Reflection On Human Development

Reflection On Human Development
Human Development Reflection: Young Adulthood In Experience Human Development, Papalia
and Martorell define young adulthood as ages twenty through forty, although the idea of young
adulthood is more a social construct than an actual age range. Upon entering this phase, individuals
have reached their full–grown physical stature. In fact, adults are considered to be at their physical
peak during this phase of life with most young adults claiming to be in good to excellent physical
health. However, the modern lifestyle has started to affect this statistic, with more and more young
people reporting health–related risks and concerns due to a poor diet and a decrease in physical
activities (Papalia & Martorell. 2015). Alcohol use peaks during young adulthood with college
being the prime time and place for young adults to partake in risky drinking and other high–risk
behaviors such as smoking, illicit drug use, and high–risk sexual activities. Young adults have, by
far, the highest infection rate of sexually transmitted infections in the United States, with many not
even aware that they are infected. Young adulthood also appears to be a sensitive period for the
emergence of mental health concerns and depressive syndromes. Individuals who suffer from adult–
onset depression typically have few risk factors in childhood, but may experience issues with the
transition from adolescence to adulthood and the sudden loss of support that might accompany it
(Papalia & Martorell.
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Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Many people have contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean
Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean
Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed
that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process
of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986.
He is one of the most influential figures in the history of psychology. At the age 11, he had already
started his career as a researcher by writing a paper on an albino sparrow (www.verywell.com/jean–
piaget–biography). He continued his studies and later received his PH.D in Natural Sciences
(www.biography.com/people/jean–piaget).
While he was in Paris, Piaget studied newborns through adolescences. He came up with many
interesting findings and facts about cognitive development (www.simplypsychology.org/piaget).
Jean Piaget developed a theory that states that children develop cognitively through four
developmental stages, sensorimotor, pre–operational, concrete operational and formal (Rathus,
2016, p97). Piaget thought that from birth to the age of two, the child is a sensory being, and
information is absorbed through sensory and motor activities (www.biography.com/people/kean–
piaget). Piaget called this stage Sensorimotor.
Piaget further broke this stage down into six sub–stages (Rathus,

Psychology Reflection In Psychology
As American computer scientist, Emerson Pugh, once said, "If the human brain were so simple that
we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn't". Over the course of sixteen weeks
we, the fall of 2017–2018 Psychology 101 class, were able to look in depth into some topics, and
only begin to skim the surface on others. Although I may have reached the end of the semester
college course, I have not reached the end in wanting to learn more about the topics we were able to
explore during this short time. From the phases of classical conditioning, to the hundreds of types of
therapies used to treat psychological disorders, the amount of beneficial information you can learn
about humans is limitless. In my case, I found the material on Piaget's Stages of Cognitive
Development, the parts of the brain, and the personality tests the most intriguing and the most
advantageous in helping me as I progress through life. To completely understand the brain is simply
phenomenal, and a feat that no one has truly accomplished, but to be aware of some of the reasoning
for why our brains react the way they do can be just as useful. Piaget's Stages of Cognitive
Development gives a look into what is going on in the minds of our youth. As someone who wants
to have children, I found the information over Piaget to be the most helpful out of everything we
learned during the course of the fall semester. On average, parents spend roughly 2.07 hours a day
caring for children under six

How Do Mental Models Affect Children
Mental models can be defined as a psychological representation of our beliefs and ideas which are
formed through our experiences in life. The study of mental models helps us understand how
children and adults perceive the world around us and the world we live in. Not only that, we form
mental models on a day–to–day basis to learn and understand various concepts that we encounter.
Since it affects everyone it becomes an important area for research. A study conducted by Vosniadou
and Brewer (1992) focussed specifically on how mental models played a role in the scientific
understanding of the shape of the earth. However, in their study, they only focussed on how children
formed mental models and the effect of mental models on scientific understanding. Factors such as
age and gender were overlooked and therefore, this paper is a partial replication to cover these gaps.
Vosniadou and Brewer (1992) found that mental models were formed due to daily experiences of the
child. Children then formed "naïve theories" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2017) aimed to study effects of gender, interest, self– efficacy on children's epistemic knowledge of
science. Their subjects included 489 students from eight different Taiwanese high schools. A 36–
item questionnaire developed by them was provided to the subjects. Their results did show minor
differences but much to contrary belief, females had performed better. It was found that the female
participants were better ay "understanding the meanings and limitations of measurement in science".
It can be concluded that gender is a very tricky concept to touch upon, yet there is consistency
among most studies that focus on gender–related differences in scientific understanding. Most
results depict that men and women have the same level of scientific understanding except minute
differences and these differences are sometimes in favour of women as well. When it comes to our
second factor, age, however, results are

Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Penny Clark
Austin Peay State University
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Introduction
There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology.
Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist,
educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop
knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories on the cognitive development stages.
Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence an increasingly advance thought and
problem–solving ability from infancy to adulthood (Oakley 2004). It was Piaget who first noted that
children learned difficulty than adults do in the ways in which they thought about and interpreted
the world (Oakley 2004). He's ideas were that adults did not simply know more than children, but
that their knowledge of the world was structured differently. Piaget suggested that children at
different stages of their development thought about and interpreted their world in many different
ways (Oakley 2004). There are three main principals of Piaget's theory along with the four stage of
cognitive development that will be discussed in the paper below. Thanks to Piaget, the theory of
cognitive development has made a significant impact in the way that teachers teach in the classroom
today.
Three Main Principles of Piaget's Theory Piaget's theory of

