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電腦地理製圖報告
p140~146
何威融
于佳安
賴羿齊
蕭怡倩
• Click Add New Map
found on the tool bar.
• By Holding the Left
Mouse Button you can
drag a frame in the
viewer on the left of the
Composer window
specifying where on the
paper and how much of
the print out it will cover.
• 點擊工具欄上的「添加新
地圖」。
• 可以藉由按鼠標左鍵您 拖
動 Composer window 左
側的文件閱讀器裡的視窗
來指定紙張列印的位置和
涵蓋範圍大小。
• By using this icon the
content displayed within
the viewer can be moved
and the map can be
zoomed to achieve the
optimum area and
resolution using the
zoom controls.
• 使用 ,內容會顯示在
文件閱讀器裡,其內容可
以移動和縮放地圖,以達
到最佳的區域和分辨率使
用的縮放控制。
5.12.1 Adding a legend and other editing
options
5.12.1 添加圖例和其他編輯選項
• 點擊工具欄,然後點擊在
觀 中的添加向量圖例按眾
鈕,可以添加一個圖例。
• 圖例可以隨意定位和調整
。
• A legend can be added
by clicking the Add
Vector Legend button
in the tool bar then
clicking in the viewer.
• The legend can be
positioned and resized as
desired.
• Note - The legend is a
direct translation of the
names of the layers in your
project so for the purposes
of clarity ensure they have
suitable names. The
individual names of
features or layers can be
changed by clicking the
Legend box, selecting the
Item tab and clicking this
button.
• 小筆記:圖例是圖層在
此程式中的直接翻譯,
這是為了確保他們有適
當的名稱。不同名稱的
功能或圖層可以藉由點
擊圖例表改變,選擇
「項目」,並單擊此按
鈕,可以改變功能或圖
層。
• A scale bar is
fundamental to any map.
Without it, the data is
near meaningless. Add
one with .
• To add an image to your
map use the camera icon
.
• 比例尺是任何地圖的根本。
如果沒有它,數據就幾乎
沒有意義了。用 添加
。
• 將圖像添加到 的地圖所您
使用的相機圖標。
• This could be anything
from a symbol to a
photograph or the logo
of your organization.
• Tip : You may want to
highlight a Point of
Interest with an image
and pinpoint it on the
map using the Add arrow
tool.
• 這可能是任何來自一個符
號的照片或 的組織的標您
誌。
• 你可能想用一個圖像特別
在地圖上標出有興趣的點
,這時就要使用「添加箭
頭工具」。
• Labels can convey extra
information that cannot
be displayed graphically.
• Simple geometric shapes
are created using.
• To add a table of
attributes.
• 標籤可以傳遞額外信息,
但不能以圖形方式顯示。
• 使用簡單的幾何形狀。
• 添加一個屬性表。
5.12.2 Modifying the properties of added items
5.12.2 修改補充項目的屬性
• Next to the General tab
can be found the Item
tab. The properties of
individual items or
groups of items can be
modified and in many
cases, in extensive detail.
• 下一步,在「項目」選項
卡中可以找到「常規」選
項卡。可以修改單個項目
或項目組的屬性。
• For example: shapes,
infill, line weight,
columns in a table, layer
or single item colours,
the option to group
items or items within
layers, symbology and
the formatting of text
can all be altered here.
• 例如:形狀、填充、線條
粗細、階層或項目的顏色
、符號、形式等都可以在
這裡改變。
• Items added within the
Print Composer can be
grouped/ungrouped to
enable easy
repositioning without
having to alter each one
individually 。
• 項目內添加「出圖設計」
可以進行分組 / 不分組便
於重新定位,而無需各自
單獨改變。
• Added items can be
locked into position by
using Right-click. This
prevents accidental
repositioning when
attempting to ‘grab’
something else.
• 新增項目時可以按右鍵鎖
定位置,以抓取資料時防
止重新定位。
• Use Undo/Redo much
like in many other
software applications to
rectify any mistakes
made.
• 使用復原 / 重做,就像許
多其他軟體應用程式,以
糾正任何錯誤。
• The Raise selected item
and Align selected items
buttons are used to
position items you have
added relative to one
another. Notice the
arrow indicating a drop
down menu for each.
• 提升選定的項目和對齊選
定項目按鈕是用來增加彼
此相對位置項目。注意為
每一個下拉菜單箭頭指示
。
5.12.3 Recovering the closed Print Composer
5.12.3 恢復閉合的出圖設計
• If you accidentally or
indeed meaningfully
close the Print Composer
your work can be
recovered by:
• Click File > Print
Composers > Composer *
(the number of your
current work)
• 如果不小心或確實有意義
關閉列印地圖出版設計,
可以恢復你的工作:
• 案→列印地圖出版設計→檔
地圖出版設計。即可選擇
恢復關閉。
5.12.4 Saving, printing and exporting
5.12.4 存 、列印和導出檔
• How might I use this?
• The Print Composer’s
ultimate role is to enable
the production of an
onscreen map formatted
to your specifications
and displayed exactly
how it will appear on a
print out.
• 我要如何使用?
• 列印地圖出版設計的最終
作用是格式化 的規格和您
顯示究竟列印螢幕上地圖
的產生如何出現。
• By using the tools
described previously in
this section the process
is intuitive and fairly
simple to grasp. Explore
their functionality and
practice using each in
various contexts and you
will soon be producing
operational maps quickly
and efficiently
• 透過在本節前面描述的工
具,這個過程相當簡單。
探索其功能並且練習在個
別情況下使用,你很快就
會快速有效產生作戰地圖
。
• This simple example map depicts
a fictitious scenario showing the
location of several bush fires in
relation to vulnerable dwellings
and the available major access
routes for emergency vehicles. It
also includes information on the
prevailing wind direction. The
intensity and therefore inherent
hazard of each blaze has been
represented by the size of the
icon.
• 有個簡單的例子地
圖描繪了一個虛構
的場景,呈現出數
個森林大火的位置
及脆弱的住宅和主
要通道,緊急車輛
火災的位置相關性。
還包括對風向的信
息強度,因此,以
圖標的大小表示每
場火災固定的危險
強度。
Printing and sharing your map
列印和分享地圖
• When you are satisfied
with the overall look of
your map you have a
number of options :
• 當你滿意你做出的整體地
圖之後,你可以操作以下
步驟:
• Save as template. If you
are working in one area
with known constants
and need to quickly
update the same map
with different ephemeral
features or items this is
an important time saving
device. A template can be
loaded and quickly
altered or added to as
required.
