Procurement stage review Student needs to identify a project procurement stage, process, or critical success factor as his/her topic for the term project. The topic should be used for all three submissions. A list of potential topics include the following. · Plan, Specification and Estimate (PS&E) Student is required to select one topic and perform a comprehensive review. A good review paper is expected to be 7000-9000 words plus figures and tables. A student can either conduct an in-depth review of 3-5 journal papers with calculation and analysis or a broad general review of more than 15 articles on a specific topic. Optimizing Public Transport Schedules to Minimize Energy Use and Wait Times Public transport system plays an important role in any city to travel through it seamlessly with reduced individual effort and it also improves several other factors like congestion and the environment. The authorities of the public transport company must strive to improve policymaking by using tools to attain effective utilization of energy while increasing their capabilities of serving more individuals. E-participation is one of the categories that can be used to collect feedback and improve the schedules by simply enabling a click of the button for a more suitable schedule by everyone. For instance, by enabling a new option to “choose my schedule” can be included in the already existing “Ventra App” in Chicago to group the individuals and have a definitive schedule that would serve the maximum people and eliminating the less effective schedules thereby minimizing energy use. Coming to the passenger wait times, again e-participation can be an effective tool wherein an app that runs on web 2.0 and is build using android/ iOS can be used to record the arrivals of the passengers and align the schedules. Also, the opinion mining tools like RapidMiner can be used to collect the opinions of the users and classify them based on their intents/ opinions on the currents timings and then modifying the policies to reduce the wait times. These tools can collect data from all the variety of sources and then use machine learning approaches to derive an optimized schedule that improves the efficiency and thereby reducing the wait times. Importance of tools in policymaking In an organization, the development of the business always lies with the implementation of some techniques in the system that is actually related to making the policy in the system. The technologies that are seen to be used in the system certainly have some importance when defining the process in the system and identifying the process during the time of communication-related to the information is always important for making the policy. The techniques that are seen to be used by the organization in the system certainly have some important steps to follow during the time of developing a policy in the system (Furlan, Torresan, Ronco, Critto, Breil, Kontogianni & Marcomini, 20 ...

1. Procurement stage review
Student needs to identify a project procurement stage, process,
or critical success factor as his/her topic for the term project.
The topic should be used for all three submissions. A list of
potential topics include the following.
· Plan, Specification and Estimate (PS&E)
Student is required to select one topic and perform a
comprehensive review. A good review paper is expected to be
7000-9000 words plus figures and tables. A student can either
conduct an in-depth review of 3-5 journal papers with
calculation and analysis or a broad general review of more than
15 articles on a specific topic.
Optimizing Public Transport Schedules to Minimize Energy Use
and Wait Times
Public transport system plays an important role in any city to
travel through it seamlessly with reduced individual effort and
it also improves several other factors like congestion and the
environment. The authorities of the public transport company
must strive to improve policymaking by using tools to attain
effective utilization of energy while increasing their capabilities
of serving more individuals. E-participation is one of the
categories that can be used to collect feedback and improve the
schedules by simply enabling a click of the button for a more
suitable schedule by everyone. For instance, by enabling a new
option to “choose my schedule” can be included in the already
existing “Ventra App” in Chicago to group the individuals and
have a definitive schedule that would serve the maximum
people and eliminating the less effective schedules thereby
minimizing energy use.