The World In Picture Book Summary
1. 1592–1670: Comenius " The World in Picture" This is considered the 1st picture book that
focuses on literacy. I chose this as I think for early childhood, pictures are engaging to kids.
Sometimes no words are needed as a picture says 1000 words. 2. 1632–1704: John Locke – John
Locke is known for his belief regarding a child's mind being a blank tablet and the mind is
development through stimulation. Locke believed that as children grow, they encounter many
experiences. Through these experiences, their lives are shaped. 3. 4. 1782–1852: Friedrich Froebel –
Known as one of the most influential educators, Froebel was known for his work on the
kindergarten system. He had an analogy regarding how children grow. He compared the growth of a
child to how flowers grew. Flowers needs love and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1856"s: Margarethe Schurz – founder of the Day Care Movement and opened the first daycare in the
United States. Schurz brought into Froebel theory and modeled an in home daycare after his
theories. Neighbors and friends were impressed with her teachings, which encourage her to open a
kindergarten. 6. 1926 – Establishment of NAEYC. This establishment began with the organization
of nursey schools by educators and professional researchers. This establishment has grown over the
years and is known for setting standards for early childhood development. 7. 1902–1994" Erik
Erikson – Erikson changed the way of thinking around the development of children. His theory was
that child's personality develops through the social influences throughout one's life. His theory was
that there are 8 stages in life that people encounter and through these stages, if resolved, one will
continue to mature in their social development and one's personality throughout life, not just
through single events. 8. 1908–1970: Abraham Maslow – Maslow belief was that before cognitive
learning could occur, that basic needs needed to be present. This is known as the self–actualization
theory which outlines

Adolescent Psychology : Observation Paper
Citlali Perez B00926888 May 5, 2015 Adolescent Psychology Observation Paper College Frenzy
Introduction The college admission process has long been rooted in adolescents and less attention
has been placed on how the timing and demands of such an important decision intersect with the
developmental milestones of adolescence. Jalen, a seventeen–year–old high school student–athlete
from Friendship Academy in Washington D.C has received over 40 different scholarship offers, all
from nationally ranked colleges across the country. In less than a month, Jalen will be graduating
high school, and will therefore, have to announce to his family, where he will be attending in the
fall. What will Jalen decide? The question of when to apply to college and how compatible it is to
adolescent development will be discussed in this paper. Two important factors regarding the college
application processes will be explored. The first examines what is known about adolescent
development and how this corresponds with the process and timeline for how students make college
application decisions; the second focuses on the socio–cultural implications of the unequal
distribution of resources to some students and how this affects student college decisions and
applicants for different types of colleges. Cognitive and Physical development of Adolescence
Figure 1. Brain development from childhood to adulthood–The area of the brain that controls
executive functions, among those for reasoning,

Adhd and Piaget's Theories
PART ONE What is attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder? ADHD is a behavioral disorder that is
neurodevelopmental in origin–meaning it is caused by a biological problem with the brain functions
that control emotions and learning (Low Birthweight in Newborns). Symptoms of this disorder
range from mild to severe, and not all children will have the same symptoms. Although no main
source is known to cause this disorder, doctors and researchers believe that ADHD symptoms are
linked to neurodevelopmental problems (Low Birth Weight in Newborns). Studies are being done to
conclude other possible causes, including low birth weight. Low birth weight is a term used to
describe babies who are born weighing less than three pounds, four ounces, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During this stage, the child can engage in symbolic play, and have developed an imagination. This
child may use an object to represent something else, such pretending that a broom is a horse. An
important feature a child displays during this stage is egocentrism. This refers to the child's inability
to see a situation from another person's point of view. To test whether or not children are egocentric,
Piaget used the 'Three Mountain Task'. Piaget concluded that the four–year olds thinking was
egocentric, as the seven year olds was not. Children, at this stage, do not understand more complex
concepts such as cause and effect, time, and comparison. The third stage is the Concrete Operational
Stage, which occurs around age seven to age eleven. This stage marks the beginning of logical or
operational thoughts for the child. Their thinking becomes less egocentric, and the child can now
understand that although the appearance of something changes, the "thing" itself does not. For
example, if a child decided to spread out a pile of blocks, they know there are still as many blocks as
there were before, even though it looks different. The last stage of Piaget's cognitive development is
known as the Formal Operational Stage, which occurs between the ages of eleven and sixteen.
Adolescents have now gained the ability to think in an abstract matter, and can now understand
things such as science and algebra. The most distinct difference between the

The Australian Toy Safety Standards Essay
Classification toy – Teaches children how to classify – Children must put the correct block in the
appropriate cut–out hole – The box and the blocks that fit in the hole are made of soft foam to meet
the Australian Toy Safety Standards – The box as rounded corners so during play, children will not
hurt themselves – Encourages physical growth, solitary and active play – The child will learn how to
group according to more than one feature of the object (The Australian Toy Safety Standards state
that toys for children under the age of 3 must not have small parts that come off after wear and tear.
This prevents choking, suffocation or death. Building blocks must also be smoothly finished.)
JUSTIFICATION OF DEVEOPMENTAL ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of growth is important as it helps the child grow and provides a purpose for the child.
Another benefit is that this toy will encourage solitary and active play, types of social patterns and
play, which is vital for child's development. This toy supports skill development through maturation
as children will learn how to play with this toy as they mature cognitively. According to Piaget's
idea of schemas which are created by assimilation and accommodation, the schema for the child in
the preoperational stage will be that they will think that two different shapes of the same colour
would both fit into the same cut–out hole in the box, when in fact, they will not. The child then goes
through assimilation, where they will adjust their existing schema and understand that an object can
be classified by more than one feature. The state of the schema is then changed from disequilibrium
to equilibrium. Therefore, this toy is developmentally appropriate to children in the preoperational
stage as it will encourage the child to overcome an issue they face in their age period. PART C:
EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Aim:
To explain the mechanisms and processes by which the infant, and then the child, develops into an
individual who can reason and think. Piaget proposed that a child's thinking

The Stages Of Cognitive Development
The proposed four stages of cognitive development are developed by Piaget. He supposes that, in a
specific order, all of society passed through the four stages that he established, generally with
precise ages.
The first stage is the sensorimotor stage. This earliest stage, occurring from birth to two years of
age, involves differentiation of self from objects. The child participates in action and begins to act
purposely. Then, child comes to understand that objects still remain in existence even when they are
out of sight. As a limitation, this stage seems to only support thinking only by doing. The second
stage is the preoperational stage, occurring roughly the time child begins speaking to possibly seven
years old. During this period, intelligence is established through symbols, language use matures, and
memory and imagination are developed. As a limitation, the preoperational stage lacks the concept
of conversation. The third stage is the concrete operational stage, which occurs around the time a
child is in first grade to possibly eleven years of age. In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated
through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. As a limitation,
operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and also limited two characteristics at the same
time. The fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage, which happens around adolescence
to adulthood. During this stage, intelligence is established through the

