey
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
HimanshuSharma1389
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
Shafaan Khaliq Bhatti
6 cpu scheduling
6 cpu scheduling
BaliThorat1
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
HimanshuSharma1389
4 threads
4 threads
BaliThorat1
CPU scheduling ppt file
CPU scheduling ppt file
Dwight Sabio
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
GiulianoRanauro
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
HimanshuSharma1389
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
GiulianoRanauro
Deadlocks
Deadlocks
SyedTalhaBukhari2
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Muhammad Bilal Tariq
Ch2
Ch2
nubinny
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
SIMONTHOMAS S
2 os structure
2 os structure
BaliThorat1
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
dsuyal1
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
dsuyal1
What's hot
(20)
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 9 Operating Systems silberschatz
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
cs8493 - operating systems unit 1
5 process synchronization
5 process synchronization
Ch4 threads
Ch4 threads
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
Process synchonization : operating system ( Btech cse )
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System
6 cpu scheduling
6 cpu scheduling
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
Memory : operating system ( Btech cse )
4 threads
4 threads
CPU scheduling ppt file
CPU scheduling ppt file
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
Chapter 10 Operating Systems silberschatz
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
Deadlock : operating system ( BTECH CSE )
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
Chapter 14 Computer Architecture
Deadlocks
Deadlocks
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Ch1-Operating System Concept
Ch2
Ch2
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
cs8493 - operating systems unit 5
2 os structure
2 os structure
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
Galvin-operating System(Ch6)
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
Galvin-operating System(Ch4)
Similar to MPMC chapter
ch7Deadlock.ppt
ch7Deadlock.ppt
FamilyAdmin
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Amin Omi
deadlock.pptx
deadlock.pptx
VishnuDubey14
Deadlock in OS
Deadlock in OS
KioRox
ch7- Deadlock.ppt
ch7- Deadlock.ppt
Hiteshchauhan84
ch7.ppt
ch7.ppt
KamranAli649587
Deadlocks
Deadlocks
ssuser351f7b
Chapter 8 Operating Systems silberschatz : deadlocks
Chapter 8 Operating Systems silberschatz : deadlocks
GiulianoRanauro
Lecture # 10-11 for deadlock operating system.ppt
Lecture # 10-11 for deadlock operating system.ppt
RiaanSadiq
7.Dead Locks
7.Dead Locks
Senthil Kanth
An brief introduction to Deadlocks in OS
An brief introduction to Deadlocks in OS
RaviKiranVarma4
Galvin-operating System(Ch8)
Galvin-operating System(Ch8)
dsuyal1
Ch8
Ch8
Bilal Arshad
ch07.pdf
ch07.pdf
sharada3
ch8.pptx
ch8.pptx
AnkitaVerma776806
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Ahmad Alarbeed
Ch8: Deadlocks
Ch8: Deadlocks
Ahmar Hashmi
chapter4.pptx
chapter4.pptx
alisou77666
ch05.ppt
ch05.ppt
RohitPaul71
process synchronisation operating system
process synchronisation operating system
codefast
Similar to MPMC chapter
(20)
ch7Deadlock.ppt
ch7Deadlock.ppt
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
deadlock.pptx
deadlock.pptx
Deadlock in OS
Deadlock in OS
ch7- Deadlock.ppt
ch7- Deadlock.ppt
ch7.ppt
ch7.ppt
Deadlocks
Deadlocks
Chapter 8 Operating Systems silberschatz : deadlocks
Chapter 8 Operating Systems silberschatz : deadlocks
Lecture # 10-11 for deadlock operating system.ppt
Lecture # 10-11 for deadlock operating system.ppt
7.Dead Locks
7.Dead Locks
An brief introduction to Deadlocks in OS
An brief introduction to Deadlocks in OS
