6. Fatty Acid
Fatty acid (FA) is produced via hydrolysis process of fat with
water.
Molecular Formula : CnH2nO2
General : R-COOH
Structural Formula :
7. Sources & Uses of Fatty Acids
Source
• Fatty acids from plant
and animal: oil palm,
coconut, corn,
soybean, sunflower,
fish
• Synthetic fatty acids
are derived from
petrochemical.
Uses
• Petrochemical
industry: tire industry,
soap, detergent, fatty
alcohol, polymer, fatty
amines, cosmetic,
pharmacy.
8. Process (from crude FA)
• used to purify the crude fatty acids under vacuum.
Distillatio
n
• increases the melting point of the fatty acids.
Hydrogenation is the conversion of unsaturated
acids into saturated acids.
Hydrogenation
• yields a liquid fraction (unsaturated acids, mainly
oleic acids) and a solid fraction (saturated acids,
mainly stearic acids).
Separation
• used to separate a mixture of fatty acids into fatty
acids of a more specific chain length.
Fractional
distillatio
n
14. 3) Hydrogenation Fatty Alcohol
Fatty Acid Derivatives
Operational Parameters:
T = 300oC ; P = 30 - 80 bar
Catayst: copper chromite
15. C8H17CH=CHC7H14COOH HOOC(CH2)7COOH + C8H17COOH
Azelaic acid and pelargonic acid are used in the vinyl plasticizers
industry and in synthetic lubricants.
4) Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Derivatives
19. • FAME is produced by
transesterification or
esterification.
• In the transesterification
process a glyceride reacts with
an alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst, forming a mixture of
FAME and an glycerol.
• alkaline catalysts are used with
sodium methylate (most
effective) NaOH can also be
used
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER
(FAME)
21. In the esterification process a fatty acid reacts with an alcohol on the
present of a catalyst, forming a mixture of FAME or Fatty acid ester and
water
• acid catalysts like sulfuric acid are
employed
FATTY ACID
METHYL ESTER
(FAME)
23. Ester from monohydric alcohol is used in the cosmetics and plasticizer
industries
Ester from polyhydric alcohol:
i. glycol diester vinyl plasticizer
ii. monoester
iii. glyceride
iv. triolein
surface-active agent
surface-active agent
plasticizer
Uses of Fatty Esters
24. Applications
• cosmetics,
toiletries,
pharmaceuticals,
food, metal
working fluids, and
etc.
• as antifoaming
agents,
emulsifiers,
thickening agents
in ointment.
• with desirable
characteristics
such as high
thermal and
oxidation stability
and low volatility.
Synthethic
lubricants
In
pharmaceutical
s
As diesel
substitutes for
taxis, buses,
lorries and
tractors, etc.
Variety
industrial
applications
25. FATTY ALCOHOL
Fatty Alcohol – alcoholate
Molecular Formula : CH3 (CH2)nCH2OH (n=4-20)
General : R-COH
Structural Formula :
26. Production
Process (Acid
Route)
• direct hydrogenation of fatty acids is not
used in a large commercial scale due to
higher reaction temperatures resulting in
lower yield & damaging effects of FA on
the catalyst.
27. Production
Process (Ester
Route)
• using the suspension process or the fixed
bed process (depending on the method by
which the catalyst is employed)
• copper chromite (CuCr) catalyst also
converts any unsaturated carbon double
bonds so that only saturated fatty alcohols are
formed.
• if unsaturated fatty alcohols are desired,
zinc chromite catalyst is employed
28. FATTY ALCOHOL
Fatty alcohols and their derivatives are used at about 70% in
surface active substances
It is due to its ampliphilicity characteristic thus, fatty alcohols
can orient themselves at interfaces, which allows their use in
emulsions and micro-emulsions
Therefore most fatty alcohol been used as a surfactant
29. Types of fatty alcohol and its group of
surfactant
• nonionic surfactants
• anionic surfactants
Fatty alcohol
polyglycolethers, fatty
alcohol ethoxilates
Fatty alcohol sulfates
and Fatty alcohol ether
sulfates
• cationic surfactants
Alkyl methylammonium
chlorides
• non-ionic surfactants
Alkyl polyglucosides
(APG)
35. GLYCEROL
Glycerol– esters of glycerol with alkanoate or carboxylate
Molecular Formula : C3H8O3
Classification: Polyol
Structural Formula :
36. Production Of Glycerol
1) Hydrolysis
• They are hydrolyzed into their constituents (fatty acids and glycerol) by the
action of super heated steam, acid, alkali or enzyme (e.g., lipase of
pancreas).
• During their enzymatic and acid hydrolysis glycerol and free fatty acids are
produced
37. 2) Saponification
Alkaline hydrolysis produces glycerol and salts of fatty acids (soaps).
Soaps cause emulsification of oily material this help easy washing of the
fatty materials
