This document discusses the controversy surrounding listing the snail darter fish as an endangered species due to the construction of the Tellico Dam. It summarizes comments received during the public comment period, which argued against listing the snail darter because its range was unknown and it may exist elsewhere, and because the dam project had already undergone extensive review. However, the Fish and Wildlife Service proceeded with listing the snail darter as endangered, recognizing it as a genetically distinct species even without a formal published description, as delaying listing could threaten the species' existence. The summary also notes extensive fish surveys had not found the snail darter anywhere other than the Little Tennessee River.
This document discusses several projects related to salmon recovery in the Upper Columbia River Basin and Okanagan sub-basin. It references the 2008 Columbia Basin Fish Memorandum of Agreement between the Colville Tribes and federal action agencies. The document lists some priority tributaries for targeted projects, including Wolfcub Creek, to benefit endangered fish, wildlife and indigenous populations. It also mentions the complex regulatory situation involving both US and Canadian jurisdictions over species at risk and habitat conservation in the region.
A review of the impacts of salmonid farming on marine coastal ecosystems in t...Ivan Vera Montenegro
The document reviews the environmental impacts of salmonid farming in Chile. It finds that since 1996, significant loss of benthic biodiversity and changes to sediment properties have occurred near salmon farms, reducing biodiversity by 50% on average. The presence of farms also significantly increases pulses of dinoflagellate density. While nitrogen has not increased detectably in waters near most farms, higher ammonium levels were found near intensively farmed areas. Seaweeds also exhibited faster growth and higher nitrogen content near farms. The impacts of escaped farmed salmon and chemicals used in farming require further study. It is urgent to implement an ecosystem approach to properly assess and regulate all impacts of the expanding salmonid industry.
The Department of Defense cares about endangered species for two main reasons: 1) to comply with the Endangered Species Act and avoid critical habitat designations that could restrict military training, and 2) to meet the requirements of the Sikes Act which mandates that DoD assess natural resources, complete management plans, and coordinate with wildlife agencies to manage habitat for species. The DoD natural resources mission is to enable military training while providing habitat, achieving both national defense and conservation goals through extensive stewardship efforts across military lands.
This document is an introduction to Charles Darwin's seminal work "On the Origin of Species". In it, Darwin outlines how his observations and research over many years have led him to develop a theory of evolution by natural selection. He acknowledges being influenced by Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently arrived at similar conclusions. Darwin provides a brief summary of his theory, which seeks to explain how species evolve over generations to become perfectly adapted to their environments through natural selection acting on inheritable variation. However, he notes that more evidence and a full treatment of the subject will be presented in his forthcoming book. The introduction establishes the scope and importance of Darwin's theory while acknowledging the need for further elaboration.
“Public services are never better performed than when their reward comes in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.”
- Adam Smith
"If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good."
- Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
“What counts in life is not the mere fact that we have lived. It is what difference we have made to the lives of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
- Nelson Mandela
"You've got to go out on a limb sometimes because that's where the fruit is."
- Will Rogers
Population ecology examines how biological processes impact population densities and growth over time. Sampling techniques like mark-recapture are used to estimate wild population sizes. Exponential growth occurs in unlimited environments, but slowing growth as populations reach the carrying capacity of their environment is shown in sigmoid curves. Population sizes are determined by the relative rates of birth, death, immigration and emigration. Limiting factors can be either top-down, through predation and competition, or bottom-up, through resource availability.
This document discusses population ecology and dynamics. It begins by defining key concepts like population size, factors that influence population size like natality and mortality, and population growth models like exponential and logistic growth. It then discusses limiting factors that control population growth, including density-dependent factors like competition and density-independent factors like natural disasters. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts like bottom-up and top-down control of populations. Sampling techniques for estimating population size are also summarized, including mark-recapture methods.
This document discusses several projects related to salmon recovery in the Upper Columbia River Basin and Okanagan sub-basin. It references the 2008 Columbia Basin Fish Memorandum of Agreement between the Colville Tribes and federal action agencies. The document lists some priority tributaries for targeted projects, including Wolfcub Creek, to benefit endangered fish, wildlife and indigenous populations. It also mentions the complex regulatory situation involving both US and Canadian jurisdictions over species at risk and habitat conservation in the region.
A review of the impacts of salmonid farming on marine coastal ecosystems in t...Ivan Vera Montenegro
The document reviews the environmental impacts of salmonid farming in Chile. It finds that since 1996, significant loss of benthic biodiversity and changes to sediment properties have occurred near salmon farms, reducing biodiversity by 50% on average. The presence of farms also significantly increases pulses of dinoflagellate density. While nitrogen has not increased detectably in waters near most farms, higher ammonium levels were found near intensively farmed areas. Seaweeds also exhibited faster growth and higher nitrogen content near farms. The impacts of escaped farmed salmon and chemicals used in farming require further study. It is urgent to implement an ecosystem approach to properly assess and regulate all impacts of the expanding salmonid industry.
The Department of Defense cares about endangered species for two main reasons: 1) to comply with the Endangered Species Act and avoid critical habitat designations that could restrict military training, and 2) to meet the requirements of the Sikes Act which mandates that DoD assess natural resources, complete management plans, and coordinate with wildlife agencies to manage habitat for species. The DoD natural resources mission is to enable military training while providing habitat, achieving both national defense and conservation goals through extensive stewardship efforts across military lands.
This document is an introduction to Charles Darwin's seminal work "On the Origin of Species". In it, Darwin outlines how his observations and research over many years have led him to develop a theory of evolution by natural selection. He acknowledges being influenced by Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently arrived at similar conclusions. Darwin provides a brief summary of his theory, which seeks to explain how species evolve over generations to become perfectly adapted to their environments through natural selection acting on inheritable variation. However, he notes that more evidence and a full treatment of the subject will be presented in his forthcoming book. The introduction establishes the scope and importance of Darwin's theory while acknowledging the need for further elaboration.
“Public services are never better performed than when their reward comes in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.”
- Adam Smith
"If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good."
- Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
“What counts in life is not the mere fact that we have lived. It is what difference we have made to the lives of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
- Nelson Mandela
"You've got to go out on a limb sometimes because that's where the fruit is."
