Nursing management

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

3. Environmental science
• Environmental science is an interdisciplinary
academic field that draws
on ecology, geology, meteorology, biology, che
mistry, engineering, and physics to study
environmental problems and human impacts
on the environment.

4. Environmental health
• Environmental health is the branch of public
health that: focuses on the relationships
between people and their environment;
promotes human health and well-being; and
fosters healthy and safe communities

5. Environmental sanitation
Environmental sanitation refers to
interventions to reduce peoples and
animals exposure to disease by
providing a clean environment in
which to live and those these
measures break the cycle of diseases .

6. Environmental sanitation
World health organization (WHO)
Environmental sanitation was defined as the
control of all those factors in the physical
environment which exercise a harmful effect
on human being physical development, health
and survival. One of the primary function of
environmental sanitation is to protect public
health.

7. ECOSYTEM
• An ecosystem includes all the living things
(plants, animals and organisms) in a given
area, interacting with each other, and with
their non-living environments

8. Natural resources
•
Natural resources are resources that occur on
Earth and are formed solely through natural
processes with no human intervention required.
This distinction in the natural resources meaning
creates a division between resources that are
generated naturally, and those produced through
the actions of humans (e.g., crops grown by
farmers.
•

10. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable
resources
•
Renewable resources are also known
as sustainable resources. As this name
suggests, these resources are either available in
a near-infinite quantity in nature (e.g. wind) or
are continuously and quickly replenished
through different natural processes (e.g.
forests). For this reason, renewable natural
resources are generally less costly to obtain,
and they usually involve fewer negative
impacts on the environment.

11. Nonrenewable resources
• Nonrenewable resources are also referred to
as exhaustible resources. Unlike renewable
resources, these resources are either present on
Earth in very limited quantities (e.g. minerals), or
take very long periods of time to renew (e.g.
fossil fuels that take millions of years to form).
This is why these resources are generally more
costly to obtain and are considered to be less
environmentally friendly.

12. Natural resources and associated
problems
• Natural resources are not limitless, and the following
consequences can arise from the careless and
excessive consumption of these resources:
• Deforestation.
• Desertification.
• Decrease in natural resources.
• Extinction of species.
• Forced migration.
• Soil erosion.
• Oil depletion.
• Ozone depletion.

13. Natural resoures
• Forest resources
• Water resources
• Mineral resources
• Food resources
• Energy resources
• Land Resources

14. FOREST RESOURCES
It is uncultivated and uninhabitated natural
plants, i.e., trees and grasses.
Forest is a community of trees and associated
organism covering a considerable area,
utilizing air, water and minerals to attain
maturity and to reproduce and capable of
furnishing mankind with indispensable
products and services

15. Associated Problems
Use and over-exploitation.
Deforestation.
Timber extraction.
Mining and its effects on forest.
Dams and their effects on forests and tribal
people.

16. Deforestation
• Deforestation is the permanent destruction of
forests in order to make the land available for
other uses.

17. Causes of Deforestation
• To make more land available for housing and
urbanization
• To harvest timber to create commercial items
such as paper, furniture and homes
• To create ingredients that are highly prized
consumer items, such as the oil from palm
trees
• To create room for cattle ranching

18. Effects of Deforestation
• Loss of species: Seventy percent of the world’s plants and
animals live in forests and are losing their habitats due to
deforestation, according to National Geographic. Loss of
habitat can lead to species extinction. It also has negative
consequences for medicinal research and local populations
who rely on the animals and plants in the forests for
hunting and medicine.
• Soil erosion: Tree roots anchor the soil. Without trees, the
soil is free to wash or blow away.
• Life quality: Soil erosion can also lead to silt entering the
lakes, streams and other water sources. This can decrease
local water quality and contribute to poor health in
populations in the area

19. Methods of conserving forests
The cutting of trees in the forests must be stopped at all
costs.
Afforestation or special programmes should be launched
on grand scale. Celebrations of all functions, festivals
should proceed with tree-plantation.
Cutting of timber and other forest produce should be
restricted.
Forest conservation Act 1980 should be strictly
implemented to check deforestation.
Several centers of excellence have been setup and awards
should be instituted.