Cognitive Development And Vygotsky Theory
Cognitive development is the development of mind. It is also known as mental or intellectual
development. It develops according to a predictable pattern in which maturation and learning play
important roles.
So, cognitive development is the progressive changes in intellectual growth which takes place from
birth to maturity, as the children grow, they show signs of having a theory of mind, including
awareness of their own thought processes.
The mind of the child starts to grow as soon as he is born. It develops as he learns, learning
promotes cognitive development. Learning is one of the most important cognitive abilities and the
ability to record, organise, memorise, distinguish, to learn from experiences, by doing, through
interaction with their environment.
4 Stages
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget's theory concern about children and how they adapt to their environment. They learn to
organize their activities in relation to their environment, coordinate information they receive from
their senses and progress from trial and error to solve problems.
Vygotsky theory, the child learns through interaction with other adults and peers. Vygotsky theory is
focused on the role of culture. Social interaction with adults can fulfill a child's potential in learning.
According to Vygotsky "A child's greatest achievements are possible in play, achievements that
tomorrow will become her basic level of real actions."
Dealing with 3 to 5yrs children, we must know the child about the development – understand the
child.
By studying the theories of Piaget (1896 –1980) the child is by nature curious, always discover and
explore. The child learns by touching and learning by doing. Piaget theory says that learning is a
product of assimilation and accommodation of new experiences.
At school, it is important to know what we expect from a child because Piaget (1896 – 1980)
focuses on the process of children's thinking not just its

Jean Piaget's Theory
With any mental illness there are no clear cut, "perfect" textbook cases. When observing and
diagnosing bipolar disorder in an adult, there are no definitive tests a doctor can give such as blood
work or even in vivo testing during pregnancy to predict whether or not a child will be mentally
predisposed to a disease such as bipolar disorder. To make such a diagnosis in a child, no matter
how educated is instilling a prophecy onto them that labels and predicts how difficult the rest of
their lives will be, how many roadblocks they have to overcome, and how much medication they
could face taking . Many disorders no matter what their biological or environmental etiology can
emerge and indicate future, potential diagnoses in early development. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From age 0 to around the ages of 11–12 children are psychologically changing at a rapid pace, each
stage altered from the previous. They are undergoing a slew of developmental milestones, socially
and cognitively. A child of three years old is more concerned with his or her toys over making
friends, whereas a ten year old is refining their social skills and devoting more time to building
serious friendships. Emotionally, both the three and ten year old meet different requirements.
According to the CDC, by five years old a child will preemptively be able to display a wide range of
emotions, act independently, distinguish between what is real and fake, be able to use the bathroom
without assistance, and be able to recall and remember items as part of everyday use. Per
recommendation of the CDC, parents are encouraged to take note of specific milestones throughout
their child's life and to "Tell your child's doctor or nurse if you notice any of these signs of possible
developmental delay for this age, " acting early is crucial to pinpointing a possible cause to outlying
behavior. Taking a closer look at why a child is not meeting crucial developmental points, creates
more subjective data which can allow for a conclusive diagnosis when they have developed
physically, emotionally and

Observation Paper On Adolescent Psychology
Citlali Perez B00926888 May 5, 2015 Adolescent Psychology Observation Paper College Frenzy
Introduction The college admission process has long been rooted in adolescents and less attention
has been placed on how the timing and demands of such an important decision intersect with the
developmental milestones of adolescence. Jalen, a seventeen–year–old high school student–athlete
from Friendship Academy in Washington D.C has received over 40 different scholarship offers, all
from nationally ranked colleges across the country. In less than a month, Jalen will be graduating
high school, and will therefore, have to announce to his family, where he will be attending in the
fall. What will Jalen decide? The question of when to apply to college and how compatible it is to
adolescent development will be discussed in this paper. Two important factors regarding the college
application processes will be explored. The first examines what is known about adolescent
development and how this corresponds with the process and timeline for how students make college
application decisions; the second focuses on the socio–cultural implications of the unequal
distribution of resources to some students and how this affects student college decisions and
applicants for different types of colleges. Cognitive and Physical development of Adolescence
Figure 1. Brain development from childhood to adulthood–The area of the brain that controls
executive functions, among those for reasoning,

Piaget Essay
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age
he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had
already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he
studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of
stages– the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhood, and adolescence. These
four stages are labeled the Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to age two, (children
experience through their senses), the Preoporational stage, which occurs from ages two to six,
(motor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I remember as a child thinking that the sun and moon followed me as I took a walk. In addition, the
child's use of language is not as sophisticated as it might seem. Children have a tendency to confuse
words with the objects they represent. If a child calls a toy block a "car" and I use it to make a
"house", the child may become upset. To children, the name of an object is as much a part of the
object as it's size, shape, and color. To the Preoperational child, insulting words may really hurt.
(Coon 107). Consider my preschooler calling each other "baby". To the adult it is an innocent word,
but to the preschooler it is the worst thing they can think of.
Piaget's description of the Preoperational stage also focused on all the other things the preschool–
aged child still cannot do. According to Piaget, egocentrism is a cognitive state in which the child
sees the world only from his own perspective, without awareness that there are other perspectives.
(Bee and Boyd 155). The child is not being selfish; rather, she simply assumes that everyone sees
the world as she does. I see many examples of ego egocentrism on a daily basis in the preschool
environment and at home. For example, my daughter, Meryl, who is almost five years old, gets a
phone call from her aunt. She begins asking Meryl questions.
Instead of saying "yes" or "no", Meryl simply nods her head.