- Will Rogers
Population ecology examines how biological processes impact population densities and growth over time. Sampling techniques like mark-recapture are used to estimate wild population sizes. Exponential growth occurs in unlimited environments, but slowing growth as populations reach the carrying capacity of their environment is shown in sigmoid curves. Population sizes are determined by the relative rates of birth, death, immigration and emigration. Limiting factors can be either top-down, through predation and competition, or bottom-up, through resource availability.
This document discusses population ecology and dynamics. It begins by defining key concepts like population size, factors that influence population size like natality and mortality, and population growth models like exponential and logistic growth. It then discusses limiting factors that control population growth, including density-dependent factors like competition and density-independent factors like natural disasters. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts like bottom-up and top-down control of populations. Sampling techniques for estimating population size are also summarized, including mark-recapture methods.
This ordinance amends county code to restrict genetically engineered crops and plants in Hawaii County in order to: 1) Protect non-genetically modified agricultural crops from cross-pollination and contamination; 2) Preserve Hawaii's unique ecosystem and indigenous agricultural practices; 3) Prevent uncontrolled spread of genetically engineered organisms. It defines key terms, prohibits open-air cultivation of genetically engineered crops, provides exemptions, establishes a registration process, and outlines penalties for violations.
This document summarizes a study of chelonian species in the Delta do Jacuí State Park in Brazil. Four chelonian species were found, including the Orbigny's slider turtle which made up 66% of captures. Species occupied different habitat types, from permanent wetlands to temporary and human-influenced areas. The main threats were determined to be habitat destruction, fragmentation, and pollution from human activities.
This thesis examines the impact of urbanization on bat species diversity at an urban-rural interface near Indianapolis, Indiana over nine years of mist netting data. The study area is bisected by Interstate 70, with the area to the north being more urbanized and the south being more rural. Ten bat species were captured overall, with seven captured annually. The big brown bat dominated all urban sites and most rural sites. Most other species were more common at rural sites. Urbanization was found to significantly decrease bat species diversity, though the northern myotis showed a positive correlation with urbanization. The little brown myotis and eastern pipistrelle both showed significant negative correlations with urban cover.
The Moms on a Mission Hui, Moloka'i Mahi'ai, Gerry Ross, and the Center for Food Safety have filed a motion to intervene in the case of Robert Ito Farm, Inc. et al. v. County of Maui. They seek to intervene on behalf of the defendant County of Maui to defend a recently passed voter initiative, known as the GE Initiative, which places a moratorium on the cultivation of genetically modified organisms in Maui County. The proposed intervenors argue they have significant interests in the outcome of the case because they actively supported the initiative and its passage, and include local residents, farmers, and beekeepers who will be directly impacted by cultivation of
The document discusses aquatic invasive species and their threats to fisheries conservation. It provides examples of specific invasive species problems, such as quagga and zebra mussels destroying ecosystems in the Great Lakes, and giant salvinia overtaking waterways in the South. The author advocates for a multi-pronged approach including prevention, control, and eradication to address invasive species, but notes funding and resources are limited. Readers are encouraged to do their part in stopping the spread of invasives to help conserve fisheries.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Gulf of Mexico FisheriesChristine Hale
The document summarizes research on the impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill on Gulf of Mexico fisheries. It discusses how the spill may have negatively affected individual fish through exposure to oil and dispersants, but that population- and community-level impacts have been less clear. It also notes several factors that influence the ability to determine the spill's effects, such as previous oil exposure in some areas, fishing closures during the spill, and the need for long-term studies.
Environmental Impact of Industrial Farm Animal ProductionMichael Newbold
Industrial farm animal production results in significant environmental impacts due to the enormous quantities of waste produced in a small area by confined animals. In the US, farm animals produce nearly 1 million tons of manure per day, most from confined operations. This waste pollutes water resources with nutrients, chemicals, and pathogens when not properly managed. Industrial agriculture also unsustainably uses water resources for feed production and animal operations. The environmental problems stem from the waste amounts, inadequate management systems, and high resource inputs like water and feed required by this agricultural model. Key issues include water pollution, soil contamination, and air quality degradation that negatively impact both ecosystems and human health.
This document discusses culture shock and the process of cross-cultural adjustment for international students. It defines culture shock as feelings of confusion or disorientation when moving to an unfamiliar place. It outlines six typical stages of culture shock: anxiety about leaving home, excitement in a new place, feeling overwhelmed, initial adjustment, a low point with homesickness and isolation, and eventual acceptance of the new culture. It provides coping strategies for international students experiencing culture shock such as finding social support, maintaining familiar customs, expressing feelings, and asking questions to learn about the new culture. Resources for additional help are also listed.
The document is a presentation on window app development that includes:
- The presentation topic and group members' IDs
- A tutorial video link on window app development
- A series of multiple choice questions about XML, XAML, and window app development concepts
- References for the material at the end
This document provides information about harmonic drive gearing components and their specifications. It describes the basic components of the harmonic drive gear set, which includes the wave generator, flexspline, circular spline, and dynamic spline. It also provides typical installation diagrams and ordering information examples. Performance ratings including torque, speed, backlash, and efficiency characteristics are outlined for various gear set sizes.
The Mass Green Network is a coalition of over 230 grassroots environmental activists from across Massachusetts. Members use an email forum to share information, advice, and strategies. The Network provides resources on its website about model legislation, responses to industry claims, and materials for educational events. In February, almost 100 members met to plan warrant articles on environmental issues for town meetings. Over two dozen proposed bylaws and ordinances resulted from this meeting. The Network coordinates support from nonprofit groups for these grassroots initiatives. This spring, 13 municipalities have considered bottle bills or polystyrene bans, and the 6 votes held so far have all passed thanks to these coordinated efforts.
This document outlines the history of RGS Energy, a solar energy company, and current employment opportunities. RGS Energy sold the first residential solar panels in the US in 1978 and has since installed over 22,500 solar systems representing 235 megawatts of solar power across the country. The company currently has openings for various operations, sales, marketing, and solar installation positions.