• 保存為模板。如果你需要
在一個區域與已知常數的
環境下,迅速更新相同的
地圖但不同的短暫功能或
項目,加載一個模板並迅
速改變或添加需要可以節
省時間。
• Export As Image. The
map can be saved in the
file location of your
choice in a number of
different formats
including but not limited
to: JPEG, PNG, BMP, PNG
and TIF.
• 匯出為圖像。地圖可以保
存許多不同的格式在 所您
選擇的文件位置,包括:
JPEG , PNG , BMP , P
NG , TIF 。
• Export as PDF. The map
is saved in Portable
Document Format to a
file path of your choice.
It can be easily viewed
by anyone with a PDF
viewer in a user-friendly
and very clear format.
• 匯出為 PDF 格式。可攜式
文件格式的地圖被保存在
所選擇的文件夾中。可您
以在任何一個瀏覽器輕鬆
觀看文件。
• Export as SVG. Scalable
Vector Graphics; the file
data is saved as XML and
can be read or modified
with a large range of
tools (including, for
example, Notepad). The
image is not subject to
degradation by resizing
or zooming.
• 匯出為 SVG 。將可伸縮矢
量圖形,並讀取或修改大
範圍的工具(例如記事
本)的文件數據保存為
XML 。
• Print. Your created map
can be printed direct
from the Print Composer.
The normal‘Print’window
appears allowing you to
define several options.
• 列印。你創建的地圖,可
以直接列印。
Annex 1 - Glossary
附 一 ─ 名詞索引錄
Admin areas.
• Boundaries of
government-defined
districts, sub-districts etc.
行政區
• 由政府用分界來定義的地
區。
ArcGIS.
• Suites of GIS software
published by ESRI Inc.
• ESRI 公司開發的 GIS 軟體
。
Attribute data.
• Data about features,
apart from the geometry
itself. For example, the
populations of
settlements.
屬性資料
• 除了幾何本身以外有關資
料的功能。例如,定居點
的人口。
Cartesian coordinate system.
• A system in which the
coordinates of locations
are given by reference to
a flat grid; by contrast
with angular systems
such as latitude/
longitude.
直角坐標系統
• 位置的座標參考平坦網格
系統,如緯度 / 經度角系
統的對比。
Cartography.
• The ‘art’ of map design:
selection of the best
visualisation to suit the
purpose of the map.
製圖
• 地圖設計的藝術:以滿足
地圖可視化的最佳的選擇
為目的。
Coordinates and coordinate
systems.
• Numeric descriptors of a
location, for example its
latitude and longitude, or
X/Y coordinates in a
Cartesian coordinate
system.
坐標和坐標系統
• 位置的數字描述,例如緯
度和經度,或在直角坐標
系中的 X / Y 坐標。
Data analysis.
• Using computer
software, the analysis of
several sets of data to
create new datasets.
數據分析
• 使用電腦軟體分析數據和
創建新的數據。
Datum.
• This can mean a
reference height, but in
GIS usually refers to a
‘geodetic model’ that is
used as a framework for
accurate position
measurement. See also
spheroid. WGS84 is
commonly used as
datum.
數據
• 這可能意味著一個參考高
度。但在 GIS 中通常是指
「大地模型」作為一個準
確的定位測量框
架。 WGS84 是常用數據。
Desktop GIS.
• Software that runs on a
desktop or laptop
computer; as contrasted
with web-based
applications and Google
Earth.
面地理資訊系統桌
• 上型或膝上型電腦上運桌
行的軟體,相對於網路應
用程序和 Google 地球。
Digital elevation model
(DEM).
• A computer model of the
Earth’s terrain surface
used in GIS. Google Earth
has a built-in DEM that is
based on SRTM data.
數位立體模型
• 使用於 GIS 中的地球地形
表面的電腦模型。基於
SRTM 數據, Google 地球
有一個內鍵的數位立體模
型。
Feature.
• In GIS a feature is an
individual spatial
component of a dataset;
for example a particular
village (point feature),
section of road (line
feature), or lake (polygon
feature).
功能
• 在 GIS 中,功能指的是一
個單獨的空間數據集組件
,例如特定的村(點要
素),路段(線要素),
或湖泊(面要素)。
Field.
• A field is a category of
data within a database
file. For example, the
‘Name’ field in a
database of towns. The
actual data are contained
in records.
領域
• 領域是在資料庫文件中的
資料的種類。實際資料是
包含在記錄中的。
File format.
• Spatial data can be
contained in a wide
range of types of files.
The file extension
(.gpx, .shp) usually
indicates the file format
that has been used.
文件格式
• 空間數據可以包含在多種
類型的 案中。文件副檔 檔
名( GPX , SHP )通常
表明已使用的文件格式。
Free and open source
software (FOSS).
• Any software that can be
used and/or modified
without charge; as
contrasted with
proprietary or
commercial software.
免費開放資源軟體
• 不收費可用於任何軟體,
對比專有或商業軟體。
Geodatabase.
• An ESRI format for
spatial data, allowing the
holding of many data
types in a single
database, and with
special functions for data
management.
地理數據庫
• ESRI 的空間數據格式,可
以在一個單一的數據庫中
進行許多數據類型以及特
殊功能數據管理。
Geometry.
• Refers to the ‘locations’
part of a spatial dataset,
particularly of a
shapefile. When editing a
shape (e.g. the line of a
road) you are editing the
geometry.
幾何
• Shapefile 指的是「位
置」空間數據的一部分。
可以編輯的幾何形狀。
(如道路線)
Geotags.
• Spatial references added
to data to allow it to be
mapped. For example,
adding coordinate
information to the
header file of a
photograph.
地理標籤
• 空間參考添加到資料內並
允許它被反應到數據上。
例如,添加坐標信息到照
片的頂端文件上。
Georeferenced.
• Data that has been
augmented to allow it to
be used in a GIS. Its
precise geographic
location is specified. For
example an aerial photo
with a worldfile attached.
地理空間參照
• 資料已擴充到允許它被用
於在 GIS 的數據上。明確
說明其確切的地理位置。
例如,一個連接 worldfile
的航拍照片。
GIS viewer.
• A software package that
allows you to view
spatial data and
assemble it into a simple
map; however usually
without the means to
edit or analyse the data.