Galvin-operating System(Ch8)
Galvin-operating System(Ch8)
Ch8
Ch8
ch07.pdf
ch07.pdf
ch8.pptx
ch8.pptx
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Ch8: Deadlocks
Ch8: Deadlocks
chapter4.pptx
chapter4.pptx
ch05.ppt
ch05.ppt
process synchronisation operating system
process synchronisation operating system
Recently uploaded
GFP in rDNA Technology (Biotechnology).pptx
GFP in rDNA Technology (Biotechnology).pptx
AleenaTreesaSaji
Nanoparticles synthesis and characterization
Nanoparticles synthesis and characterization
kaibalyasahoo82800
Unlocking the Potential: Deep dive into ocean of Ceramic Magnets.pptx
Unlocking the Potential: Deep dive into ocean of Ceramic Magnets.pptx
anandsmhk
Stunning ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Panchshil Enclave Delhi NCR
Stunning ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Panchshil Enclave Delhi NCR
Delhi Call girls
G9 Science Q4- Week 1-2 Projectile Motion.ppt
G9 Science Q4- Week 1-2 Projectile Motion.ppt
MAESTRELLAMesa2
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
Biological Classification BioHack (3).pdf
Biological Classification BioHack (3).pdf
muntazimhurra
Recombination DNA Technology (Nucleic Acid Hybridization )
Recombination DNA Technology (Nucleic Acid Hybridization )
aarthirajkumar25
Spermiogenesis or Spermateleosis or metamorphosis of spermatid
Spermiogenesis or Spermateleosis or metamorphosis of spermatid
Sarthak Sekhar Mondal
Discovery of an Accretion Streamer and a Slow Wide-angle Outflow around FUOri...
Discovery of an Accretion Streamer and a Slow Wide-angle Outflow around FUOri...
Sérgio Sacani
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Kesar Bagh Lucknow best Night Fun service 🪡
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Kesar Bagh Lucknow best Night Fun service 🪡
anilsa9823
Green chemistry and Sustainable development.pptx
Green chemistry and Sustainable development.pptx
RajatChauhan518211
Animal Communication- Auditory and Visual.pptx
Animal Communication- Auditory and Visual.pptx
UmerFayaz5
Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io
Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io
Sérgio Sacani
Boyles law module in the grade 10 science
Boyles law module in the grade 10 science
floriejanemacaya1
Cultivation of KODO MILLET . made by Ghanshyam pptx
Cultivation of KODO MILLET . made by Ghanshyam pptx
pradhanghanshyam7136
Disentangling the origin of chemical differences using GHOST
Disentangling the origin of chemical differences using GHOST
Sérgio Sacani
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
jana861314
Zoology 4th semester series (krishna).pdf
Zoology 4th semester series (krishna).pdf
Sumit Kumar yadav
Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
Sérgio Sacani
Recently uploaded
(20)
GFP in rDNA Technology (Biotechnology).pptx
GFP in rDNA Technology (Biotechnology).pptx
Nanoparticles synthesis and characterization
Nanoparticles synthesis and characterization
Unlocking the Potential: Deep dive into ocean of Ceramic Magnets.pptx
Unlocking the Potential: Deep dive into ocean of Ceramic Magnets.pptx
Stunning ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Panchshil Enclave Delhi NCR
Stunning ➥8448380779▻ Call Girls In Panchshil Enclave Delhi NCR
G9 Science Q4- Week 1-2 Projectile Motion.ppt
G9 Science Q4- Week 1-2 Projectile Motion.ppt
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
Biological Classification BioHack (3).pdf
Biological Classification BioHack (3).pdf
Recombination DNA Technology (Nucleic Acid Hybridization )
Recombination DNA Technology (Nucleic Acid Hybridization )
Spermiogenesis or Spermateleosis or metamorphosis of spermatid
Spermiogenesis or Spermateleosis or metamorphosis of spermatid
Discovery of an Accretion Streamer and a Slow Wide-angle Outflow around FUOri...
Discovery of an Accretion Streamer and a Slow Wide-angle Outflow around FUOri...