O documento discute a importância da alimentação saudável entre crianças e o papel da escola em orientá-las a comer alimentos mais saudáveis. A escola deve apresentar alimentos de forma lúdica para influenciar os hábitos alimentares das crianças e ensiná-las a valorizar a saúde. Isso beneficia o desenvolvimento das crianças e pode levar a hábitos mais saudáveis para a vida delas e suas famílias.
El aprendizaje colaborativo implica que estudiantes trabajen juntos en pequeños grupos para ayudarse mutuamente a aprender. Se basa en la interdependencia positiva entre estudiantes y la necesidad de articular y justificar sus propias ideas, lo que puede generar desacuerdos productivos que estimulan el aprendizaje. El proceso concluye con una construcción conjunta del conocimiento entre los participantes.
This document contains a resume for C. Madhu. It includes his contact information, career objective, skills in areas like search engine optimization, search engine marketing and social media optimization. It lists tools used and technical skills. The education section outlines his B.Tech degree from Santhiram Engineering College in 2014, a diploma from Al-Huda Polytechnic College in 2011 and SSC from Nagarjuna High School in 2007 along with percentages scored. Personal details of name, date of birth, languages known and a declaration are also provided.
This document discusses linking human and wildlife ecosystems through education, stakeholders, and environmental law. It describes entanglement of whales from commercial fishing lines and an oil spill in Alaska. Students volunteered on legal research related to oil spills. The Endangered Species Act requires consultation to protect species and habitats. Effective citizen action involves government interactions. The session aims to share green career information and discuss managing ecosystems through work with state agencies, education, and local non-profits. Presenters will discuss their roles and engaging diverse stakeholders in environmental fields.
Este documento habla sobre un trabajo práctico número 11 realizado por Martin Guzman. Contiene el nombre del autor y el título del trabajo práctico repetido dos veces, y finaliza indicando el fin del documento también de forma repetida.
This ordinance amends county code to restrict genetically engineered crops and plants in Hawaii County in order to: 1) Protect non-genetically modified agricultural crops from cross-pollination and contamination; 2) Preserve Hawaii's unique ecosystem and indigenous agricultural practices; 3) Prevent uncontrolled spread of genetically engineered organisms. It defines key terms, prohibits open-air cultivation of genetically engineered crops, provides exemptions, establishes a registration process, and outlines penalties for violations.
This document summarizes a study of chelonian species in the Delta do Jacuí State Park in Brazil. Four chelonian species were found, including the Orbigny's slider turtle which made up 66% of captures. Species occupied different habitat types, from permanent wetlands to temporary and human-influenced areas. The main threats were determined to be habitat destruction, fragmentation, and pollution from human activities.
This thesis examines the impact of urbanization on bat species diversity at an urban-rural interface near Indianapolis, Indiana over nine years of mist netting data. The study area is bisected by Interstate 70, with the area to the north being more urbanized and the south being more rural. Ten bat species were captured overall, with seven captured annually. The big brown bat dominated all urban sites and most rural sites. Most other species were more common at rural sites. Urbanization was found to significantly decrease bat species diversity, though the northern myotis showed a positive correlation with urbanization. The little brown myotis and eastern pipistrelle both showed significant negative correlations with urban cover.
The Moms on a Mission Hui, Moloka'i Mahi'ai, Gerry Ross, and the Center for Food Safety have filed a motion to intervene in the case of Robert Ito Farm, Inc. et al. v. County of Maui. They seek to intervene on behalf of the defendant County of Maui to defend a recently passed voter initiative, known as the GE Initiative, which places a moratorium on the cultivation of genetically modified organisms in Maui County. The proposed intervenors argue they have significant interests in the outcome of the case because they actively supported the initiative and its passage, and include local residents, farmers, and beekeepers who will be directly impacted by cultivation of
The document discusses aquatic invasive species and their threats to fisheries conservation. It provides examples of specific invasive species problems, such as quagga and zebra mussels destroying ecosystems in the Great Lakes, and giant salvinia overtaking waterways in the South. The author advocates for a multi-pronged approach including prevention, control, and eradication to address invasive species, but notes funding and resources are limited. Readers are encouraged to do their part in stopping the spread of invasives to help conserve fisheries.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Gulf of Mexico FisheriesChristine Hale
The document summarizes research on the impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill on Gulf of Mexico fisheries. It discusses how the spill may have negatively affected individual fish through exposure to oil and dispersants, but that population- and community-level impacts have been less clear. It also notes several factors that influence the ability to determine the spill's effects, such as previous oil exposure in some areas, fishing closures during the spill, and the need for long-term studies.
Environmental Impact of Industrial Farm Animal ProductionMichael Newbold
Industrial farm animal production results in significant environmental impacts due to the enormous quantities of waste produced in a small area by confined animals. In the US, farm animals produce nearly 1 million tons of manure per day, most from confined operations. This waste pollutes water resources with nutrients, chemicals, and pathogens when not properly managed. Industrial agriculture also unsustainably uses water resources for feed production and animal operations. The environmental problems stem from the waste amounts, inadequate management systems, and high resource inputs like water and feed required by this agricultural model. Key issues include water pollution, soil contamination, and air quality degradation that negatively impact both ecosystems and human health.
This document discusses culture shock and the process of cross-cultural adjustment for international students. It defines culture shock as feelings of confusion or disorientation when moving to an unfamiliar place. It outlines six typical stages of culture shock: anxiety about leaving home, excitement in a new place, feeling overwhelmed, initial adjustment, a low point with homesickness and isolation, and eventual acceptance of the new culture. It provides coping strategies for international students experiencing culture shock such as finding social support, maintaining familiar customs, expressing feelings, and asking questions to learn about the new culture. Resources for additional help are also listed.
The document is a presentation on window app development that includes:
- The presentation topic and group members' IDs
- A tutorial video link on window app development
- A series of multiple choice questions about XML, XAML, and window app development concepts
- References for the material at the end
This document provides information about harmonic drive gearing components and their specifications. It describes the basic components of the harmonic drive gear set, which includes the wave generator, flexspline, circular spline, and dynamic spline. It also provides typical installation diagrams and ordering information examples. Performance ratings including torque, speed, backlash, and efficiency characteristics are outlined for various gear set sizes.