GIS 檢視器
• 可以 看空間數據並組裝查
成一個簡單的地圖的軟體
包,但是通常沒辦法編輯
或分析數據。
GIS editor.
• A software package that
allows you to manipulate
and change your spatial
data. For example, to add
new locations to a
dataset of clinics, or to
change a boundary line
between two districts.
地理資訊系統編輯器
• 軟體包裝是允許你來操縱
和改變你的空間資料。例
如,添加新的地點,診所
的數據集,或改變兩個地
區之間的邊界線。
GIS analysis.
• Tools give the ability to
‘answer questions’ about
the data and to create
new tabulated or visual
outputs.
地理資訊系統分析
• 回答有關數據問題的能力
的工具,並創建新的能力
表或視覺輸出。
Global Positioning System
(GPS).
• The satellite-based
system operated by the
US Government that
allows users with
suitable GPS receivers to
locate and record their
position.
全球定位系統
• 由美國政府運營的衛星系
統,提供用戶合適的 GPS
定位接收器並記錄它們的
位置。
Google Earth.
• A software tool and
online global spatial
database available free
from Google.
Google 地球
• 由 Google 免費提供的軟
體工具和在線全球空間數
據庫。
Keyhole Markup Language
(KML).
• This is the file format
used by Google Earth
and increasingly by
other GIS software. It is
an XML-based format.
When KML files are
zipped with other data
(such as photos) they
become KMZ files.
Keyhole 標記語言
• 這是「 Google 地球」所
使用的文件格式,而且越
來越多 GIS 系統軟體也使
用它。它是一種基於 XML
的格式。當 KML 文件與
其他資料如(照片)壓縮
後,就成為 KMZ 文件。
Line feature.
• A feature representing a
linear object, for example
a segment of a road,
railway or river. A line
feature has a length, but
no area. It may have
several changes of
direction at a number of
vertices.
線條功能
• 代表線條物件,例如一段
公路、鐵路或河流。線條
功能有長度,但沒有面積。
在一些頂點的數字上可能
有幾種方向的變化。
MapInfo.
• A suite of GIS software
tools from a company of
the same name.
• 一套和 GIS 公司名稱相同
的的 GIS 工具軟體。
Metadata.
• ‘Data about the data’. In
GIS this means a file of
information for a
particular spatial dataset.
It contains details of
where and when it was
collected, by whom, and
so on.
中繼資料
• 「關於資料的資料」。在
GIS 裡,這意味著一個特
定的空間資料集信息的文
件。它包含了它是誰,何
時何地所收集的詳細信息
…等等。
Mobile GIS.
• GIS tools that can be run
on hand-held or other
mobile devices and can
be used for field data
collection. Both
appropriate software and
hardware are needed.
手機版 GIS
• 可以手持或其他移動設備
上運行並可以用於現場數
據採集的 GIS 工具。這兩
個軟體和硬體是必要的。
Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC).
• An international
standards organisation
focused on geospatial
content and services, GIS
data processing and data
sharing.
開放地理空間協會
• 一個國際標準組織,組織
內容包括地理空間內容和
服務,地理信息系統的數
據處理和數據共享。
P-code.
• A unique reference code
to identify a specific
settlement that
overcomes variant
spellings and similar
problems. P-code
schemes are agreed at an
inter-agency level in
some humanitarian
emergencies.
P 代碼
• 一個獨特的參考代碼,用
以定義一個克服了各種的
拼寫和類似問題的具體的
解決辦法。 P- 代碼計劃,
同意被用在人道主義突發
事件中的機構間層級內。
Placemark.
• A term used in Google
Earth and some other
GIS software to describe
a point feature and its
associated attributes.
位置標記
• 在使用 Google 地球和其
他 GIS 軟體的術語來描述
一個點要素及其相關屬性
。
Plug-in.
• A software tool that is
ancillary to the main
program and which can
be installed by the user
to give extra functions.
Some GIS software
packages have extensive
libraries of plug-ins
available.
插件
• 主程序和配套的軟體工具
可以由用戶自行安裝額外
的功能。一些 GIS 軟體有
提供圖庫的插件。
Point feature.
• A feature representing a
singular object, for
example a water well or
the nominal centre of a
village. A point feature
has no dimensions so is
described using a single
set of coordinates.
點特徵
• 代表一個單一物件,例如
水井或一個村落的正中心
。
• A 點功能沒有面積,所以
描述使用一組單一坐標。
Polygon feature.
• A feature representing
an enclosed object such
as a lake or a
government district. The
area of a polygon feature
can be calculated. It will
be drawn as a boundary
line with several changes
of direction at a number
of vertices.
多邊形功能
• 這種功能代表一個較封閉
的物件,如湖泊或政府行
政區的功能。可以計算多
邊形功能區。使用數個改
變不同方向的頂點來繪製
邊界線。
Projection system.
• A projection system is a
coordinate system that
allows the data to be
displayed on a flat
surface such as a printed
map or on a computer
screen. Corrections are
made by software to
account for the
curvature of the Earth’s
surface
投影系統
• 投影系統是一個允許資料
顯示在平坦的表面的座標
系統,如印刷的地圖,在
電腦螢幕上。修正量是藉
由軟體計算地球表面的彎
曲度。
ProVention Consortium
• An international
coalition working on
topics related to disaster
risk reduction.
• 是一個全球性的聯盟,各國
政府,國際組織,學術機構
,私營部門和民間社會組織
,旨在減少災害影響發展中
國家。該聯盟的作用,作為
一個分享知識的網絡,連接
和利用各種資源來降低災害
風險。它的使命是幫助發展
中國家建立可持續的,成功
的經濟體,以減少人類的痛
苦,結果往往從自然和技術
災難。
Quantum GIS (QGIS)
• A powerful GIS software
suite available for
download free-of-
charge. QGIS is explored
in detail in chapter 5 of
this guide.
量子地理信息系統
• 一個強大的 GIS 軟件套件
,可免費下載的充電。
QGIS 是在本指南第 5 章
中詳細探討。
Raster data
• Spatial data in which the
Earth’s surface is
depicted by an image.
This can include a
scanned map. The name
raster comes from the
type of scanning process
used. A raster image is
made up of many
individual cells but
discrete features are not
contained in the file.
網格資料
• 在地球表面的空間數據是
藉由圖像來描繪。這可以
包括掃描的地圖。網格的
名稱來自掃描過程中使用
的類型。光柵圖像是由許
多單個蜂巢式格子所做成
,但文件中不包含離散特
徵。
Raster grid
• A rectangular grid of
pixels, comprising a
raster data set.
