The plan recognition problem: An intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence Schmidt, C. F., Sridharan, N. S., & Goodson, J. L. (1978). The plan recognition problem: An intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 11(1), 45-83. · C.F. Schmidt, · N.S. Sridharan, · J.L. Goodson · Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, U.S.A. Available online 16 June 2003 Abstract Understanding actions involves inferring the goal of the actor and organizing the actions into a plan structure. The BELIEVER system is a psychological theory of how human observers understand the actions of others. The present theory is concerned with single-actor sequences and can account for goal-directed actions that may succeed or fail in accomplishing the goal, as well as actions governed by norms. After discussing how AI can be applied in psychological theory construction, the BELIEVER system is presented by specifying a plan recognition process and its knowledge sources. Copyright © 1978 Published by Elsevier B.V. Artificial Intelligence Volume 11, Issues 1–2, August 1978, Pages 45–83 Applications to the Sciences and Medicine Why not a Sociology of Machines? The Case of Sociology and Artificial Intelligence 1. Steve Woolgar 2. Woolgar, S. (1985). Why not a Sociology of Machines? The Case of Sociology and Artificial Intelligence. Sociology Sociology,19, 557-572. doi:10.1177/0038038585019004005 Abstract In the light of the recent growth of artificial intelligence (AI), and of its implications for understanding human behaviour, this paper evaluates the prospects for an association between sociology and artificial intelligence. Current presumptions about the distinction between human behaviour and artificial intelligence are identified through a survey of discussions about AI and `expert systems'. These discussions exhibit a restricted view of sociological competence, a marked rhetoric of progress and a wide variation in assessments of the state of the art. By drawing upon recent themes in the social study of science, these discussions are shown to depend on certain key dichotomies and on an interpretive flexibility associated with the notions of intelligence and expertise. The range of possible associations between sociology and AI reflects the extent to which we are willing to adopt these features of AI discourse. It is suggested that one of the more important options is to view the AI phenomenon as an occasion for reassessing the central axiom of sociology that there is something distinctively `social' about human behaviour. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. KATHLEEN M. CARLEY 1. Carnegie Mellon University Abstract The potential linkages between artificial intelligence and sociology are growing. This growth is due to importation of artificial intelligence techniques into methodological tools for data analysis, a growing interest among researchers in artificial intelligence in the socially situated agent, and ...

1. The plan recognition problem: An intersection of psychology
and artificial intelligence
Schmidt, C. F., Sridharan, N. S., & Goodson, J. L. (1978). The
plan recognition problem: An intersection of psychology and
artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 11(1), 45-83.
· C.F. Schmidt,
· N.S. Sridharan,
· J.L. Goodson
· Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, U.S.A.
Available online 16 June 2003
Abstract
Understanding actions involves inferring the goal of the actor
and organizing the actions into a plan structure. The BELIEVER
system is a psychological theory of how human observers
understand the actions of others. The present theory is
concerned with single-actor sequences and can account for goal-
directed actions that may succeed or fail in accomplishing the
goal, as well as actions governed by norms. After discussing
how AI can be applied in psychological theory construction, the
BELIEVER system is presented by specifying a plan recognition
process and its knowledge sources.
Copyright © 1978 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Artificial Intelligence
Volume 11, Issues 1–2, August 1978, Pages 45–83
Applications to the Sciences and Medicine
Why not a Sociology of Machines? The Case of Sociology and

2. Artificial Intelligence
1. Steve Woolgar
2. Woolgar, S. (1985). Why not a Sociology of Machines? The
Case of Sociology and Artificial Intelligence. Sociology
Sociology,19, 557-572. doi:10.1177/0038038585019004005
Abstract
In the light of the recent growth of artificial intelligence (AI),
and of its implications for understanding human behaviour, this
paper evaluates the prospects for an association between
sociology and artificial intelligence. Current presumptions
about the distinction between human behaviour and artificial
intelligence are identified through a survey of discussions about
AI and `expert systems'. These discussions exhibit a restricted
view of sociological competence, a marked rhetoric of progress
and a wide variation in assessments of the state of the art. By
drawing upon recent themes in the social study of science, these
discussions are shown to depend on certain key dichotomies and
on an interpretive flexibility associated with the notions of
intelligence and expertise. The range of possible associations
between sociology and AI reflects the extent to which we are
willing to adopt these features of AI discourse. It is suggested
that one of the more important options is to view the AI
phenomenon as an occasion for reassessing the central axiom of
sociology that there is something distinctively `social' about
human behaviour.
1.

3. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. KATHLEEN M. CARLEY
1. Carnegie Mellon University
Abstract
The potential linkages between artificial intelligence and
sociology are growing. This growth is due to importation of
artificial intelligence techniques into methodological tools for
data analysis, a growing interest among researchers in artificial
intelligence in the socially situated agent, and a growing
interest among sociologists in using artificial intelligence
techniques for theorizing about social phenomena. Increasingly,
researchers are addressing concerns of traditional importance
within sociology, such as the bases for cooperation, the role of
structure in affecting individual agency, and interaction using
computational models of intelligent adaptive agents. This article
provides an overview of the role that artificial intelligence
currently plays within sociology.
Carley, K. (1996). Artificial Intelligence within Sociology.
Sociological Methods & Research,25(1), 3-30. doi:doi:
10.1177/0049124196025001001
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
September 2001, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp 155-186Naming the
Unnamable: Socionics or the Sociological Turn of/to
Distributed Artificial Intelligence
· Thomas Malsch

4. %0 Journal Article
%D 2001
%@ 1387-2532
%J Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
%V 4
%N 3
%R 10.1023/A:1011446410198
%T Naming the Unnamable: Socionics or the Sociological Turn
of/to Distributed Artificial Intelligence
%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1011446410198
%I Kluwer Academic Publishers
%8 2001-09-01
%A Malsch, Thomas
%P 155-186
%G EnglishBottom of Form