Cognitive And Moral Developmental Stages
Thanks you for this opportunity to apply for Position at your school, I understand you have a student
centred philosophy, so I've done some research on cognitive and moral development in primary age
students.
Awareness of the cognitive and moral developmental stages of the students is fundamental in
structuring lesson plans to facilitate the ease of learning and the potential of each student.
The emergence of the ability to think and understand moves from being dependent on Actions and
perceptions in infancy to an understanding of the more abstract aspects of reality in childhood to the
underlying abstract rules and principals in adolescence.
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development is one the most widely accepted, his four stages of
development are age based.
Stage 1 Sensorimotor, infancy to 2 years
A child in this stage is basically trying to understand the world using their senses and motor skills.
Stage 2 Pre–operational, starts age 2 – 7
Children in this stage do not yet understand concrete logic and cannot mentally manipulate
information.
Stage 3 Concrete operational 7–11 years of age.
Things need to be seen or manipulated to be understood, students in this stage of development
display an increasingly accurate perception of reality and a decline in magical thinking, memory is
improving and new skills in problem solving are emerging. They demonstrate creative, analytical
and flexible thinking.
Stage 4 Formal operational, adolescence to adulthood
Students age 11

Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget believed that cognitive development was a progression occurring as a result of
biological growth and the connection each child had with its environment. To create their individual
cognitive worlds, each individual child learns to organize their experiences and differentiate the
least important from the more important ones. In addition, they adjust their individualized thinking
and add new ideas and connect the ideas together for further understanding. He found that
adolescents use schemas to help construct their world better. He described a schema as a mental
structure that is used to arrange and make sense of information given to an individual. He was
specifically interested in how children use theses schemas and found further ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They use different things such as pictures, drawings and words to help with their connections. In the
third stage, the concrete operational stage, the individual can think logically and is able to
comprehend conversation, classify objects, and can even put objects in an ordered sequence. This
stage occurs from age seven to eleven years. The final stage, the formal operational stage, happens
from age eleven and so on. Children in this stage begin to have more abstract thoughts, while at the
same time thinking more logically. He came up with the term hypothetical deductive reasoning. He
said this was how adolescents came up with propositions of how to solve different problems.
Adolescents at this stage start to see several different solutions to problems that come about. Other
people theorized that this stage has two subcategories that further explain this development period.
Early formal operational thought is the period where the individuals have unrestricted thoughts and
possibilities whereas late formal operational thought brings in logical balance. Some have criticized
his work for not being entirely accurate. For example, some of the cognitive processes are found to
come about earlier than Piaget noted. Piaget stated that conservation of number occurred at seven
years of age during the concrete operational stage, while it has been established that it has arisen as
early as three years of age which is then the preoperational stage. Likewise, it has

The Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky
Critically evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in explaining children's learning and
development
Learning and development is a major aspect of everyone and their day to day lives. Some people
consider the term learning to have two definitions, these are informative learning which allows
people to learn what fits their mental models and transformative learning which is the process of
changing these mental models (Heorhiadi et al, 2014). There are two main theorists Jean Piaget and
Lev Vygotsky, whose theories will be used to explain the way children learn and develop.
Piaget (1954) proposed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development also known as
a stage theory as it consists of a set of separate stages through which every child progresses during
child hood and adolescence. His theory is regarded as universal, therefore the background and
culture of the child is not taken into account. Piaget considered a child to be a 'small scientist'
actively seeking and exploring the world around them, this way of thinking has contributed to our
understanding of the world around us and how children think. Piaget also stated that the children
must pass through each stage in order, even though some children may pass at a different rate than
others. The main aspect of the theory centres on cognitive schemas which children develop.
Schemas are cognitive structures which are used as a representation of the world around the child.
The schemas will adjust and take

Jean Piaget And His Theory On Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget and His Theory on Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is one of the most influential
theorists in cognitive development and he argues that children pass through the same sequence of
stages when it comes to this developmental domain. This paper will begin with a general overview
of Jean Piaget's beliefs when it comes to children's cognitive development and the basics of his four
stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian
ideas of adapting in the world through assimilation, accommodation, and disequilibrium that may
results. These ideas will be accompanied by examples and significance to the classroom. I will
conclude with a summary of all the points previously discussed. As introduced, the distinguished
Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget, is one of the most influential theorists in cognitive development.
Author Barry J. Wadsworth (1996) wrote about Piaget's vast contributions to the understanding of
children's intellectual development and though his initial interest was in biology, the idea that the
development of children's intelligence could be studied experimentally by examining their thinking
and reasoning peaked his research interest into this field (p.6). Throughout his research, Piaget was
more interested in the qualitative, not quantitative, characteristics of development. He was
concerned with how a child came to understand the knowledge and material, not with how much the
child knew (p. 7).

Jean Piagets Theory
Throughout history, many people have made many contributions to the school of psychology. One
individual is that of Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget
was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in
biology at the age of 22. Following college he became very interested in psychology and began to
research and studies of the subject. With his research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for
the development of cognitive abilities. His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund Freud,
but Piaget emphasized the ways that children think and acquire knowledge. Piaget referred to his
theory as genetic epistemology. This is defined as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition , children use animistic thinking which is the tendency to endow events and objects with
lifelike attributes. The stage of concrete operations is so named because in this period children
operate and act on the concrete, real, and perceivable world of objects and events. Egocentric
thought is replaced by operational thought, which involves dealing with a wide array of information
outside the child. Therefore, children can now see things from someone else 's perspective. Children
in this stage begin to use limited logical thought and processes and are able to order and group
things in classes on the basis of common characteristics. The child is able to reason and to follow
rules and regulations. They are able to regulate themselves , and they begin to develop a moral sense
and a code of values. Conservation is the ability to recognize that, although the shape of objects may
change, the mass and amount stay the same. For example, if you put the same amount of liquid in
two containers the child may think there is more in the taller cylinder. Children also begin to
understand reversibility, which is the capacity to understand the relationship between things. They
begin to realize that one thing can turn into another and back again. The most important sign that
children are still in the preoperational stage is that they have not achieved conservation or
reversibility. Dealing with

Cognitive Development Stages
Childrens cognitive developmental stages (outline) I. Introduction – Piaget Stages of Development –
Childrens cognitive development can depend on II. Piaget stages of development – Sensorimotor.
Birth through ages 18–24 months a. Reflexive Stage (0–2 months) At this stage of development,
infants between the ages of 0 and 2 months develop the ability to grasp with their hands (Piaget &
Inhelder, 1969). b. Primary Circular Reactions(2–4 months) After being able to grasp, the next step
is developing the repetition of grasping, such as opening and closing hands (Piaget & Inhelder,
1969). c. Secondary Circular Reactions (4–8 months) A child in this stage of development is likely
to produce sounds or observe objects simply because the child likes it (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). d.
Coordination of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Invention of New Means Through Mental Combination (18–24 months) This stage symbolizes the
problem–solving skills that are developed (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). – Preoperational. Toddlerhood
(18–24 months) through early childhood (age 7) a. Preoperational Phase (2–4 years) By the age of
2–4 years, the child may have verbal reasoning skills, but not fully developed (Piaget & Inhelder,
1969). b. Intuitive Phase (4–7 years) The child's verbal abilities are more developed, and have the
ability to be more communicative with other people (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). – Concrete
operational. Ages 7 to 12 By the time ages 7 to 12 come along, the child is able to have a logical
thought and also capable of understanding (as well as applying) basic mathematical skills (Piaget &
Inhelder, 1969). – Formal operational. Adolescence through adulthood During the teenage years to
adulthood, children are capable of fully developed cognitive abilities, such as abstract thinking. The
child is able to question what is around them, and possibly even solve their questions. The ability to
understand mathematical skills are better, including algebraic formulas (Piaget & Inhelder,