網格
• 一個像素的矩形網格,包
括網格資料集。
Spatial data
• Data that contains
references to positions,
usually relative to the
surface of the Earth (see
georeferenced)
空間數據
• 數據包含引用位置,通常
是相對於地球表面(見地
理參考)
Spatial Database Management
Systems (DBMS).
• A database system
sometimes used in
conjunction with GIS
software: in this case the
DMBS is used mainly to
store thedata, but often
also provides (limited)
analysis and data
manipulation functions.
空間資料庫管理系統
• 資料庫系統有時用於資料
庫系統結合 GIS 軟體:在
這個方案中, DMBS 主要
用於存儲資料,但往往也
提供(有限)分析和資料
處理功能。
SRTM
• Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission. A
global dataset of height
data acquired by the
NASA Shuttle mission in
Feb 2000. The dataset is
freely available for GIS
use
• 航天飛機雷達地形測繪任
務。美國宇航局航天飛機
任務在 2000 年 2 月收購
了一個全球性的數據集的
高度數據。該數據集是免
費提供的 GIS 使用
Symbology
• Usually refers to the
symbol set used to depict
features on a map. GIS
software allows the
symbols to be changed
depending on data
variables. For example to
display road segments
with an attribute
‘damaged’ to a different
colour.
條碼符號
• 通常是指以符號來描繪在
地圖上的功能。 GIS 軟體
允許根據資料不同改變符
號。例如:屬性的“損害“
,以不同的顏色顯示路段
。
Simple cylindrical
projection
• A projection system used
in Google Earth.
簡單的圓柱投影
• 谷歌地球使用的投影系統
Shareware
• Software that is typically
issued as a ‘trial version’
for free use, with full-
functioning versions
available on a
proprietary or
commercial licence.
共享軟件
• 軟件,通常是發行免費使
用“試用版”,全功能的版
本可在一個專有或商業許
可證。
Shapefile
• A format for vector data
sets, published by the
company ESRI.
Shapefiles are used
widely in a number of
GIS software packages.
• 一個格式的向量數據集,
由 ESRI 公司出版。
shapefile 是廣泛使用在許
多 GIS 軟件包。
Spatial referencing system
• A definition of the
locational data structure
of spatial data. This may
include the coordinate
system, datum and
projection system.
空間參照系統
• 資料和投影系統。空間區
位資料結構地的定義。這
可能包括坐標系,原點和
投影系統。
Spheroid
• A mathematical model
that describes the shape
of the Earth. Datums
used in GIS are based on
a specific spheroid that
give the ‘best fit’ to the
shape of the Earth for
the area to be mapped
球體
• 一個數學模型,描述了地
球的形狀。地理信息系統
中使用的一個特定的旋轉
橢球體的基礎上,“最合適
的”地球的形狀為要被映射
的區域的基準面
Thematic map
• A map displaying a
particular type of data
for a specific purpose:
for example health
facilities status, or
emergency shelter needs.
Contrast with a
topographic map
專題地圖
• 為特定目的而顯示特定類
型的地圖:例如衛生設施
狀況,或緊急的住房需求。
地形圖的對比。
Topographic map.
• Also called a topo sheet.
A general-purpose map
that shows the landforms
and terrain, but also
usually physical features
like roads and
settlements. A
topographic map may be
used as a base for a
thematic map.
地形圖
• 也稱為 TOPO 表。一般用
途的地圖,除了用來顯示
地貌和地形以外,通常也
會顯示自然界的特徵,像
是道路和定居點。地形圖
可以用在專題地圖的基礎
方面。
UTM.
• Universal Transverse
Mercator. A global
coordinate system which
is widely used. It divides
the Earth into UTM
zones.
世界 麥 托投影橫 卡
• 世界橫麥卡托投影。被廣
泛使用的全球座標系統。
把地球分成 UTM 區。
Vector data.
• Spatial data comprising
point, line, or polygon
features. Each feature
can have its own
attributes which allows
manipulation and
analysis. Contrast with
raster data which does
not have individual
features.
向量資料
• 空間資料包括點、線或多
邊形的功能。每個功能都
可以有其自己允許處理和
分析屬性。對比沒有個別
化的光柵資料。
Vertex (plural: vertices)
• A junction-point in a line
or polygon feature.
Vertices may be edited to
change the shape or
geometry of the feature.
頂點
• 一個結點,線或多邊形特
性。頂點可以被編輯成改
變形狀或幾何特性。
Visualisation.
• The creation of maps
using spatial data.
可視化
• 用空間數據製作的地圖。
Vulnerability and capacity
assessments (VCA).
• A structured field
assessment methodology
used in disaster risk
reduction.
脆弱性和能力評估
• 減少災害風險的結構性的
實地評估方法。
Waypoint.
• A point feature recorded
using a GPS receiver. If
imported into Google
Earth, each waypoint is
interpreted as a place
mark.
航點
• 使用 GPS 接收器記錄點的
特性。如果輸入到 Google
地球,每個航點被解釋為
地標。
Web Feature Service (WFS).
• A standard for
exchanging spatial data
at the level of individual
features.
網路圖 服務徵
• 在個別功能的水平的空間
數據交換的標準。
Web Map Service (WMS).
• A standard for the
distribution of maps over
the internet. WMS allows
positional data to be
attached to a map object.
網路地圖服務
• 在網際網路上地圖分布的
標準。 WMS 允許位置資
料被連接到地圖物件上。
WGS84.
• World Geodetic System
1984. A datum
commonly used with GIS
datasets and with Google
Earth.
1984 年世界大地測量座標系
統
• 一種數據,通常和 GIS 資
源網、 Google 地球一起
使用。
Worldfile.
• Data added to, typically,
a satellite image
containing spatial
referencing information.
座標系統資訊
• 座標系統資訊輸入數據,
通常其衛星圖像會包含空
間參考資訊。
X and Y coordinates.
• In a Cartesian coordinate
system such as UTM, the
latitude and longitude
descriptors are replaced
by X (northings) and Y
(eastings) which are
metres from a fixed
origin. There is
sometimes also a Z
coordinate, which is
height (altitude or
elevation).
