Acute

1. Acute appendicitis, High intestinal obstruction and
Esophageal atresia
Name: Sarita
Group:GM20-116

2. esophageal atrasia :-
The exact cause of EA is still unknown, but it appears to
have some genetic components. Up to half of all babies
born with EA have one or more other birth defects, such
as: trisomy 13, 18 or 21. other digestive tract problems,
such intestinal atresia or imperforate anus.

3. High intestinal obstruction:-
Intestinal obstruction is significant mechanical
impairment or complete arrest of the passage of
contents through the intestine due to pathology that
causes blockage of the bowel. Symptoms include
cramping pain, vomiting, obstipation, and lack of flatus.
Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by abdominal x-
rays.

4. Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is a
medical condition
characterized by
inflammation of the
appendix, a small,
finger-like pouch
located in the lower
right abdomen.

5. Acute Appendicitis
The exact cause of acute appendicitis is not always clear,
but it is often associated with the following factors:
1.Obstruction: Most cases of appendicitis result from the
blockage of the appendix by fecal material, enlarged
lymph nodes, or a foreign body, leading to bacterial
overgrowth and infection.
2.Infection: Infection of the appendix can also contribute
to inflammation.
3.Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic
predisposition to develop appendicitis.
Etiology:

6. Acute Appendicitis
The symptoms of acute appendicitis can vary, but commonly
include:
1.Abdominal pain: The hallmark symptom is typically pain that
starts around the navel and migrates to the lower right abdomen
(McBurney's point). The pain often becomes sharp and severe.
2.Nausea and vomiting: Many patients experience nausea and
may vomit.
3.Loss of appetite: A decreased desire to eat is common.
4.Fever: A low-grade fever may be present.
5.Abdominal tenderness: The abdomen may be sensitive to
touch, especially in the right lower quadrant.
Clinical Manifestations:

7. Acute Appendicitis
If left untreated, acute appendicitis can lead to severe
complications, such as:
1.Perforation: The appendix can rupture, releasing infected
material into the abdominal cavity, leading to peritonitis
(inflammation of the abdominal lining).
2.Abscess formation: An untreated appendix can form an
abscess, a localized pocket of infection.
3.Sepsis: Severe infection can lead to sepsis, a life-
threatening condition where the body's response to infection
causes widespread inflammation and organ dysfunction.
Complications:

8. Acute Appendicitis
Diagnosing acute appendicitis involves a combination of clinical
evaluation and imaging studies. Common diagnostic steps
include:
1.Physical examination: The doctor assesses the patient's
abdomen for signs of tenderness, rebound tenderness (pain
when pressure is released), and other indicators.
2.Blood tests: These may include a complete blood count
(CBC) to check for signs of infection (elevated white blood cell
count) and other blood markers.
3.Imaging: Imaging studies such as ultrasound or a computed
tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen may be performed to
Diagnosis:

9. Acute Appendicitis
The primary treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal
of the inflamed appendix, known as an appendectomy. This can
be done through traditional open surgery or minimally invasive
laparoscopic surgery. The choice of procedure depends on the
patient's condition and the surgeon's expertise.
After surgery, patients are typically given antibiotics to prevent
infection, and they are closely monitored during recovery.
Recovery time is usually relatively short, and most patients can
return to their normal activities within a few weeks.
Treatment:

10. High intestinal obstruction
High intestinal obstruction,
also known as small bowel
obstruction (SBO), is a
condition where there is a
blockage in the small
intestine, preventing the
normal flow of intestinal
contents.

11. High intestinal obstruction
The causes of high intestinal obstruction can vary but often include:
1.Adhesions: The most common cause, adhesions are fibrous
bands of tissue that form after abdominal surgery or inflammation,
causing the intestines to stick together.
2.Hernias: A hernia can trap a portion of the intestine, leading to
obstruction.
3.Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can obstruct the
small intestine.
4.Volvulus: This occurs when the intestine twists on itself, leading
to a blockage.
5.Intussusception: This is when one portion of the intestine
telescopes into another, causing obstruction.
Etiology:

12. High intestinal obstruction
The symptoms of high intestinal obstruction typically include:
1.Abdominal pain: Crampy, colicky pain that comes and goes. The
pain is often around the belly button and becomes more severe as the
obstruction worsens.
2.Nausea and vomiting: Patients may vomit undigested food and bile
due to the obstruction.
3.Abdominal distention: The abdomen may become swollen and
distended as gas and fluid build up behind the obstruction.
4.Inability to pass stool or gas: There is a lack of bowel movements
and flatus due to the blockage.
5.Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances: As vomiting and fluid
loss continue, patients may become dehydrated and experience
electrolyte disturbances.
Clinical Manifestations:

13. High intestinal obstruction
Untreated high intestinal obstruction can lead to severe
complications, including:
1.Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the obstructed bowel can cause
tissue damage and necrosis (tissue death).
2.Perforation: If the pressure inside the bowel becomes too high, it
can lead to perforation, causing the contents to spill into the
abdominal cavity and potentially causing peritonitis.
3.Sepsis: Severe infection can occur if bacteria enter the
bloodstream due to bowel perforation.
Complications:

14. High intestinal obstruction
Diagnosing high intestinal obstruction involves a combination of
clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests, including:
1.Physical examination: The doctor assesses the abdomen for
signs of tenderness, distention, and bowel sounds.
2.X-rays: Abdominal X-rays may show air-fluid levels, which are
indicative of an obstruction.
3.CT scan: A computed tomography scan can provide more
detailed images of the obstruction and its cause.
4.Blood tests: These may include a complete blood count (CBC)
and electrolyte panel to assess for infection and dehydration.
Diagnosis:

15. High intestinal obstruction
The treatment for high intestinal obstruction typically involves a
combination of medical and surgical interventions:
1.Nasogastric decompression: A nasogastric tube is inserted
through the nose into the stomach to relieve gas and fluid buildup.
2.Intravenous fluids: Patients receive fluids and electrolytes to
correct dehydration and imbalances.
3.Surgery: In many cases, surgical intervention is necessary to
remove the obstruction. This may involve removing the cause of the
obstruction, such as adhesions, tumors, or repairing hernias.
4.Antibiotics: If there is evidence of infection or perforation,
antibiotics will be administered.
Treatment:

16. Esophageal Atresia
Esophageal atresia is a
congenital birth defect
where the esophagus (the
tube that carries food from
the mouth to the stomach)
does not develop properly.
This condition usually
requires surgical
correction shortly after
birth.

17. Esophageal Atresia
The exact cause of esophageal atresia is not well understood, but it
is believed to result from a combination of genetic and
environmental factors. Some potential contributing factors include:
1.Genetics: There may be a genetic predisposition, as esophageal
atresia can sometimes run in families.
2.Environmental factors: Exposure to certain toxins or
medications during pregnancy may increase the risk.
3.Maternal factors: Young maternal age, maternal smoking, and
maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy may also play a
role.
Etiology:

18. Esophageal Atresia
Esophageal atresia is typically diagnosed shortly after birth or even
during prenatal ultrasound screenings. Common clinical
manifestations and signs of esophageal atresia include:
1.Excessive drooling: Infants may have difficulty swallowing
saliva.
2.Coughing, choking, or gagging: These symptoms can occur
when the baby attempts to feed.
3.Bluish skin color (cyanosis): Especially when trying to feed.
4.Difficulty feeding: Milk or formula may not pass from the mouth
to the stomach, leading to feeding difficulties.
5.Abdominal distention: Due to air accumulating in the stomach.
6.Frothy, white mucus in the mouth: This may be observed when
Clinical Manifestations:

19. Esophageal Atresia
Esophageal atresia can lead to several complications, including:
1.Aspiration pneumonia: Inhalation of fluids or food particles into
the lungs can lead to pneumonia.
2.Malnutrition: Difficulty feeding can result in poor weight gain and
malnutrition.
3.Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This condition may
develop due to problems with the lower esophageal sphincter,
which can lead to heartburn and damage to the esophagus.
4.Stricture formation: Scar tissue can develop at the site of
surgical repair, causing narrowing (stricture) of the esophagus.
Complications:

20. Esophageal Atresia
Diagnosing esophageal atresia usually occurs shortly after birth or
during prenatal testing. Diagnostic steps may include:
1.Prenatal ultrasound: In some cases, esophageal atresia may be
detected during routine prenatal ultrasounds.
2.Clinical evaluation: After birth, a physical examination and
assessment of feeding difficulties and symptoms can strongly
suggest the condition.
3.X-rays: A chest X-ray may be performed to visualize the anatomy
of the esophagus and confirm the diagnosis.
Diagnosis:

21. Esophageal Atresia
1.Primary repair: In most cases, the two disconnected ends of the
esophagus are surgically reconnected. This procedure may be
performed shortly after birth or after a period of stabilization,
depending on the infant's condition.
2.Gastrostomy or jejunostomy: In some cases, a feeding tube
may be placed to provide nutrition and allow the esophagus to heal
before surgical repair.
3.Long-term follow-up: Children with esophageal atresia may
require ongoing medical care and monitoring to address potential
complications and ensure proper growth and development
Treatment:

22. THANK YOU
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