Sample Based Assessment Tasks Should Be Submitted...
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAAssignment Cover Sheet – External
________________________________________ Please note: All text based assessment tasks
should be submitted electronically using learnonline Gradebook. A cover sheet is automatically
created and includes your name and student ID therefore you should not upload or embed the
document in your assignment. If submitting your assignment in hard copy you should complete and
attached this Assignment Cover Sheet. Please check your Course Outline or contact your School
Office for assignment submission locations. Name: Brock Traeger–Squires Mail ID 1 1 0 0 1 7 6 1 1
Email: Trabr001@mymail.unisa.edu.au Course code and title: BEHL 1004 – Psychology 1B School:
School of Psychology Program Code: LBES Course Coordinator: Georgina Heath Tutor: Sarven
McLinton Assignment number: 2 Due date: 10th October 2014 Assignment topic as stated in Course
Outline: Essay – Jean Piaget proposed a step–wise sequence of mental development during
childhood. Provide an overview of Piaget's core ideas, discussing the evidence for and against these
ideas. I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where
acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me,
using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the
University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test
work submitted

Piaget 's Stages Of Cognitive Development Essay
Jean Piaget developed a cognitive approach to studying and classifying behavioral growth in stages.
He believed that each child matured and learned at a different rate, so even though children mature
in the same cognitive sequence, there might be separation in the achievement of each level from one
child to the next (Swartwood, 2012, p. 46). Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational (Swartwood, 2012, p.
49). Piaget believed that there were defined characteristics of each stage that would be visible when
the child reached it. They were marked stages, not an overall process. In the sensorimotor stage,
object permanence is a major accomplishment. This ranges for ages zero to two years. The
preoperational stage has the marked characteristics of egocentrism and centration and occurs around
ages two to seven years. Conservation, reversibility and classification are the characteristics for
seven to eleven year olds in the Concrete Operations stage. Hypothetico– Deductive reasoning and
adolescent egocentrism are developed then in the final stage, Formal Operations and this stage is not
achieved by everyone (Swartwood, 2012, p. 49). In effort to discover the accuracy and implications
of Piaget's cognitive theory, two subjects demonstrated various tasks showing the different spectrum
of cognitive achievement. Both subjects were females, ages ten and twelve and were chosen in
accordance

Developmental Psychology Theoretical Approaches Essay
Overview
Four theoretical approaches to cognitive development
Piaget's theory
Information processing theories
Core knowledge theories
Sociocultural theories (Vygotsky)
General Themes
Nature and nurture
Continuity vs. discontinuity
Active vs passive child
Nurture (environment, learning)
John Locke (1632–1704) –Infant's mind as "tabula rasa"
Behaviorism (e.g. Watson, Skinner)
Nurture (environment, learning)
'A child's mind is a blank book. During the first years of his life, much will be written on the pages.
The quality of that writing will affect his life profoundly.'
Walt Disney
Nature (biology, instinct)

Children, like plants, simply "bloom", following ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I shall define every stage by a structure of a whole, with the possibility of its integration into
succeeding stages, just as it was prepared by preceding stages." (Piaget, 1962, p121).
Piaget
"the study of stages of intelligence is first a study of the formation of operational structures. I shall
define every stage by a structure of a whole, with the possibility of its integration into succeeding
stages, just as it was prepared by preceding stages." (Piaget, 1962, p121).
Piaget's stage theory
pre–operational
sensori–motor
formal operations
concrete operations
10–13yr
0–2 yr
2–6 yr
7–10 yr
Sensorimotor stage
Little knowledge at birth:
Some perceptual abilities
Reflexes
Basic learning mechanisms
Here, the child begins to organize sensory and motor co–ordinations
Pre–operational thought
Development in understanding symbols example
Failure to grasp logical relations (e.g. reversibility in conservation task) example

Egocentrism
Concrete & Formal Operational Stages
Concrete Operational Stage:
Reason logically about concrete objects & events, but does not reason in abstract terms Example
Formal Operational Stage:
Can reason about abstract/hypothetical situations
Example
Additional example
Summary: The Piagetian Infant
Nature & Nurture
Discontinuity
Child active not passive
construction

Favorite Child Development
My favorite child development theory from this chapter was Jean Piaget's sensorimotor period.
Piaget developed a theory of childhood development which suggests that children go through a
series of four important stages of cognitive development. Each stage explains how children
understand and interact with their environment. The sensorimotor stage is the earliest ranging from
birth to age two. During this stage of development, children experience the world around them and
learn through the use of their senses and movements. At this stage, an infant's knowledge of the
world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Infants use the skills that they
are born with such as looking, grasping, listening, and sucking to learn

Piaget Theory
If I were to develop a program for preschoolers, using the work of Jean Piaget, there is much I
would have to do. This theory is incredibly popular, and was the basis for many other theories to
follow. Children in this program would have to follow through with different tasks in order to
strengthen and develop new skills, and follow through with schematic play, which is potentially
critical for overall development.
Jean Piaget was a clinical psychologist, famous for his work in child development. His theory of
cognitive development is still popular to this day, despite the fact that new theories are tested every
day. Piaget states that cognitive development is discontinuous; it is broken down into different
stages. (cite) Each stage establishes major characteristics and changes that develop in children from
birth until age 12. In order, these stages are: The sensorimotor stage from ages 0–2; the
preoperational stage from ages 2–7; the concrete operational stage from ages 7–11; and the formal
operational state from age 12 and onwards. (cite) Due to the fact that the children in the program are
around 4 years old, the main focus will be around the second stage.
Based on Piaget's theory, these preschoolers would be in the preoperational stage. This stage is
marked by the emergence of language. Children in this stage will be able to form sentences and will
be able to establish some concrete ideas. The pursuit of lines of logic will become a main focus, and
children begin to use the sentence "Why?" They will be able to communicate more clearly what
they want and need. Children at this age will also become more skilled at pretend play. They will
also start understand spatial reasoning and to use symbols and "learn to use words and pictures to
represent objects" (citation). They will start to understand classification and learn about groups of
objects; however this skill will still need to be developed.
Some shortcomings will be that these children may think in only concrete terminology and will not
be able to understand abstract ideas. They may also struggle to pay attention to more than one thing
at the same time. Another issue is that these kids are egocentric, as in they will struggle to see things
from any