X 和 Y 座標
• 在笛卡兒座標系統上,例
如 UTM 直角坐標系,經
度和緯度描述符號被從固
定原點所測量的 X (往
北)和 Y (往東)替換。
有時也有一個 Z 坐標,用
來顯示高度(海拔高度)
。
分工表
翻譯:
于佳安、賴羿齊、何威融、蕭怡倩
美編:何威融
統整:蕭怡倩
報告完畢,謝謝大家

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電腦地理製圖報告140~146

  • 2. • Click Add New Map found on the tool bar. • By Holding the Left Mouse Button you can drag a frame in the viewer on the left of the Composer window specifying where on the paper and how much of the print out it will cover. • 點擊工具欄上的「添加新 地圖」。 • 可以藉由按鼠標左鍵您 拖 動 Composer window 左 側的文件閱讀器裡的視窗 來指定紙張列印的位置和 涵蓋範圍大小。
  • 3. • By using this icon the content displayed within the viewer can be moved and the map can be zoomed to achieve the optimum area and resolution using the zoom controls. • 使用 ,內容會顯示在 文件閱讀器裡,其內容可 以移動和縮放地圖,以達 到最佳的區域和分辨率使 用的縮放控制。
  • 4. 5.12.1 Adding a legend and other editing options 5.12.1 添加圖例和其他編輯選項
  • 5. • 點擊工具欄,然後點擊在 觀 中的添加向量圖例按眾 鈕,可以添加一個圖例。 • 圖例可以隨意定位和調整 。 • A legend can be added by clicking the Add Vector Legend button in the tool bar then clicking in the viewer. • The legend can be positioned and resized as desired.
  • 6. • Note - The legend is a direct translation of the names of the layers in your project so for the purposes of clarity ensure they have suitable names. The individual names of features or layers can be changed by clicking the Legend box, selecting the Item tab and clicking this button. • 小筆記:圖例是圖層在 此程式中的直接翻譯, 這是為了確保他們有適 當的名稱。不同名稱的 功能或圖層可以藉由點 擊圖例表改變,選擇 「項目」,並單擊此按 鈕,可以改變功能或圖 層。
  • 7. • A scale bar is fundamental to any map. Without it, the data is near meaningless. Add one with . • To add an image to your map use the camera icon . • 比例尺是任何地圖的根本。 如果沒有它,數據就幾乎 沒有意義了。用 添加 。 • 將圖像添加到 的地圖所您 使用的相機圖標。
  • 8. • This could be anything from a symbol to a photograph or the logo of your organization. • Tip : You may want to highlight a Point of Interest with an image and pinpoint it on the map using the Add arrow tool. • 這可能是任何來自一個符 號的照片或 的組織的標您 誌。 • 你可能想用一個圖像特別 在地圖上標出有興趣的點 ,這時就要使用「添加箭 頭工具」。
  • 9. • Labels can convey extra information that cannot be displayed graphically. • Simple geometric shapes are created using. • To add a table of attributes. • 標籤可以傳遞額外信息, 但不能以圖形方式顯示。 • 使用簡單的幾何形狀。 • 添加一個屬性表。
  • 10. 5.12.2 Modifying the properties of added items 5.12.2 修改補充項目的屬性
  • 11. • Next to the General tab can be found the Item tab. The properties of individual items or groups of items can be modified and in many cases, in extensive detail. • 下一步,在「項目」選項 卡中可以找到「常規」選 項卡。可以修改單個項目 或項目組的屬性。
  • 12. • For example: shapes, infill, line weight, columns in a table, layer or single item colours, the option to group items or items within layers, symbology and the formatting of text can all be altered here. • 例如:形狀、填充、線條 粗細、階層或項目的顏色 、符號、形式等都可以在 這裡改變。
  • 13. • Items added within the Print Composer can be grouped/ungrouped to enable easy repositioning without having to alter each one individually 。 • 項目內添加「出圖設計」 可以進行分組 / 不分組便 於重新定位,而無需各自 單獨改變。
  • 14. • Added items can be locked into position by using Right-click. This prevents accidental repositioning when attempting to ‘grab’ something else. • 新增項目時可以按右鍵鎖 定位置,以抓取資料時防 止重新定位。
  • 15. • Use Undo/Redo much like in many other software applications to rectify any mistakes made. • 使用復原 / 重做,就像許 多其他軟體應用程式,以 糾正任何錯誤。
  • 16. • The Raise selected item and Align selected items buttons are used to position items you have added relative to one another. Notice the arrow indicating a drop down menu for each. • 提升選定的項目和對齊選 定項目按鈕是用來增加彼 此相對位置項目。注意為 每一個下拉菜單箭頭指示 。
  • 17. 5.12.3 Recovering the closed Print Composer 5.12.3 恢復閉合的出圖設計
  • 18. • If you accidentally or indeed meaningfully close the Print Composer your work can be recovered by: • Click File > Print Composers > Composer * (the number of your current work) • 如果不小心或確實有意義 關閉列印地圖出版設計, 可以恢復你的工作: • 案→列印地圖出版設計→檔 地圖出版設計。即可選擇 恢復關閉。
  • 19. 5.12.4 Saving, printing and exporting 5.12.4 存 、列印和導出檔
  • 20. • How might I use this? • The Print Composer’s ultimate role is to enable the production of an onscreen map formatted to your specifications and displayed exactly how it will appear on a print out. • 我要如何使用? • 列印地圖出版設計的最終 作用是格式化 的規格和您 顯示究竟列印螢幕上地圖 的產生如何出現。
  • 21. • By using the tools described previously in this section the process is intuitive and fairly simple to grasp. Explore their functionality and practice using each in various contexts and you will soon be producing operational maps quickly and efficiently • 透過在本節前面描述的工 具,這個過程相當簡單。 探索其功能並且練習在個 別情況下使用,你很快就 會快速有效產生作戰地圖 。
  • 22. • This simple example map depicts a fictitious scenario showing the location of several bush fires in relation to vulnerable dwellings and the available major access routes for emergency vehicles. It also includes information on the prevailing wind direction. The intensity and therefore inherent hazard of each blaze has been represented by the size of the icon. • 有個簡單的例子地 圖描繪了一個虛構 的場景,呈現出數 個森林大火的位置 及脆弱的住宅和主 要通道,緊急車輛 火災的位置相關性。 還包括對風向的信 息強度,因此,以 圖標的大小表示每 場火災固定的危險 強度。
  • 23. Printing and sharing your map 列印和分享地圖