The Mass Green Network is a coalition of over 230 grassroots environmental activists from across Massachusetts. Members use an email forum to share information, advice, and strategies. The Network provides resources on its website about model legislation, responses to industry claims, and materials for educational events. In February, almost 100 members met to plan warrant articles on environmental issues for town meetings. Over two dozen proposed bylaws and ordinances resulted from this meeting. The Network coordinates support from nonprofit groups for these grassroots initiatives. This spring, 13 municipalities have considered bottle bills or polystyrene bans, and the 6 votes held so far have all passed thanks to these coordinated efforts.
This document outlines the history of RGS Energy, a solar energy company, and current employment opportunities. RGS Energy sold the first residential solar panels in the US in 1978 and has since installed over 22,500 solar systems representing 235 megawatts of solar power across the country. The company currently has openings for various operations, sales, marketing, and solar installation positions.
O documento discute a importância da alimentação saudável entre crianças e o papel da escola em orientá-las a comer alimentos mais saudáveis. A escola deve apresentar alimentos de forma lúdica para influenciar os hábitos alimentares das crianças e ensiná-las a valorizar a saúde. Isso beneficia o desenvolvimento das crianças e pode levar a hábitos mais saudáveis para a vida delas e suas famílias.
El aprendizaje colaborativo implica que estudiantes trabajen juntos en pequeños grupos para ayudarse mutuamente a aprender. Se basa en la interdependencia positiva entre estudiantes y la necesidad de articular y justificar sus propias ideas, lo que puede generar desacuerdos productivos que estimulan el aprendizaje. El proceso concluye con una construcción conjunta del conocimiento entre los participantes.
This document contains a resume for C. Madhu. It includes his contact information, career objective, skills in areas like search engine optimization, search engine marketing and social media optimization. It lists tools used and technical skills. The education section outlines his B.Tech degree from Santhiram Engineering College in 2014, a diploma from Al-Huda Polytechnic College in 2011 and SSC from Nagarjuna High School in 2007 along with percentages scored. Personal details of name, date of birth, languages known and a declaration are also provided.
This document discusses linking human and wildlife ecosystems through education, stakeholders, and environmental law. It describes entanglement of whales from commercial fishing lines and an oil spill in Alaska. Students volunteered on legal research related to oil spills. The Endangered Species Act requires consultation to protect species and habitats. Effective citizen action involves government interactions. The session aims to share green career information and discuss managing ecosystems through work with state agencies, education, and local non-profits. Presenters will discuss their roles and engaging diverse stakeholders in environmental fields.
Este documento habla sobre un trabajo práctico número 11 realizado por Martin Guzman. Contiene el nombre del autor y el título del trabajo práctico repetido dos veces, y finaliza indicando el fin del documento también de forma repetida.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that are brief changes in brain activity. The document discusses the classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment of epilepsy. It notes that epilepsy can be classified as either generalized or partial seizures depending on which area of the brain is affected. The goals of treatment are to eliminate seizures without side effects through tailored medication regimens. Left untreated, epilepsy can cause health issues, cognitive impairments, and even sudden death.
This document is a complaint filed by four non-profit organizations (Conservation Council for Hawaii, Animal Welfare Institute, Center for Biological Diversity, and Ocean Mammal Institute) against the National Marine Fisheries Service, United States Department of Commerce, and Secretary of Commerce regarding the agencies' authorization of the United States Navy's training and testing activities in the Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Study Area under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and National Environmental Policy Act. The plaintiffs allege that the agencies' environmental review and authorization of the Navy's activities was unlawful and will result in significant harm to marine mammals in violation of federal laws. The complaint provides background on the parties, geographic scope of the activities, potential environmental impacts, and claims
ENVIRONMENTALISM ITS ARTICLES OF FAITHNorthwest Environmental J.docxkhanpaulita
ENVIRONMENTALISM: ITS ARTICLES OF FAITH
Northwest Environmental Journal Vol. 5:1, (1989) p. 100
Victor Scheffer
Here I offer an interpretation of environmentalism, a body of principles and practices so recently manifest in national thought that its meanings are still disputed. It is called, for example, "a theology of the earth," "a religion of self restraint," and "a science rooted in resource management and ecology." I define it broadly as "a movement toward understanding humankind's natural bases of support while continuously applying what is learned toward perpetuating those bases."
The word environmentalism entered the American vernacular during the 1960s. An editorial in Science (Klopsteg 1966) noted that "one of the newest fads in Washington-and elsewhere-is 'environmental science.' The term has political potency even if its meaning is vague and questionable." Environmentalism was at first perceived by the public as merely a response to a crisis, but it quickly proved more than that. As Lord Ashby (1978:3) explained to a Stanford University group:
A crisis is a situation that will pass; it can be resolved by temporary hardship, temporary adjustment, technological and political expedients. What we are experiencing is not a crisis, it is a climacteric. For the rest of man's history on earth. . . he will have to live with problems of population, of resources, of pollution.
The vision of environmentalism is to preserve those things in nature which will allow the human enterprise, or civilization, to endure and improve. (I use the word nature for the world without humans, a concept which-like the square root of minus one-is unreal, but useful.) Because civilization depends absolutely on surroundings that are healthful and stimulating, environmentalism aims to protect both material and spiritual values. At the risk of oversimplifying, 1 review five articles of faith which support and energize the environmental movement. They reflect ideas developed by "earthkeepers" from the time of George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) down to the present.
1) All things are connected. The cosmos is a set of dependencies so complex that its boundaries lie forever beyond understanding. Simply lifting a spadeful of garden soil disturbs a trillion protistan lives, impinges on the lifter's muscles and mind, and changes the landscape. The poet who mused, "Thou canst not stir a flower without troubling of a star," was struck by the unitary connectedness of all matter (Thompson 1966 [1897]:19). He was an environmentalist before his time. Now we technological beings have Spun a web of change around the whole earth and nearby space. Our artifacts range in scale from radiations and molecules to mountains and lakes. Yet never will we understand completely the spinoff effects of the environmental changes that we create, nor will we measure Our own,' independent influence in their creation. Consider the mysterious decline in the numbers of fur seals breeding on A.