Reflection On Human Development
Human Development Reflection: Young Adulthood
In Experience Human Development, Papalia and Martorell define young adulthood as ages twenty
through forty, although the idea of young adulthood is more a social construct than an actual age
range. Upon entering this phase, individuals have reached their full–grown physical stature. In fact,
adults are considered to be at their physical peak during this phase of life with most young adults
claiming to be in good to excellent physical health. However, the modern lifestyle has started to
affect this statistic, with more and more young people reporting health–related risks and concerns
due to a poor diet and a decrease in physical activities (Papalia & Martorell. 2015).
Alcohol use peaks during young adulthood with college being the prime time and place for young
adults to partake in risky drinking and other high–risk behaviors such as smoking, illicit drug use,
and high–risk sexual activities. Young adults have, by far, the highest infection rate of sexually
transmitted infections in the United States, with many not even aware that they are infected. Young
adulthood also appears to be a sensitive period for the emergence of mental health concerns and
depressive syndromes. Individuals who suffer from adult–onset depression typically have few risk
factors in childhood, but may experience issues with the transition from adolescence to adulthood
and the sudden loss of support that might accompany it (Papalia & Martorell. 2015).

Cognitive Theory And Behavioral Theory Essay
Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Theory 1. Cognitive Theory Cognitive Theory and/or
Development is a subject that is often discussed and/or debated frequently within the psychological
community. There is a significant amount of theory into how much development happens naturally
and how much is learned from outside sources. This is constantly debated throughout study after
study. The common theory is that only a certain amount of cognition can be achieved through a
child learning by themselves and that environmental factors start to influence development at that
point forward through the process. The first five years are very crucial to a child and many
milestones are achieved. Piaget is known as one of the early primary contributors to cognitive
development theory. Piaget theorized cognition developed in four different stages through
childhood. He based his theory off of observation analysis of subjects. The four stages that he
defined were sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal
operational stages. The sensorimotor stage occurs between 0 – 2 years of age and is when imitation,
memory and thought begin to be utilized. Next the preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 – 7
years old and encompasses language development and recognizing symbolic form. The third phase
is the concrete operational stage that takes place between ages 7 – 11 years old and represents the
ability to solve hands–on problems logically. The fourth and final

Temperament Fact Sheet
WHAT IS MEANT BY TEMPERAMENT? Factors that help a child become his/her own
individual. Temperament may help shape a child's personality, but temperament is mainly rooted in
a person's biology. THE NINE TEMPERAMENT TRAITS 1. Activity Level: Is the child always
moving around? Or does he or she have more of a calm style? 2. Distractibility: Can he or she stay
engaged with a specific activity? Or is the infant easily distracted? 3. Intensity: Does the child show
a strong level of emotions? Does he or she react positively or negatively to most situations? 4.
Regularity: Is the child regular is sleeping and eating habits? Or a little bit more unpredictable? 5.
Sensitivity Threshold: Does the child react negatively or startle easily to certain sounds? Is he or she
bothered by loud noises and bright lights or does he or she tend to ignore them? ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approach/Withdrawal How does the child react to new people or situations? Do they approach new
situations eagerly or more hesitantly? 7. Adaptability: How long does it take your child to be
comfortable with a specific activity? Can the child adjust to changes in routines or schedules? 8.
Persistence: Does the child work on one activity for a period time or envoy doing multiple different
activities at once? How well does the child handle obstacles? 9. Mood: How is the child's basic
disposition? Is the child's mood more even tempered or does it shift frequently? THE THREE
TYPES OF CHILDREN The Slow–to–Warm–Up–Child: Children who are shy, new situations and
unfamiliar people make them feel uneasy. As babies, they don't like being held by strangers, they
would rather stay in Mom or Dad's familiar arms. Instead of jumping right into a something, they
stay on the sidles and observe until they are comfortable enough to join. The Easy Child: Children
are generally calm, not easily upset, and regular in their eating and sleeping habits. They also adapt
well to change, such as trying a new food or moving to a new

Behavior Analysis
The Malone family is an intricate network that includes parents, siblings, and extended families. The
focus of this question however is about Sara. The first theory of development that I am going to use
to help explain the behaviors going on, is Bandura and the Theory of Human Agency. According to
this theory, both internal and environmental components are considered. There are several stages in
this theory from infancy to advanced age. For the sake of Sara, I am going to focus primarily upon
the ones that help to explain her behavior. In infancy, according to Bandura, infants learn that their
actions produce effects and thus help them learn a very important causation. This may be a very
early stage, but it is critical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would finally encourage Sara to find an interest and a hobby and encourage her to explore these
options. Enabling her and encouraging her would help to promote a sense of self–efficacy in a
positive manner rather than a negative one that is associated with bullying. Her interest in these
activities would also more than likely provide her with a different set of peers who would encourage
rather than discourage all leading to a positive outcome. My second theory of development that I am
going to utilize to explain Sara's behavior is that of Piaget and his Genetic Epistemological Theory
of Development. This theory falls more into the category of cognitive and language development
and can help us explain why and how Sara behaves as she does from this perspective. Piaget
focused his work on how knowledge developed and determined that it occurred through four basic
stages in life. These four stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal
operational. While Sara's age puts her in the formal operational stage of development, we can see
her progress through the other three stages and use those to help us fully understand her. During the
first stage of sensorimotor, we can see how senses and motor abilities alone are used to gain more
knowledge of surroundings. In preoperational, children begin to use their knowledge to make