  • 24. • When you are satisfied with the overall look of your map you have a number of options : • 當你滿意你做出的整體地 圖之後,你可以操作以下 步驟:
  • 25. • Save as template. If you are working in one area with known constants and need to quickly update the same map with different ephemeral features or items this is an important time saving device. A template can be loaded and quickly altered or added to as required. • 保存為模板。如果你需要 在一個區域與已知常數的 環境下,迅速更新相同的 地圖但不同的短暫功能或 項目,加載一個模板並迅 速改變或添加需要可以節 省時間。
  • 26. • Export As Image. The map can be saved in the file location of your choice in a number of different formats including but not limited to: JPEG, PNG, BMP, PNG and TIF. • 匯出為圖像。地圖可以保 存許多不同的格式在 所您 選擇的文件位置,包括: JPEG , PNG , BMP , P NG , TIF 。
  • 27. • Export as PDF. The map is saved in Portable Document Format to a file path of your choice. It can be easily viewed by anyone with a PDF viewer in a user-friendly and very clear format. • 匯出為 PDF 格式。可攜式 文件格式的地圖被保存在 所選擇的文件夾中。可您 以在任何一個瀏覽器輕鬆 觀看文件。
  • 28. • Export as SVG. Scalable Vector Graphics; the file data is saved as XML and can be read or modified with a large range of tools (including, for example, Notepad). The image is not subject to degradation by resizing or zooming. • 匯出為 SVG 。將可伸縮矢 量圖形,並讀取或修改大 範圍的工具(例如記事 本)的文件數據保存為 XML 。
  • 29. • Print. Your created map can be printed direct from the Print Composer. The normal‘Print’window appears allowing you to define several options. • 列印。你創建的地圖,可 以直接列印。
  • 30. Annex 1 - Glossary 附 一 ─ 名詞索引錄
  • 31. Admin areas. • Boundaries of government-defined districts, sub-districts etc. 行政區 • 由政府用分界來定義的地 區。
  • 32. ArcGIS. • Suites of GIS software published by ESRI Inc. • ESRI 公司開發的 GIS 軟體 。
  • 33. Attribute data. • Data about features, apart from the geometry itself. For example, the populations of settlements. 屬性資料 • 除了幾何本身以外有關資 料的功能。例如,定居點 的人口。
  • 34. Cartesian coordinate system. • A system in which the coordinates of locations are given by reference to a flat grid; by contrast with angular systems such as latitude/ longitude. 直角坐標系統 • 位置的座標參考平坦網格 系統,如緯度 / 經度角系 統的對比。
  • 35. Cartography. • The ‘art’ of map design: selection of the best visualisation to suit the purpose of the map. 製圖 • 地圖設計的藝術:以滿足 地圖可視化的最佳的選擇 為目的。
  • 36. Coordinates and coordinate systems. • Numeric descriptors of a location, for example its latitude and longitude, or X/Y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system. 坐標和坐標系統 • 位置的數字描述,例如緯 度和經度,或在直角坐標 系中的 X / Y 坐標。
  • 37. Data analysis. • Using computer software, the analysis of several sets of data to create new datasets. 數據分析 • 使用電腦軟體分析數據和 創建新的數據。
  • 38. Datum. • This can mean a reference height, but in GIS usually refers to a ‘geodetic model’ that is used as a framework for accurate position measurement. See also spheroid. WGS84 is commonly used as datum. 數據 • 這可能意味著一個參考高 度。但在 GIS 中通常是指 「大地模型」作為一個準 確的定位測量框 架。 WGS84 是常用數據。
  • 39. Desktop GIS. • Software that runs on a desktop or laptop computer; as contrasted with web-based applications and Google Earth. 面地理資訊系統桌 • 上型或膝上型電腦上運桌 行的軟體,相對於網路應 用程序和 Google 地球。
  • 40. Digital elevation model (DEM). • A computer model of the Earth’s terrain surface used in GIS. Google Earth has a built-in DEM that is based on SRTM data. 數位立體模型 • 使用於 GIS 中的地球地形 表面的電腦模型。基於 SRTM 數據, Google 地球 有一個內鍵的數位立體模 型。
  • 41. Feature. • In GIS a feature is an individual spatial component of a dataset; for example a particular village (point feature), section of road (line feature), or lake (polygon feature). 功能 • 在 GIS 中,功能指的是一 個單獨的空間數據集組件 ,例如特定的村(點要 素),路段(線要素), 或湖泊(面要素)。
  • 42. Field. • A field is a category of data within a database file. For example, the ‘Name’ field in a database of towns. The actual data are contained in records. 領域 • 領域是在資料庫文件中的 資料的種類。實際資料是 包含在記錄中的。
  • 43. File format. • Spatial data can be contained in a wide range of types of files. The file extension (.gpx, .shp) usually indicates the file format that has been used. 文件格式 • 空間數據可以包含在多種 類型的 案中。文件副檔 檔 名( GPX , SHP )通常 表明已使用的文件格式。
  • 44. Free and open source software (FOSS). • Any software that can be used and/or modified without charge; as contrasted with proprietary or commercial software. 免費開放資源軟體 • 不收費可用於任何軟體, 對比專有或商業軟體。
  • 45. Geodatabase. • An ESRI format for spatial data, allowing the holding of many data types in a single database, and with special functions for data management. 地理數據庫 • ESRI 的空間數據格式,可 以在一個單一的數據庫中 進行許多數據類型以及特 殊功能數據管理。
  • 46. Geometry. • Refers to the ‘locations’ part of a spatial dataset, particularly of a shapefile. When editing a shape (e.g. the line of a road) you are editing the geometry. 幾何 • Shapefile 指的是「位 置」空間數據的一部分。 可以編輯的幾何形狀。 (如道路線)
  • 47. Geotags. • Spatial references added to data to allow it to be mapped. For example, adding coordinate information to the header file of a photograph. 地理標籤 • 空間參考添加到資料內並 允許它被反應到數據上。 例如,添加坐標信息到照 片的頂端文件上。
  • 48. Georeferenced. • Data that has been augmented to allow it to be used in a GIS. Its precise geographic location is specified. For example an aerial photo with a worldfile attached. 地理空間參照 • 資料已擴充到允許它被用 於在 GIS 的數據上。明確 說明其確切的地理位置。 例如,一個連接 worldfile 的航拍照片。