August 2000 Vol. 50 No. 8 • BioScience 653ArticlesTh.docxrock73
This document discusses the global decline of reptile populations, comparing it to the well-documented decline of amphibians. It outlines six major threats facing reptiles: habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, environmental pollution, disease, unsustainable use, and climate change. While natural population fluctuations occur, long-term studies are needed to distinguish natural declines from those caused by human impacts. The evidence presented suggests reptiles may be at even greater risk of extinction than amphibians globally due to the threats they face.
The document provides an overview of environmental policy in the US, including:
1. Key pieces of early environmental legislation like the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
2. Notable cases that illustrated the need for stronger laws, such as the toxic chemical Kepone polluting the James River in Virginia.
3. Ongoing challenges in developing robust international environmental agreements and influencing individual behavior.
4. Steps individuals can take to reduce their environmental impact and support policy solutions.
6b. david browne bl aarhus convention paper (14 july 2018)ELIGConference
This document summarizes an academic article from 1972 by Professor Christopher Stone arguing that natural objects like trees and forests should have legal standing to protect their interests, similar to how rights have expanded to other groups over time. It also discusses a dissenting Supreme Court opinion by Justice William Douglas citing Stone's article. Douglas argued natural objects like valleys and rivers should be able to sue for their preservation through representatives of people who value and rely on those environments. The document provides background on these influential writings that helped shape the evolution of environmental law and the concept of standing.
The document discusses oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. It argues that drilling should not be allowed as it would endanger the natural environment and wildlife. Drilling would negatively impact the habitat of polar bears, caribou, and migratory birds. While oil companies say it could create jobs and reduce dependence on foreign oil, any oil found would have minimal impact and it would still be decades before production would begin. The refuge is an ecologically important area that should be protected for its natural values rather than exploited for oil.
The document summarizes a case being brought by resident marine mammals in the Tañon Strait protected seascape in the Philippines against the Philippine government and a Japanese oil company. The plaintiffs argue they have legal standing (locus standi) to sue based on theories of citizen suits, taxpayer suits, and being beneficiaries of international treaties protecting marine life. They argue oil exploration in the strait violates the Philippine constitution and laws protecting the environment and fishermen.
- Marine invertebrates make up around 97% of the world's described species and include corals, sea anemones, sea urchins, molluscs, crustaceans and worms.
- The essay argues that cnidarians are the most interesting marine invertebrate due to there being approximately 9,000 living species worldwide with a radical body plan and early fossil records dating back around 600 million years ago.
- Cnidarians include classes such as jellyfish, anemones, corals and have interesting features such as having no head end and their coelenteron only having one opening that serves as both mouth and anus.
Curabitur felis nisi, vehicula eu, bibendum id, erat. Aliqua.docxfaithxdunce63732
Curabitur felis nisi, vehicula eu, bibendum id, erat.
Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec urna. Vestibulum vehicula. Nam vitae ligula eu dui tristique elementum. Pellentesque volutpat, nunc id venenatis molestie, dolor ligula ultrices orci, quis rhoncus est libero volutpat lorem. Nulla nonummy viverra augue. Aliquam mauris pede, gravida a, adipiscing ac, accumsan nec, odio. Integer neque. Nulla aliquet justo sit amet odio. Ut pulvinar est ac risus. Donec a sem vitae nisl placerat pulvinar.
Legal & Ethical Issues
Historical Overview
Protecting human subject has began several decades with the discovery, after World War II of many atrocities committed by Nazi doctors in war-related experiments involving humans (McLaughlin, & Bulla, 2009).
a. a. The Nuremberg Code: This was established to judge the Nazi doctors and lead to the necessity of voluntary consent of the human subject
b. b. The Declaration of Helsinski: This is a declaration of ethical principles in medical research that involves human subjects to provide guidance to physicians and other participants.
c. The Belmont Report: In 1979, “Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research” known as The Belmont Report) (Cohen & Lynch, 2014). It explained the three basic principles: respect (reason for obtaining informed consent), beneficence (explanation of the risks and benefits), and justice (the fair selection of subjects).
Adams, Geni
Bonina, Nerissa
Brown, Shameka
Campbell, Judine
Chavez, NicolePresented by:Guidelines and Procedures for Protecting Research ParticipantsProcedures of Protection
FAQsAliquam erat volutpat.
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1) An IRB will review and have the authority to approve, require any modifications and/or disapprove all research activities. 2) An IRB will require that informat.
The document discusses the blue crab population in Maryland. It states that blue crabs play an important economic role in Maryland through crabbing and seafood, but overexploitation could make them extinct. The government has regulations to ensure a sustainable blue crab population. The document then provides data on the female blue crab population in Maryland from 2014 to 2016, showing increases that indicate the regulations are effective and crab harvesting is not overfishing the population.
The Evolutionary Crisis Of Marine MammalsDotha Keller
The document discusses the evolutionary crisis facing marine mammals. It notes that while adaptation has historically been a natural process, marine mammals are now being forced to adapt faster than ever before due to factors like climate change, overfishing, and pollution from human activity. For some species, these environmental changes are occurring faster than they can evolve or survive. The document provides background on the evolution of marine mammals and how they have adapted from land to sea over millions of years.
Vaquita Presentation - Dr. Lorenzo Rojas BrachoCheryl Butner
The document summarizes the history of research on the vaquita porpoise and conservation efforts to protect the species. It describes key researchers who first discovered and studied the vaquita, including Ken Norris who described it as a new species in 1958. Subsequent studies by Brownell et al. in the 1980s provided the first photos and descriptions of the vaquita's appearance. Population surveys estimated only 567 individuals in 1997, with bycatch in gillnets identified as the primary threat. CIRVA was formed to create a recovery plan, recommending the creation of a vaquita refuge where gillnet fishing was banned in stages from 2005-2002.
The document discusses the critical state of the Earth in 2019, with rising temperatures, sea levels, and extinction risks. It argues that sustainability is not possible without transformative change, and that protecting and restoring biodiversity through measures like halting forest destruction, protecting half of lands/oceans, and restoring degraded ecosystems is key to maintaining a livable climate. Specifically, restoring water cycles through practices like wetland protection is important as carbon follows the water and biodiversity is needed to support healthy water and carbon cycles. The document calls for a shift to prioritizing nature in decision-making to transition to a net carbon sink status through these transformative conservation and restoration measures.