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Kesar Bagh Lucknow best Night Fun service 🪡
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Kesar Bagh Lucknow best Night Fun service 🪡
Green chemistry and Sustainable development.pptx
Green chemistry and Sustainable development.pptx
Animal Communication- Auditory and Visual.pptx
Animal Communication- Auditory and Visual.pptx
Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io
Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io
Boyles law module in the grade 10 science
Boyles law module in the grade 10 science
Cultivation of KODO MILLET . made by Ghanshyam pptx
Cultivation of KODO MILLET . made by Ghanshyam pptx
Disentangling the origin of chemical differences using GHOST
Disentangling the origin of chemical differences using GHOST
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
Zoology 4th semester series (krishna).pdf
Zoology 4th semester series (krishna).pdf
Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
MPMC chapter
1.
Silberschatz, Galvin and
Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Chapter 7: Deadlocks
2.
7.2 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Chapter 7: Deadlocks System Model Deadlock Characterization Methods for Handling Deadlocks Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock Detection Recovery from Deadlock
3.
7.3 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Chapter Objectives To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
4.
7.4 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition System Model System consists of resources Resource types R1, R2, . . ., Rm CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices Each resource type Ri has Wi instances. Each process utilizes a resource as follows: request use release
5.
7.5 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Characterization Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, …, Pn} of waiting processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2, …, Pn–1 is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and Pn is waiting for a resource that is held by P0. Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously.
6.
7.6 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock with Mutex Locks Deadlocks can occur via system calls, locking, etc. See example box in text page 318 for mutex deadlock
7.
7.7 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph V is partitioned into two types: P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system request edge – directed edge Pi Rj assignment edge – directed edge Rj Pi A set of vertices V and a set of edges E.
8.
7.8 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph (Cont.) Process Resource Type with 4 instances Pi requests instance of Rj Pi is holding an instance of Rj Pi Pi Rj Rj
9.
7.9 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example of a Resource Allocation Graph
10.
7.10 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource Allocation Graph With A Deadlock
11.
7.11 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Graph With A Cycle But No Deadlock
12.
7.12 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Basic Facts If graph contains no cycles no deadlock If graph contains a cycle if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock
13.
7.13 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Methods for Handling Deadlocks Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state: Deadlock prevention Deadlock avoidence Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX
14.
7.14 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Prevention Mutual Exclusion – not required for sharable resources (e.g., read-only files); must hold for non-sharable resources Hold and Wait – must guarantee that whenever a process requests a resource, it does not hold any other resources Require process to request and be allocated all its resources before it begins execution, or allow process to request resources only when the process has none allocated to it. Low resource utilization; starvation possible Restrain the ways request can be made
15.
7.15 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Prevention (Cont.) No Preemption – If a process that is holding some resources requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it, then all resources currently being held are released Preempted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting Process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new ones that it is requesting Circular Wait – impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an increasing order of enumeration
16.
7.16 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Example /* thread one runs in this function */ void *do_work_one(void *param) { pthread_mutex_lock(&first_mutex); pthread_mutex_lock(&second_mutex); /** * Do some work */ pthread_mutex_unlock(&second_mutex); pthread_mutex_unlock(&first_mutex); pthread_exit(0); } /* thread two runs in this function */ void *do_work_two(void *param) { pthread_mutex_lock(&second_mutex); pthread_mutex_lock(&first_mutex); /** * Do some work */ pthread_mutex_unlock(&first_mutex); pthread_mutex_unlock(&second_mutex); pthread_exit(0); }
17.
7.17 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Example with Lock Ordering void transaction(Account from, Account to, double amount) { mutex lock1, lock2; lock1 = get_lock(from); lock2 = get_lock(to); acquire(lock1); acquire(lock2); withdraw(from, amount); deposit(to, amount); release(lock2); release(lock1); } Transactions 1 and 2 execute concurrently. Transaction 1 transfers $25 from account A to account B, and Transaction 2 transfers $50 from account B to account A
18.