  • 49. GIS viewer. • A software package that allows you to view spatial data and assemble it into a simple map; however usually without the means to edit or analyse the data. GIS 檢視器 • 可以 看空間數據並組裝查 成一個簡單的地圖的軟體 包,但是通常沒辦法編輯 或分析數據。
  • 50. GIS editor. • A software package that allows you to manipulate and change your spatial data. For example, to add new locations to a dataset of clinics, or to change a boundary line between two districts. 地理資訊系統編輯器 • 軟體包裝是允許你來操縱 和改變你的空間資料。例 如,添加新的地點,診所 的數據集,或改變兩個地 區之間的邊界線。
  • 51. GIS analysis. • Tools give the ability to ‘answer questions’ about the data and to create new tabulated or visual outputs. 地理資訊系統分析 • 回答有關數據問題的能力 的工具,並創建新的能力 表或視覺輸出。
  • 52. Global Positioning System (GPS). • The satellite-based system operated by the US Government that allows users with suitable GPS receivers to locate and record their position. 全球定位系統 • 由美國政府運營的衛星系 統,提供用戶合適的 GPS 定位接收器並記錄它們的 位置。
  • 53. Google Earth. • A software tool and online global spatial database available free from Google. Google 地球 • 由 Google 免費提供的軟 體工具和在線全球空間數 據庫。
  • 54. Keyhole Markup Language (KML). • This is the file format used by Google Earth and increasingly by other GIS software. It is an XML-based format. When KML files are zipped with other data (such as photos) they become KMZ files. Keyhole 標記語言 • 這是「 Google 地球」所 使用的文件格式,而且越 來越多 GIS 系統軟體也使 用它。它是一種基於 XML 的格式。當 KML 文件與 其他資料如(照片)壓縮 後,就成為 KMZ 文件。
  • 55. Line feature. • A feature representing a linear object, for example a segment of a road, railway or river. A line feature has a length, but no area. It may have several changes of direction at a number of vertices. 線條功能 • 代表線條物件,例如一段 公路、鐵路或河流。線條 功能有長度,但沒有面積。 在一些頂點的數字上可能 有幾種方向的變化。
  • 56. MapInfo. • A suite of GIS software tools from a company of the same name. • 一套和 GIS 公司名稱相同 的的 GIS 工具軟體。
  • 57. Metadata. • ‘Data about the data’. In GIS this means a file of information for a particular spatial dataset. It contains details of where and when it was collected, by whom, and so on. 中繼資料 • 「關於資料的資料」。在 GIS 裡,這意味著一個特 定的空間資料集信息的文 件。它包含了它是誰,何 時何地所收集的詳細信息 …等等。
  • 58. Mobile GIS. • GIS tools that can be run on hand-held or other mobile devices and can be used for field data collection. Both appropriate software and hardware are needed. 手機版 GIS • 可以手持或其他移動設備 上運行並可以用於現場數 據採集的 GIS 工具。這兩 個軟體和硬體是必要的。
  • 59. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). • An international standards organisation focused on geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and data sharing. 開放地理空間協會 • 一個國際標準組織,組織 內容包括地理空間內容和 服務,地理信息系統的數 據處理和數據共享。
  • 60. P-code. • A unique reference code to identify a specific settlement that overcomes variant spellings and similar problems. P-code schemes are agreed at an inter-agency level in some humanitarian emergencies. P 代碼 • 一個獨特的參考代碼,用 以定義一個克服了各種的 拼寫和類似問題的具體的 解決辦法。 P- 代碼計劃, 同意被用在人道主義突發 事件中的機構間層級內。
  • 61. Placemark. • A term used in Google Earth and some other GIS software to describe a point feature and its associated attributes. 位置標記 • 在使用 Google 地球和其 他 GIS 軟體的術語來描述 一個點要素及其相關屬性 。
  • 62. Plug-in. • A software tool that is ancillary to the main program and which can be installed by the user to give extra functions. Some GIS software packages have extensive libraries of plug-ins available. 插件 • 主程序和配套的軟體工具 可以由用戶自行安裝額外 的功能。一些 GIS 軟體有 提供圖庫的插件。
  • 63. Point feature. • A feature representing a singular object, for example a water well or the nominal centre of a village. A point feature has no dimensions so is described using a single set of coordinates. 點特徵 • 代表一個單一物件,例如 水井或一個村落的正中心 。 • A 點功能沒有面積,所以 描述使用一組單一坐標。
  • 64. Polygon feature. • A feature representing an enclosed object such as a lake or a government district. The area of a polygon feature can be calculated. It will be drawn as a boundary line with several changes of direction at a number of vertices. 多邊形功能 • 這種功能代表一個較封閉 的物件,如湖泊或政府行 政區的功能。可以計算多 邊形功能區。使用數個改 變不同方向的頂點來繪製 邊界線。
  • 65. Projection system. • A projection system is a coordinate system that allows the data to be displayed on a flat surface such as a printed map or on a computer screen. Corrections are made by software to account for the curvature of the Earth’s surface 投影系統 • 投影系統是一個允許資料 顯示在平坦的表面的座標 系統,如印刷的地圖,在 電腦螢幕上。修正量是藉 由軟體計算地球表面的彎 曲度。
  • 66. ProVention Consortium • An international coalition working on topics related to disaster risk reduction. • 是一個全球性的聯盟,各國 政府,國際組織,學術機構 ,私營部門和民間社會組織 ,旨在減少災害影響發展中 國家。該聯盟的作用,作為 一個分享知識的網絡,連接 和利用各種資源來降低災害 風險。它的使命是幫助發展 中國家建立可持續的,成功 的經濟體,以減少人類的痛 苦,結果往往從自然和技術 災難。
  • 67. Quantum GIS (QGIS) • A powerful GIS software suite available for download free-of- charge. QGIS is explored in detail in chapter 5 of this guide. 量子地理信息系統 • 一個強大的 GIS 軟件套件 ,可免費下載的充電。 QGIS 是在本指南第 5 章 中詳細探討。
  • 68. Raster data • Spatial data in which the Earth’s surface is depicted by an image. This can include a scanned map. The name raster comes from the type of scanning process used. A raster image is made up of many individual cells but discrete features are not contained in the file. 網格資料 • 在地球表面的空間數據是 藉由圖像來描繪。這可以 包括掃描的地圖。網格的 名稱來自掃描過程中使用 的類型。光柵圖像是由許 多單個蜂巢式格子所做成 ,但文件中不包含離散特 徵。