The document provides an overview of an interview preparation workshop. It discusses the purpose of job interviews, typical interview questions, and tips for preparing for, participating in, and following up after an interview. Sample questions include competency, strengths, hypothetical, and technical questions. The document also reviews different types of interviews and provides advice on developing a narrative to highlight one's skills and qualifications using the STAR method.
Myra Schwartz, an environmental planner with the EPA, gave a presentation on water quality and nature-based approaches. She discussed the EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment. She then provided examples of EPA projects involving rain garden trainings and installations. Schwartz also discussed trends in green jobs and resources available from the EPA, such as training websites and publications. She concluded by taking questions from the audience.
The document is an announcement for the 11th Mass. Green Careers Conference on September 20 at the MassWildlife HQ in Westborough, MA. It discusses how public power utilities can help advance climate action through more localized decision making and investments in green initiatives. Examples provided include completely decarbonizing power supplies by 2022, incentivizing electric vehicles and heat pumps, and creating net-zero communities. The types of jobs available in public power utilities are also listed.
This document describes a class where students work on real-world environmental projects for agencies and organizations. It provides examples of past student projects that include developing plans for using contaminated land for solar energy, advising groups on composting and solar options, drafting a sample environmental justice ordinance, and conducting data analysis on water quality and wastewater for agencies. Students have also worked on projects related to clean energy, recycling, carbon sequestration, lead, and nanomaterials. The class connects students to ongoing work on issues like sustainable agriculture, indigenous land rights, climate change preparation, and waste management.
This document discusses efforts to address a shortage of drinking water operators in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Water Works Association (MWWA) represents over 1,200 drinking water professionals. There are over 1,700 public water systems in the state that require licensed operators. To attract new operators as half of the current ones retire in the next 5-10 years, MWWA partnered with vocational schools and the state environmental agency to create an internship program. Students received classroom and hands-on training in water treatment processes and safety before interning at local water systems. Both interns and systems benefited from the meaningful experience and training of future operators. Five students from one participating school passed their drinking water license exam.
The document summarizes Richard P. Merson's presentation at the 11th Massachusetts Green Careers Conference on public works green career opportunities. The presentation discusses what public works is and how it affects daily life, the types of professionals that work in public works like engineers and technicians, how public works relates to sustainability and green careers through balancing environmental and economic needs, and resources for finding green jobs in public works fields like the American Public Works Association.
This document provides a summary of professional associations and government entities in Massachusetts with webpages containing job listings, conferences, and professional development opportunities. It groups these resources by sector, including government, environment, water, wildlife, agriculture, buildings, engineering and clean energy. The document encourages exploring these many options to find relevant career resources.
This document discusses the importance of land, specifically trees and forests, for climate solutions and public health. It provides examples of tree planting programs in 14 U.S. cities that improved health outcomes and reduced air pollution. The document also outlines Massachusetts' programs and resources to increase tree canopy cover, improve forest and soil health, encourage sustainable land use, and engage communities and colleges in climate-resilient land stewardship. Quantified data shows that Massachusetts' state forests currently absorb about 16% of the state's emissions through carbon sequestration in above-ground biomass and soils.
ReVision Energy is a certified B-Corporation with over 250 employee owners that designs and installs integrated clean energy systems in Northern New England. Their mission is to accelerate the transition to renewable energy through solar electric systems combined with air source heat pumps, water heaters, electric vehicle charging, and battery storage to power homes and businesses with solar energy.
This document summarizes the work of Harvard University's Office for Sustainability. It outlines the office's vision to build an inclusive community that contributes to intergenerational well-being. The office's mission is to advance solutions to global challenges through research, education, and empowering stakeholders. It does this work through campus initiatives, partnerships, and translating research into practice. The office has helped reduce Harvard's emissions and energy use while growing campus size.
Section 79(A) of Maharashtra Societies act 1860ManmohanJindal1
Lot of redevelopment projects are going on, where law and procedures are not followed , causing harm to the members of the society . This PPT is useful for every citizen living in society Building
Khushi Saini, An Intern from The Sparks Foundationkhushisaini0924
This is my first task as an Talent Acquisition(Human resources) Intern in The Sparks Foundation on Recruitment, article and posts.
I invitr everyone to look into my work and provide me a quick feedback.
5 key differences between Hard skill and Soft skillsRuchiRathor2
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐝:
𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐘𝐨𝐮 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐝 & 𝐒𝐨𝐟𝐭 𝐒𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 💯
In today's dynamic and competitive market, a well-rounded skillset is no longer a luxury - it's a necessity.
While technical expertise (hard skills) is crucial for getting your foot in the door, it's the combination of hard and soft skills that propels you towards long-term success and career advancement. ✨
Think of it like this: Imagine a highly skilled carpenter with a masterful understanding of woodworking (hard skills). But if they struggle to communicate effectively with clients, collaborate with builders, or adapt to project changes (soft skills), their true potential remains untapped. 😐
The synergy between hard and soft skills is what creates true value in the workplace. Strong communication allows you to clearly articulate your technical expertise, while problem-solving skills help you navigate complex challenges alongside your team. 💫
By actively developing both sets of skills, you position yourself as a well-rounded professional who can not only perform tasks efficiently but also contribute meaningfully to a collaborative and dynamic work environment.
Go through the carousel and let me know your views 🤩
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
1. What it Takes to Make Environmentalism Work
— A Swath of People, a Spectrum of Skills,
& Big Thoughts from a Small Fish
Mass
Green
Careers
Conference
2014
Zygmunt Plater, Boston College
5. “Fringe lunatics” Sean Hannity
“…anti-Biblical, anti-Torah, anti-Christian…” Ann Coulter
“Homosocialism, communism!…” Rush Limbaugh
“The same people who struggle to save the snail darter bless the Pill…and
defend abortion.” Allan Bloom
They are worried about the snail darters and the bark on the tree and the ozone.