7.18 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Avoidance Simplest and most useful model requires that each process declare the maximum number of resources of each type that it may need The deadlock-avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resource-allocation state to ensure that there can never be a circular-wait condition Resource-allocation state is defined by the number of available and allocated resources, and the maximum demands of the processes Requires that the system has some additional a priori information available
19.
7.19 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Safe State When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state System is in safe state if there exists a sequence <P1, P2, …, Pn> of ALL the processes in the systems such that for each Pi, the resources that Pi can still request can be satisfied by currently available resources + resources held by all the Pj, with j < I That is: If Pi resource needs are not immediately available, then Pi can wait until all Pj have finished When Pj is finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute, return allocated resources, and terminate When Pi terminates, Pi +1 can obtain its needed resources, and so on
20.
7.20 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Basic Facts If a system is in safe state no deadlocks If a system is in unsafe state possibility of deadlock Avoidance ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state.
21.
7.21 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Safe, Unsafe, Deadlock State
22.
7.22 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Avoidance Algorithms Single instance of a resource type Use a resource-allocation graph Multiple instances of a resource type Use the banker’s algorithm
23.
7.23 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph Scheme Claim edge Pi Rj indicated that process Pj may request resource Rj; represented by a dashed line Claim edge converts to request edge when a process requests a resource Request edge converted to an assignment edge when the resource is allocated to the process When a resource is released by a process, assignment edge reconverts to a claim edge Resources must be claimed a priori in the system
24.
7.24 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph
25.
7.25 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Unsafe State In Resource-Allocation Graph
26.
7.26 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph Algorithm Suppose that process Pi requests a resource Rj The request can be granted only if converting the request edge to an assignment edge does not result in the formation of a cycle in the resource allocation graph
27.
7.27 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Banker’s Algorithm Multiple instances Each process must a priori claim maximum use When a process requests a resource it may have to wait When a process gets all its resources it must return them in a finite amount of time
28.
7.28 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Data Structures for the Banker’s Algorithm Available: Vector of length m. If available [j] = k, there are k instances of resource type Rj available Max: n x m matrix. If Max [i,j] = k, then process Pi may request at most k instances of resource type Rj Allocation: n x m matrix. If Allocation[i,j] = k then Pi is currently allocated k instances of Rj Need: n x m matrix. If Need[i,j] = k, then Pi may need k more instances of Rj to complete its task Need [i,j] = Max[i,j] – Allocation [i,j] Let n = number of processes, and m = number of resources types.
29.
7.29 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Safety Algorithm 1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively. Initialize: Work = Available Finish [i] = false for i = 0, 1, …, n- 1 2. Find an i such that both: (a) Finish [i] = false (b) Needi Work If no such i exists, go to step 4 3. Work = Work + Allocationi Finish[i] = true go to step 2 4. If Finish [i] == true for all i, then the system is in a safe state
30.
7.30 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Request Algorithm for Process Pi Requesti = request vector for process Pi. If Requesti [j] = k then process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj 1. If Requesti Needi go to step 2. Otherwise, raise error condition, since process has exceeded its maximum claim 2. If Requesti Available, go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must wait, since resources are not available 3. Pretend to allocate requested resources to Pi by modifying the state as follows: Available = Available – Requesti; Allocationi = Allocationi + Requesti; Needi = Needi – Requesti; If safe the resources are allocated to Pi If unsafe Pi must wait, and the old resource-allocation state is restored
31.
7.31 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example of Banker’s Algorithm 5 processes P0 through P4; 3 resource types: A (10 instances), B (5instances), and C (7 instances) Snapshot at time T0: Allocation Max Available A B C A B C A B C P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 3 3 2 P1 2 0 0 3 2 2 P2 3 0 2 9 0 2 P3 2 1 1 2 2 2 P4 0 0 2 4 3 3
32.
7.32 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example (Cont.) The content of the matrix Need is defined to be Max – Allocation Need A B C P0 7 4 3 P1 1 2 2 P2 6 0 0 P3 0 1 1 P4 4 3 1 The system is in a safe state since the sequence < P1, P3, P4, P2, P0> satisfies safety criteria
33.