20. WATER RESOURCES
• Water resources are sources of water that are
potentially useful for Agricultural Industrial
Household Recreational and environmental
activities.
• On earth is a 97% of salt water and the 3% is
fresh water. Fresh water is a renewable
resource. Fresh water in world is decreasing.
Salt water is like a large amount of salt in the
ocean.

21. ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
• Overutilization and Pollution of surface and
ground water
• Global climate change
• Floods
• Droughts

22. Conservation of water
Avoid leakage of water from the taps.
Turn the tap off when not in use especially when you
brush your teeth or wash clothes.
Rainwater harvesting is the another method to conserve
water.
The water supply should be limited in those areas which
enjoys the unlimited water supplies.
Technical methods to conserve water :
1.Rainwater Harvesting
2.Historical Water Bodies
3.Ponds

23. Land Resources
• Land resources are the resources available
from the land like: The agricultural land the
underground water the various minerals like
coal, bauxite, gold and other raw materials.
• In a wider sense, land resource can also mean
the land available for exploitation, like non
agricultural lands for buildings, developing
townships etc.

24. Associated problems Soil Erosion
• loss of soil nutrients
Soil Erosion
The characteristics of natural ecosystems such as forests and
grasslands depend on the type of soil. Deforestation thus leads to
rapid soil erosion. Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. The
erosion of soil is a naturally occurring process on all land .
Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed,
or it may occur at an alarming rate causing a serious loss of topsoil.
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION There are many different factors that can
cause soil erosion, most can be broken down into two main
categories:
Erosion by Water
Erosion by Wind

25. Conservation of soil erosion
By educating, informing and sensitizing all landholders about various
aspects of this precious resources and their sustainable use.
Contour ploughing is another measure to conserve our land. By this
method, the fields are ploughed, harrowed and sown along the
natural contour of the hills.
By terracing method: A series of wide steps are made along the slop
following the contours. This method is very common in rice growing
regions.
Under the afforestation and reforestation programs, planting of trees,
bushes and grass help to check the soil erosion, Strict actions are
taken to check reckless felling of trees and overgrazing.
Construction of dams and gully-trap inculcate the water-harvesting.

26. Mineral resources
Mineral resources Mineral Resource is defined as a occurrence of
natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the
Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or
quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction.
Types of Mineral Resources
Minerals in general have been categorized into three classes:
fuel Metallic non-metallic. Fuel minerals like coal, oil and natural gas
have been given prime importance as they account for nearly 87%
of the value of mineral production whereas metallic and non-
metallic constitutes 6 to 7%.
Fuel Minerals Coal, oil and natural gas are the basic fossil fuel. We
have good reserves for coal but are very poor in more essential fuel
— oils and natural gas.

27. Metallic Minerals Metallic minerals are extracted from
mineral deposits and produced by geological
processes. Some metallic minerals contain valuable
metals, such as copper, gold, nickel, lead, zinc or
platinum.
Non-metallic Minerals Nonmetallic minerals are
minerals that do not contain metal. Physically, they are
very volatile and have low elasticity. Chemically, they
have high ionization energy. Examples of nonmetallic
minerals include sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, carbon,
selenium, limestone, dolomite, gemstones, clay and
mica.

28. Associated Problems
Use and exploitation. Environmental effects of extracting and
using minerals.
Conservation Strong dependence of industry and agriculture
upon mineral deposits and the substances manufactured
from them e.g. metallurgical industries, cement industries ,
pharmaceutical industries. Fertilizers, pesticides, etc. The
total volume of workable mineral deposits is an
insignificant fraction i.e. 1% of the earth’s crust.
Recycling of metals using scrap metals and other substitutes
are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the
future. Improved technologies need to be constantly
evolved