Cognitive And Support The Sensory Experience Essay
There are many theoretical perspectives which underpin and support the sensory experience, whom
have based their theories around sensory engagement. Jean Piaget is one theorist whom believed
that thought developed from actions. Piaget had four stages of development, these are sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage is right at the
start of our lives. Piaget stated that babies are born with many means of interacting and exploring
their environment around them. (Goswami, 1998). According to Piaget, during the sensorimotor
stage children build up a mental picture which is based on their sensory contact with the
environment. (Introducing sensory–rich play, 2012). Along with Piaget, Maria Montessori also
based her theory around sensorial experiences. However, unlike Piaget, she believed in a non–
symbolic way. She argued that children have 'sensitive periods', these are times In a child's life when
their senses are ready to learn and develop, she believed that we can support and encourage a child's
development if we are able to spot these periods. She believed that children's senses come first in
their intellect, and that adults have the role in providing new and exciting opportunities to promote a
stimulating environment which will enhance learning and development. (Introducing sensory–rich
play, 2012). Montessori believed that if a child is placed in an environment which is catered
specifically to their needs, they can

Jean Piaget 's Theories On Learning
As a future educator, I believe that every child that I will teach has a unique way of learning and
needs a stimulating atmosphere to learn efficiently. Over the years teaching, children grow socially,
emotionally, intellectually, and physically. Being an educator, it is my responsibility to help them
fulfill each of these areas to their fullest potential. Doing so, I have to provide them a safe
environment, opportunities to share new ideas, and encourage to take risks. The children that I will
be teaching in special education will range from ages four to thirteen years old. By taking
educational psychology this semester, it has helped me learn that there are many theorists who
provide their theories on learning. Certain theorists stuck out to me in which they hypothesized how
educating should be brought upon or the stages that one needs to fulfill before moving on. Piaget,
Vygotsky, and Maslow all address theoretical perspectives, which I believe will play a role in my
teaching philosophy. Jean Piaget hypothesized that children go through a series of four stages:
sensorimotor, pre–operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. In teaching, I will
focus on the pre–operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages because of the age
range that I will be teaching in special education. Each stage focuses on a different aspect of
development and accomplishments that go with it. The pre–operational stage, age's two to seven,
states that children

How Can I Talk If My Lips Don 't Move?
"How Can I Talk If My Lips Don't Move?" by Tito Mukhopadhyay is the story of a child that was
diagnosed with an almost completely nonverbal type of autism at a very young age. Tito's lack of
speech forced him to communicate through writing, without which we could not begin to
understand his thoughts. A study done by Isabelle Rapin and Michelle Dunn (as cited in Hinzen,
2015, p. 1) stated that "Children with autism might construe language differently, reflecting a
linguistic style different from that inherent in neurotypical cognition, which could then be reflected
in altered patterns of social communication." Throughout the book, Tito has a fascination and strong
connection with a mirror in his house. In his early childhood, he perceives the mirror to be telling
him stories through colors. His mirror was the only constant. He could rely on the mirror to show
him a story and to understand the story he was sharing. He describes his frustrations when his visual
and auditory sensations cancelled each other out. Each sound would take away the beautiful pictures
inside his mind. He realized at a young age that he saw things differently. When he was diagnosed
with autism, his world began to make more sense. He has a reason for why he could not speak, why
he has so little interest in normal play, and why he could see so much more than everyone around
him. He obsessed over objects of all sorts, they calmed him and showed him beautiful visions.
Every experience and

The Sids And Its Effects On The Infant Of An Infant Who Is...
11.
SIDS: It is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant who is younger than 1 year old. It 's a
frightening prospect because it can strike without warning, usually in seemingly healthy babies.
Most SIDS deaths are associated with sleep.
The most effective form of primary prevention is that the infants younger than 1 year old should be
placed on their backs to sleep, never face–down on their stomachs.
12.
1– Breastfeeding promotes bonding between mother and baby.
2– Not breastfeeding increases mother 's risk of breast cáncer.
3– Breast milk is always ready and comes in a nicer package than formula does.
4– Breast milk helps pass meconium.
5– Breast milk is more digestible than formula
6– Breastfeeding protects against Crohn 's disease.
7– Breastfeeding decreases insulin requirements for breastfeeding mothers.
8– Breastfeeding protects baby against diarrheal infections.
9– Breastfeeding protects baby against bacterial meningitis.
10– Breast milk is always the right temperature.
PART II. Cognitive Development.
13.
Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland and died September 17, 1980. He
was an influential experimenter and theorist in the field of developmental psychology and in the
study of human intelligence. His father was devoted to his writings of medieval literature and the
history of Neuchatel. Piaget learned from his father the value of systematic work, even in small
matters. His

A Replication of the Stroop Effect
A Replication of the Stroop Effect
Kimber–Ann Cook
Broughton High School
3/26/08
Ms. Greene
IB Psychology SL
1, 738
Abstract
The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink
color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated
whether object–based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers
are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three
experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore
words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words
were congruent, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An interesting challenge arises when a task such as color naming is identified as both controlled and
automatic, by varying the other task involved. Color naming is identified as a controlled process
when the other task is word reading, but as an automatic process when the other task is shape
naming. Cohen, Dunbar and McClelland (1990) proposed an alternative explanation of the Stroop
effect, which does not distinguish between automatic and controlled processing. Instead, they
proposed that automaticity is a range, and that Stroop interference depends on the relative degree of
learning the particular tasks, not on processing speed.
Attention is thought to be selective–focused on one subject at a time. Traditionally, it has been
assumed that automatic processing is involuntary, it does not require attention, and is relatively fast;
whereas, controlled processing is voluntary, does require attention, and is relatively slow. We can
conclude from this that the more we repeat a certain material or tasks the more it becomes automatic
and effortless to us.
Methods
Design
The independent variable was represented by three conditions; three word lists printed in a variety
of color inks. Two of the lists consisted of word colors; one in black ink and the other in incongruent
colors. The third list consisted of square blocks in contrasting colors. The dependent variable was
the time taken to name the black ink words, the square block colors, and the color names in