7.33 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example: P1 Request (1,0,2) Check that Request Available (that is, (1,0,2) (3,3,2) true Allocation Need Available A B C A B C A B C P0 0 1 0 7 4 3 2 3 0 P1 3 0 2 0 2 0 P2 3 0 2 6 0 0 P3 2 1 1 0 1 1 P4 0 0 2 4 3 1 Executing safety algorithm shows that sequence < P1, P3, P4, P0, P2> satisfies safety requirement Can request for (3,3,0) by P4 be granted? Can request for (0,2,0) by P0 be granted?
34.
7.34 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Deadlock Detection Allow system to enter deadlock state Detection algorithm Recovery scheme
35.
7.35 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Single Instance of Each Resource Type Maintain wait-for graph Nodes are processes Pi Pj if Pi is waiting for Pj Periodically invoke an algorithm that searches for a cycle in the graph. If there is a cycle, there exists a deadlock An algorithm to detect a cycle in a graph requires an order of n2 operations, where n is the number of vertices in the graph
36.
7.36 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Resource-Allocation Graph and Wait-for Graph Resource-Allocation Graph Corresponding wait-for graph
37.
7.37 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Several Instances of a Resource Type Available: A vector of length m indicates the number of available resources of each type Allocation: An n x m matrix defines the number of resources of each type currently allocated to each process Request: An n x m matrix indicates the current request of each process. If Request [i][j] = k, then process Pi is requesting k more instances of resource type Rj.
38.
7.38 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Detection Algorithm 1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively Initialize: (a) Work = Available (b) For i = 1,2, …, n, if Allocationi 0, then Finish[i] = false; otherwise, Finish[i] = true 2. Find an index i such that both: (a) Finish[i] == false (b) Requesti Work If no such i exists, go to step 4
39.
7.39 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Detection Algorithm (Cont.) 3. Work = Work + Allocationi Finish[i] = true go to step 2 4. If Finish[i] == false, for some i, 1 i n, then the system is in deadlock state. Moreover, if Finish[i] == false, then Pi is deadlocked Algorithm requires an order of O(m x n2) operations to detect whether the system is in deadlocked state
40.
7.40 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example of Detection Algorithm Five processes P0 through P4; three resource types A (7 instances), B (2 instances), and C (6 instances) Snapshot at time T0: Allocation Request Available A B C A B C A B C P0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P1 2 0 0 2 0 2 P2 3 0 3 0 0 0 P3 2 1 1 1 0 0 P4 0 0 2 0 0 2 Sequence <P0, P2, P3, P1, P4> will result in Finish[i] = true for all i
41.
7.41 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Example (Cont.) P2 requests an additional instance of type C Request A B C P0 0 0 0 P1 2 0 2 P2 0 0 1 P3 1 0 0 P4 0 0 2 State of system? Can reclaim resources held by process P0, but insufficient resources to fulfill other processes; requests Deadlock exists, consisting of processes P1, P2, P3, and P4
42.
7.42 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Detection-Algorithm Usage When, and how often, to invoke depends on: How often a deadlock is likely to occur? How many processes will need to be rolled back? one for each disjoint cycle If detection algorithm is invoked arbitrarily, there may be many cycles in the resource graph and so we would not be able to tell which of the many deadlocked processes “caused” the deadlock.
43.
7.43 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Recovery from Deadlock: Process Termination Abort all deadlocked processes Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated In which order should we choose to abort? 1. Priority of the process 2. How long process has computed, and how much longer to completion 3. Resources the process has used 4. Resources process needs to complete 5. How many processes will need to be terminated 6. Is process interactive or batch?
44.
7.44 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Recovery from Deadlock: Resource Preemption Selecting a victim – minimize cost Rollback – return to some safe state, restart process for that state Starvation – same process may always be picked as victim, include number of rollback in cost factor
45.
Silberschatz, Galvin and
Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition End of Chapter 7
Download now