They go crazy…. Roger Ailes, Fox News
“It’s time to take America back: It seems everybody’s got a right to their habitat
-- from the snail darter to the spotted owl to the fairy shrimp… except the habitat
of U.S. citizens. Their property, their homes, their dwellings, their ‘eco-systems’
are up for grabs by any and every government agency and bureaucrat for any
and every reason.” National Review
“The Snail Darter has sort of became the shorthand for overregulation in this
country.” Rep. Devin Nunes, (R), California
15. Source: Tennessee Valley Authority, Tellico Project Environmental Impact Statement, vol. I, 1972, 1– 49
(available on book’s website). (Both the General Accounting Office review [1977] and the God Committee
review [1979] concluded that all figures in this ratio were inaccurate.)
27. hereafter.
ction 4 of the Endan-
Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C.
stablishes the following
mining whether a spe-
isted as an endangered
or threatened destruc-
or curtailment of its
ion for commercial,
c or educational pur-
predation:
quacy of existing regu-
s; or
al or manmade factors
inued existence.
with regard to the snail
evidence suggests that
(11 is pertinent. Major
this condition include,
ed to, the following:
or threatened destruc-
or curtailment of its
. The snail darter Per-
sp. is known only from
vel shoals in the main
pecies Range
4. The inadequacy of existing regula-
tory mechanisms. Not applicable.
5. Other natural or manmade factors
affecting its continued existence. Not
applicable.
For the reasons stated above, it is
hereby determined that the snail darter
(Percina Umostoma) sp.) is an en-
dangered species within the meaning of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16
U.S.C. 1531-1543).
Accord.ingly, Part 17 of Chapter I, Title
50, Code of Federal Regulations, is
amended as set forth below, and will be
effective on November 10, 1975.
Dated: October 6, 1975.
LYNN A. GREENWALT,
Director,
Fish and Wildlife Service.
1. Amend Section 17.11(i) by adding
the following to the list of “Fishes,” after
the entry for “Darter, Okaloosa; Etheos-
toma, okaloosae” :
§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened
wildlife.
l l t l .
(i) * l *
basis since the
has not been determined, there
nublicatlon of its descriotion. and it has
.~
never been classiiied as 2 new’ and distinct
species.
Title !50-Wildlife and Fisheries
CHAPTER I-UNITED STATES FISH AND
WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF
THE INTERIOR
SUBCHAPTER. B-TAKING.
POSSESSION.
TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BAR-
TER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF
WILDLIFE
PART 17-ENDANGERED
AND
THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
Amendment Listing the Snail Darter as an
Endangered Species
Background. On January 20, 1973, JO-
seph P. Congleton, Zygmunt J. B. Plater,
and Hiram G. Hill, Jr., petitioned the
Department of the Interior to list the
snail darter (Percina Umostoma) sp.)
from the Little Tennessee River, as an
endangered species according to the ex-
pedited emergency procedures of section
4(f) (2) (B) (ii) of the Endangered Spe-
cies Act of 1973. This petition, and ac-
companying supportive data, were ex-
amined by the Fish and Wildlife Service
which determined that suf3cient evi-
dence existed to warrant a review of the
status of these species. A notice to that
effect was placed in the FEDERAL REGISTER
on March 10, 1975 (40 FR 11618). Si-
multaneously, the Governor of Tennessee
was notified of the review, and w&s re-
quested to supply data on the status of
the species in his State.
As a result of this review, the Director
of the Fish and Wildlife Service found
that there are sufacient data to warrant
a proposed rulemaking that the snail
darter be listed as an endangered species.
This proposed rulemaking was published
in the FEDERAL REGISTER on June 17, 1975
(40 FR 25597). Interested persons were
invited to submit written comments on
the proposal to the Director no later
than August 16, 1975.
Summary of Comments. Sixteen com-
ments were received. Portions relevant
to the biological status of the snail darter
are summarized as follows :
2. Clearly, no present threat exists to the
snail darter which would justify shortcutting
the customary scientific procedures. There
has been no systematic or adequate study of
the range of this Ash. There is. however,
scientific opinion that the Ash undoubtedly
exists elsewhere in the Tennessee River sys-
tem, unaffected by the Tellico project. In
light of this, the stabement in the notice that
impoundment of Telllco “would result in
total destruction of the snail darter’s
habitat” is in error.
3. Listing the snail darter would not en-
hance the likelihood that this Ash would sur-
vive and therefore would not further the
purposes of the Endangered Species Act. As
a part of the Telllco project, TVA and others
already are undertaking a scientifically
recognized program to conserve the snail
darter.
4. For the foregoing reasons, it is clear
that the Endangered Species Act does not re-
quire, nor indeed does it even permit, the
Secretary’s proposed listing. In light of this
we do not believe that the Msh and Wlld-
life Service should inject itself into the long-
standing controversy surrounding the wis-
dom of the Tellico project. Tellico 1s a law-
fully authorized federal project which has
been under construction since March 1967.
It has been repeatedly funded by Congress,
over objections of opponents, and impound-
ment is presently scheduled for January 1977.
Its environmental consequences, including
specifically its effect on undescribed species
of darters which were thought to be rare
and endangered. were fully described and
considered In TVA’s Environmental Impact
Statement for the project. The sufficiency of
thst statement and the reasonableness of the
TVA Boards decision to proceed after en-
actment of the National Environmental
Policy Act ha6 been litigated and upheld by
both the United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Tennessee and the
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Subsequent
to such litigation, Congress, with full knowl-
edge of the project’s environmental impacts,
has continued to aonrouriate monev for com-
pletion. In light oi ‘this exhaustive” review of
the project, including specificaily a COnSid-
eration of its effect on possibly rare and en-
dangered species of fish, no worthwhile pur-
pose could possibly be served by listing the
snail darter as “endangered” solely because
“The proposed impoundment of water behind
the proposed Tellico Dam would result in
12, 1975,
cies, in no way suggested o
provided additional evidence to warrant
a proposed rulemaking. Subsequent to
the proposed rulemaking, we received
additional data in the form of an unpub-
lished manuscript, in which the species
was described, further substantiating the
validity of the snail darter as a distinct
species. The manuscript has been re-
viewed and accepted by a panel of ich-
thyologists at the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, and approved by them for publica-
tion in the Proceedi?rgs of the Biologicat
Society in Washington. The expected
publication date of the description of the
snail darter is December 1975, or Janu-
ary 1976.