Relationship Between Piaget And Vygotsky And Cognitive...
This paper will explore two influential men whose theories have a remarkable influence on
development and learning. Second, this essay will examine Piaget and Vygotsky's background, each
hypothesis as it relates to cognitive development and education, the similarities and differences, the
impact of having better insight into and understanding the concept of learning. Developmental
science involves looking at the entire realm of human thought, behavior, and expression (Steinberg,
Bornstein, Vandell & Rook, 2011). Cognitive development entails qualitative changes in thinking as
one matures. Sociocultural perspective involves examining ways development adapts to culture
(Steinberg et al., 2011). Equally significant is Piaget and Vygotsky's mutual perspective on a
dialectical approach, a non–reductionist view, a non–dualistic thesis, an emphasis on action, a
primacy of processes over external contents or outcomes; and concentration qualitative over
quantitative changes.
Piaget and Vygotsky Theories
Psychologist Piaget and Vygotsky have different theories of development and learning. Cognitive
psychology perspective view thinking as how we perceive the physical and social world from
infancy to adolescence and some may also consider through adulthood (Steinberg, Bornstein,
Vandell & Rook, 2011). Developmental science involves looking at the entire realm of human
thought, behavior, and expression (Steinberg et al., 2011).
Piaget, a psychologist from Switzerland, views his

The Development Of The Cognition
The development of the cognition in the early years of life (2–6 year olds) is the assembly of the
thought processes. The thought processes are comprised of memory, problem solving, and decision–
making (Encyclopedia of Children's Health). Universally all children's thought processes consist of
these three abilities; however, there are cases where the child doesn't have the ability or can be
impaired in one or more of these abilities. Several theories of how a child in the early years thinks
have been developed over the years. The motor skills, brain development, and impulse control that
advances every year of a child's life affect the cognition or ability to think (book). Two theorists that
first described this were Jean Piaget and Lev ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Kathleen Stassen Berger, the Preoperational stage is where children don't use the
reasoning process and is different than the Sensorimotor stage because they can now think
symbolically. Until the child reaches around the age of six there are 4 limitations of logic, including:
Centration, the focus on appearance, static reasoning, and irreversibility. Centration is to focus on
only part of the situation rather than the situation as a whole. A major type of centration is
egocentrism which means "self–centeredness". This means the child understand the world only from
their perspective. The focus of appearance is the idea that an object is what it appears to be. Static
reasoning is that the child believes the world is exactly how it is now and won't change. Lastly,
irreversibility is child belief that once something happens it can't be changed (Berger, 2014, p.182–
183). Piaget proved this in an experiment done on conservation and how no matter if the object has
the same amount of something in it, if one is narrower and so the substance is higher, the child
believes that there is more substance in it. This chart from the book shows conservation. Kathleen
Stassen Berger explains the outcome of the experiment when she says, "Young children fail to
understand conservation because they focus (center) on what they see (appearance), noticing only
the immediate (static) condition. It does not occur to them that they can

Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development
Thesis It is mindboggling to reflect on how much things change as we grow up. Our life's
circumstances, our preferences, our hobbies, our goals... it really is endless. From infancy to old age
our views on the way we see the world and what motivates us to succeed are constantly changing.
Positive encouragement, play time, love, money, popularity and success are just a handful of ideas
that I think of when considering what motivates a person to do their best. However, we rarely think
about cognitive development as a source of motivation. I am interested in researching the
development of what motivates humans and how it may change throughout the lifespan. Interest in
topic I became interested in looking deeper into this topic when I was thinking ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children become motivated by new challenges and the rewards associate with achieving them,
whether it is self–rewarded or rewards from others. An example of this is when a child has built a
Lego structure and they decide that they want the structure to be on the flat Lego surface. The child
is disappointed and starts to disassemble the structure, but suddenly discovers a solution to the
problem. The child carefully picks up the structure and snaps it onto place on the Lego surface
feeling pleased that the goal was accomplished by getting the structure to the surface without taking
it apart. It is clear that during the Concrete Operational Stage a child's motivation is based on
problem solving and critical

Comparing Piaget And Vygotsky 's Theory Of Cognitive...
Compare and Contrast Using APA Style In the world of psychology, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky
are considered to be very prominent figures in the area of cognitive development. Both of these men
considered themselves a constructivist, which entails a viewpoint that is concerned with the nature
of knowledge. In their lifetime, both of them made contributions in the area of education and even
after death, their theories still influence teaching methods. The purpose of this paper is to show
some similarities as well as differences in the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky and what can be
gained by having a better understanding of their theories. A Brief Summary of the Theories of Piaget
and Vygotsky Piaget's theory focused on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget also theorized that each child acts on his own environment for learning, thereby constructing
his or her own knowledge. He also believed that hands–on activities provide aid when learning
future complex skills. Consequently, children will repeat these activities until they understand them.
Vygotsky's Theories Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development suggested that to develop
cognitively, children must have social interaction. He also "believed that this lifelong process of
development was dependent of social interaction and that social learning actually leads to cognitive
development" (Riddle, 1999). Vygotsky believed that children 's social learning must come before
social development. Vygotsky also believed that "human activities take place in cultural settings and
cannot be understood apart from these settings" (Woolfolk, 2004). Therefore, our culture helps
shape our cognition. Similarities in the Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky Lourenco, 2012 states "the
main argument is that there are considerable resemblances between Vygotsky's and Piaget's theories
and that their differences can be relatively ignored. Among the similarities are a genetic,
developmental perspective, a dialectical approach, a non–reductionist view, a non–dualistic thesis,
an emphasis on action, a primacy of processes over external contents or outcomes and a focus on the
qualitative changes over the quantitative ones." In the developmental perspective, children move
through

Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development
Running Head: The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget
The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget
Timothy Carlton
Southwest Tennessee Community College
A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment
Of The Requirements For
Life Span Psychology 2130–L01
July 31, 2014
Abstract
Jean Piaget's theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary
approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes.
Piaget's theory encompasses development through four levels of cognition to formal operations. It
further includes aspects such as types of knowledge, factors in development, and adaptation.
Piaget's background in biology and philosophy as well as his beliefs in epistemology and
structuralism played a critical role in his theory's development.
Jean Piaget's sixty years of research is fundamental to our understanding of how children think. His
systematic observational research method helps validate his cohesive theory. Originally trained as a
biologist, Piaget began his psychological research after finding philosophy deficient in attempting to
answered critical questions without experimental work. Jean Piaget's Theories of Cognitive and
Affective Development are a culmination of his life's work and a characterization of his beliefs in
structuralism, epistemology, and the biological construction of knowledge.
Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the science by which it is learned.

Reflection On Human Development

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