8. A socio cultural development
approach.
Crystallization of internal process
leading to mental growth.
Concepts and learning.
9. “ The discrepancy between
a child’s actual mental
age and the level he
reaches in solving
problems with assistance
indicates the zone of his
proximal
10.
11. Not a single English equivalent of
the Russian term “obuchenie”
which describes teaching and
learning process.
Term varies between :
Instruction, Learning, Teaching.
12. Dealswith the behavioral
approach to a phenomena and
objective relationships that does
not need to call on mental states.
13. Edward Thorndike. (1898).
Tolman & Honzik (1930).
Miller (1953).
Edward Bloom (1956).
Selingman (1975).
Gagne (1965, 1987).
14. Genetic epistemology which suggests a
manner, knowledge could be constructed.
15. Term coined by David Wood.
A tutorial assistance to the learner.
Involves contingent teaching
strategies.
Creates relation between students
and their more able partners in
learning.
16. More Able Partners , usually the teachers.
Assist learners towards cognitive growth.
17. Wood et al. (1992).
Palincsar et al. (1993).
Rosson & Carroll (1996).
Bliss et al (1996).
Mercer (1995).
20. Definition: „…the distance between the actual
developmental level as determined through
independent problem solving and the level of
potential development as determined through
problem solving under adult guidance or in
collaboration with more capable peers‟
(Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86)
21. Cognitive apprenticeship
Examples
Zone of Proximal Development describes the human
development as a socially mediated activity.
1. Birdhouses and mom reading
2. Two 8 yr old pupils at the same actual level of
knowledge: different speed of assisted problem-
solving: different ZPDs
There is no single point at which the child had
developed the skill but didn‟t have it before.
22. Situation Definition: describes the manner in which a context
is actively constructed and represented by its operators
Inter subjectivity: exist when two participants share the same
situation definition and know that they share it
Semiotic Mediation: provides the means of communication
and negotiation to support inter subjectivity and situation
redefinition
23. The ZPA represents a subset of the resources from
the ZAA that are appropriate for a learner‟s needs.
A= Zone of Available Assistance
B= Zone of Proximal
Adjustment
ZPD = Learner
& More Able
Partner
25. Development level is not a point but a range
From complete mastery of lower level skills and
knowledge to the upper limit.
Actual – potential: in between is present
Zone is dynamic.
Each knowledge domain has its own zone
Varies per person.
Society and adult cooperate in creating tools for
development: More Capable Peer or Adult.
Inter mental to intra mental.