  • 69. Raster grid • A rectangular grid of pixels, comprising a raster data set. 網格 • 一個像素的矩形網格,包 括網格資料集。
  • 70. Spatial data • Data that contains references to positions, usually relative to the surface of the Earth (see georeferenced) 空間數據 • 數據包含引用位置,通常 是相對於地球表面(見地 理參考)
  • 71. Spatial Database Management Systems (DBMS). • A database system sometimes used in conjunction with GIS software: in this case the DMBS is used mainly to store thedata, but often also provides (limited) analysis and data manipulation functions. 空間資料庫管理系統 • 資料庫系統有時用於資料 庫系統結合 GIS 軟體:在 這個方案中, DMBS 主要 用於存儲資料,但往往也 提供(有限)分析和資料 處理功能。
  • 72. SRTM • Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. A global dataset of height data acquired by the NASA Shuttle mission in Feb 2000. The dataset is freely available for GIS use • 航天飛機雷達地形測繪任 務。美國宇航局航天飛機 任務在 2000 年 2 月收購 了一個全球性的數據集的 高度數據。該數據集是免 費提供的 GIS 使用
  • 73. Symbology • Usually refers to the symbol set used to depict features on a map. GIS software allows the symbols to be changed depending on data variables. For example to display road segments with an attribute ‘damaged’ to a different colour. 條碼符號 • 通常是指以符號來描繪在 地圖上的功能。 GIS 軟體 允許根據資料不同改變符 號。例如:屬性的“損害“ ,以不同的顏色顯示路段 。
  • 74. Simple cylindrical projection • A projection system used in Google Earth. 簡單的圓柱投影 • 谷歌地球使用的投影系統
  • 75. Shareware • Software that is typically issued as a ‘trial version’ for free use, with full- functioning versions available on a proprietary or commercial licence. 共享軟件 • 軟件,通常是發行免費使 用“試用版”,全功能的版 本可在一個專有或商業許 可證。
  • 76. Shapefile • A format for vector data sets, published by the company ESRI. Shapefiles are used widely in a number of GIS software packages. • 一個格式的向量數據集, 由 ESRI 公司出版。 shapefile 是廣泛使用在許 多 GIS 軟件包。
  • 77. Spatial referencing system • A definition of the locational data structure of spatial data. This may include the coordinate system, datum and projection system. 空間參照系統 • 資料和投影系統。空間區 位資料結構地的定義。這 可能包括坐標系,原點和 投影系統。
  • 78. Spheroid • A mathematical model that describes the shape of the Earth. Datums used in GIS are based on a specific spheroid that give the ‘best fit’ to the shape of the Earth for the area to be mapped 球體 • 一個數學模型,描述了地 球的形狀。地理信息系統 中使用的一個特定的旋轉 橢球體的基礎上,“最合適 的”地球的形狀為要被映射 的區域的基準面
  • 79. Thematic map • A map displaying a particular type of data for a specific purpose: for example health facilities status, or emergency shelter needs. Contrast with a topographic map 專題地圖 • 為特定目的而顯示特定類 型的地圖:例如衛生設施 狀況,或緊急的住房需求。 地形圖的對比。
  • 80. Topographic map. • Also called a topo sheet. A general-purpose map that shows the landforms and terrain, but also usually physical features like roads and settlements. A topographic map may be used as a base for a thematic map. 地形圖 • 也稱為 TOPO 表。一般用 途的地圖,除了用來顯示 地貌和地形以外,通常也 會顯示自然界的特徵,像 是道路和定居點。地形圖 可以用在專題地圖的基礎 方面。
  • 81. UTM. • Universal Transverse Mercator. A global coordinate system which is widely used. It divides the Earth into UTM zones. 世界 麥 托投影橫 卡 • 世界橫麥卡托投影。被廣 泛使用的全球座標系統。 把地球分成 UTM 區。
  • 82. Vector data. • Spatial data comprising point, line, or polygon features. Each feature can have its own attributes which allows manipulation and analysis. Contrast with raster data which does not have individual features. 向量資料 • 空間資料包括點、線或多 邊形的功能。每個功能都 可以有其自己允許處理和 分析屬性。對比沒有個別 化的光柵資料。
  • 83. Vertex (plural: vertices) • A junction-point in a line or polygon feature. Vertices may be edited to change the shape or geometry of the feature. 頂點 • 一個結點,線或多邊形特 性。頂點可以被編輯成改 變形狀或幾何特性。
  • 84. Visualisation. • The creation of maps using spatial data. 可視化 • 用空間數據製作的地圖。
  • 85. Vulnerability and capacity assessments (VCA). • A structured field assessment methodology used in disaster risk reduction. 脆弱性和能力評估 • 減少災害風險的結構性的 實地評估方法。
  • 86. Waypoint. • A point feature recorded using a GPS receiver. If imported into Google Earth, each waypoint is interpreted as a place mark. 航點 • 使用 GPS 接收器記錄點的 特性。如果輸入到 Google 地球,每個航點被解釋為 地標。
  • 87. Web Feature Service (WFS). • A standard for exchanging spatial data at the level of individual features. 網路圖 服務徵 • 在個別功能的水平的空間 數據交換的標準。
  • 88. Web Map Service (WMS). • A standard for the distribution of maps over the internet. WMS allows positional data to be attached to a map object. 網路地圖服務 • 在網際網路上地圖分布的 標準。 WMS 允許位置資 料被連接到地圖物件上。
  • 89. WGS84. • World Geodetic System 1984. A datum commonly used with GIS datasets and with Google Earth. 1984 年世界大地測量座標系 統 • 一種數據,通常和 GIS 資 源網、 Google 地球一起 使用。
  • 90. Worldfile. • Data added to, typically, a satellite image containing spatial referencing information. 座標系統資訊 • 座標系統資訊輸入數據, 通常其衛星圖像會包含空 間參考資訊。
  • 91. X and Y coordinates. • In a Cartesian coordinate system such as UTM, the latitude and longitude descriptors are replaced by X (northings) and Y (eastings) which are metres from a fixed origin. There is sometimes also a Z coordinate, which is height (altitude or elevation). X 和 Y 座標 • 在笛卡兒座標系統上,例 如 UTM 直角坐標系,經 度和緯度描述符號被從固 定原點所測量的 X (往 北)和 Y (往東)替換。 有時也有一個 Z 坐標,用 來顯示高度(海拔高度) 。