2. Coming to the passenger wait times, again e-
participation can be an effective tool wherein an app that runs
on web 2.0 and is build using android/ iOS can be used to
record the arrivals of the passengers and align the schedules.
Also, the opinion mining tools like RapidMiner can be used to
collect the opinions of the users and classify them based on
their intents/ opinions on the currents timings and then
modifying the policies to reduce the wait times. These tools can
collect data from all the variety of sources and then use machine
learning approaches to derive an optimized schedule that
improves the efficiency and thereby reducing the wait times.
Importance of tools in policymaking
In an organization, the development of the business always lies
with the implementation of some techniques in the system that
is actually related to making the policy in the system. The
technologies that are seen to be used in the system certainly
have some importance when defining the process in the system
and identifying the process during the time of communication-
related to the information is always important for making the
policy. The techniques that are seen to be used by the
organization in the system certainly have some important steps
to follow during the time of developing a policy in the system
(Furlan, Torresan, Ronco, Critto, Breil, Kontogianni &
Marcomini, 2018). These steps are generally significant when it
comes to recognizing the process in the system and the main
thing before going to make any plan in the system,
identification of those processes in the system is needed. It is
also needed to be categorized in a proper manner and with the
help of that, the work process of tools would be improved.

3. There are some important tools that have3 been used by the
organization for their different purposes and those tools actually
work accordingly in the process with effecting any process in
the system. Making any policy in the system always needed to
make a plan properly and the significance of those tools could
be found.
Developing a policy for optimizing bus and local train
The situation that has been discussed here is the issues faced by
the passengers when they traveled through the bus and local
trains. In the environment of SmartCity, making a proper policy
is certainly needed for the betterment of the process in the
system. The main and appropriate tools that would be
productive for this situation for improving the techniques in the
bus and scheduling the local trains in a better manner to reduce
the energy and minimizing the wait times of the passengers are
Visualization and Social network analysis tools (Janssen,
Wimmer & Deljoo, 2015). These two tools would be productive
and useful for the passengers of both vehicles to reduce the
issues that they are actually facing during the time of their
travel through both the vehicles.
The importance of a Visualization tool could be seen during the
time of managing the data in the system for the purpose of
understanding the data in a better manner and the viewpoint is

4. certainly seen to be meaningful with the context. It would
certainly help the passengers to visualize the schedules sitting
in their respective homes or other places without going to the
station or bus stand to get the information. The process could be
easily learned and visualize through the technique of
visualization in the system. This would help the passenger to
reduce their energy for not going anywhere and arrives from
their respective homes as the schedule managed. The tool of
Social network analysis would provide support to the passengers
to get the news from social media and identifies the pattern
through which the behaviors of the users could be able to
predict in the system (Hagen, Keller, Yerden & Luna-Reyes,
2019). The wait time of the passengers related to the local trains
could be reduced when the analysis of the network is done
through social media in the system. It is important to know the
patterns from which the work is seen to be done.
Information and communication technologies can be used to
leverage the full potential of comparative analysis and
modernizing policy making thereby increasing the effectiveness
and efficiency of these policies. Policymaking play a vital role
Bus and local train schedules in smart cities. Demand for these
services surges multiple times a day and random times during a
week, a month and a year. These are based on various factors
such as local events, work hours, concerts etc. Due to the
dynamic nature of this demand, the simulation model will
enable the transportation department to predict demand and
provide better service to the customers. I believe Argumentation
tools and Big Data Analytics tools provide value to these
organizations to leverage the full potential of technology.
Argumentation tools provide visualize representation of
complex arguments in the system such as large number of
stakeholders to contribute creating arguments and suggestions

5. which are turned into a graphical representation. Stakeholders
such as the employees and the public need to be engaged using
polling mechanisms to create a graphical representation of the
requirement throughout the year and design policies around
schedules based on these inputs. Tools such as Cohere, Argunet
are open sources which are web-based argument framework
based tools that provide a visual representation with the ability
to modify argument structure and manipulate layouts.
Big data analytics is a powerful tool which can use multiple
data points that are defined across the system to generate a heat
map of the current and future state of the system and
dynamically increase or decrease the number of buses or trains
to better serve the customer with the least wait time. There is a
lot of data available such as the number of customers travelling
at every point of the day, upcoming concerts or other events in
the city, holiday information, public interests, social events etc.
that can all be fed into the big data analytics tools to integrate,
visualize, analyze and predict the requirements to better serve
the customers by reducing their wait times by increasing the
number of services available during rush hours and reducing the
number of services and operation cost other times.