The Fish and Wildlife Service is pro-
ceeding with the formal listing of the
snail darter, Percina Umostoma) sp., as
an endangered species because biological
evidence indicates that it is a valid spe-
cies in danger of extinction. The Service
acknowledges the lack of a published for -
ma1 description of the snail darter with
the designation of a name-bearing holo-
type at this time. The Service also recog-
nizes the fact that the snail darter is a
living entity which is genetically distinct
and reproductively isolated from other
fishes. Section 3 (11) of that Act states
that “the term ‘species’ includes any Sub-
species of fish or wildlife or plants and
any other group of Ash or wildlife of the
same species or smaller taxa in common
spatial arrangement that interbreed
when mature”. The weight of scientific
opinion recognizes the snail darter as a
distinct species. To delay its listing as
endangered until the forrrmlities of a spe-
cies description and its publication are
completed would thwart the purpose of
the Endangered Species Act.
2. More than 1,000 collections in re-
cent years and additional earlier collec-
tions from central and east Tennessee
have not revealed the presence of the
snail darter outside the Little Tennessee
River. The TVA has conducted numerous
fish population studies throughout the
Tennessee River Basin since the 1930’s,
and none of these studies apparently
NO. 197-THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1975
s discussed hereafter.
ussion, Section 4 of the Endan-
Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C.
(a) (i) 1 establishes the following
for determining whether a spe-
hould be listed as an endangered
s:
The present or threatened destruc-
modification, or curtailment of its
or range;
Overutilization for commercial,
g, scientific or educational pur-
;
Disease or predation:
The inadequacy of existing regu-
mechanisms; or
Other natural or manmade factors
ng its continued existence.
cifically, with regard to the snail
present evidence suggests that
condition (11 is pertinent. Major
affecting this condition include,
re not limited to, the following:
The present or threatened destruc-
modification, or curtailment of its
or range. The snail darter Per-
Umostoma) sp. is known only from
ns of gravel shoals in the main
species Range
4. The inadequacy of existing regula-
tory mechanisms. Not applicable.
5. Other natural or manmade factors
affecting its continued existence. Not
applicable.
For the reasons stated above, it is
hereby determined that the snail darter
(Percina Umostoma) sp.) is an en-
dangered species within the meaning of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16
U.S.C. 1531-1543).
Accord.ingly, Part 17 of Chapter I, Title
50, Code of Federal Regulations, is
amended as set forth below, and will be
effective on November 10, 1975.
Dated: October 6, 1975.
LYNN A. GREENWALT,
Director,
Fish and Wildlife Service.
1. Amend Section 17.11(i) by adding
the following to the list of “Fishes,” after
the entry for “Darter, Okaloosa; Etheos-
toma, okaloosae” :
§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened
wildlife.
l l t l .
(i) * l *
35. JUSTICE POWELL: “Mr. Plater? May I interrupt you
right here? Apart from the biological interest—which
we do not challenge—what purpose is served, if
any, by these little darters? Are they used for food?
…are they suitable for bait? I’m a bass fisherman.”
36. JUSTICE POWELL: “Mr. Plater? May I interrupt you
right here? Apart from the biological interest—which
we do not challenge—what purpose is served, if
any, by these little darters? Are they used for food?
…are they suitable for bait? I’m a bass fisherman.”
37. TVA v. Hill, et al.,
437 U.S. 153
— We have no expert knowledge on
the subject of endangered species, much less do we have a
mandate from the people to strike a balance of equities on the
side of Tellico Dam. Congress has spoken in the plainest of
words, making it abundantly clear that the balance has been
struck in favor of...endangered species... thereby adopting a
policy which it described as “institutionalized caution.”
38.
39. The God Committee
(The Endangered Species Committee, 16 U.S.C. §1536(h), created by the ESA Amendments of 1978,
is a Cabinet-level review board comprised of the Secretaries of Army, Agriculture, Interior, and
Transportation, the Administrators of EPA and NOAA, the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors,
and a state representative….
16 U.S.C. §1536(h) — Section 7 (h)
...The Committee shall grant an exemption...if, by a vote of not less than five of its [seven] members
voting in person —
(A) it determines on the record [after a full hearing] that —
(i) there are no reasonable and prudent alternatives to the agency action;
(ii) the benefits of such action clearly outweigh the benefits of alternative courses of
action consistent with conserving the species or its critical habitat, and such action is in the public interest;
(iii) the action is of regional or national significance; and
(B) it establishes...reasonable mitigation and enhancement measures, including, but not limited to,
live propagation, transplantation, and habitat acquisition and improvement....
41. —Geo. Schultze (Chairman, President’s Council of Economic Advisors), in God Committee deliberations:
January 23, 1979: “Here is a project that is 95% complete, and if one takes just the cost
of finishing it, against the total project benefits, and does it properly, it still doesn’t pay,
…which says something about the original design!” [laughter]
the
“God
Commi(ee”
— the Cabinet-level
Endangered Species Committee
created by the 1978
Endangered Species Act Amendments
46. PHOTOS
-‐-‐
ROGER
SIMPSON,
SMOKYMOUNTAINSNATUREPHOTOS.COM
47.
48.
Transplant,
on
life
support…
River
bubble-‐aeraDon
oxygen
required
each
summer
for
snail
darter
life
support.
49.
50.
51. “A popular government, without popular information or the means of
acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy….
and a people who mean to be their own Governors must arm themselves
with the power which knowledge gives.”
James Madison .
52.
53. *American Farm Bureau Federation
Washington, D.C.
American Forest and Paper Association
Washington, D.C.
*American Petroleum Institute
Washington, D.C.
*American Public Power Association
Washington, D.C.
*America’s Natural Gas Alliance
Washington, D.C.
*Association of California Water Agencies
Sacramento, California
Coalition of Counties for Stable Econ. Growth
Glenwood, New Mexico
*Colorado River Energy Distributors Assoc.
Tempe, Arizona
Colorado River Water Conservation District
Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Colorado Rural Electric Association
Denver, Colorado
*CropLife America
Washington, D.C.
*Edison Electric Institute
Washington, D.C.
Garrison Diversion Conservancy District
Carrington, North Dakota …
Idaho Mining Association
Boise, Idaho
*Independent Petroleum Assoc. of America
Washington, D.C.
National Association of Conservation Districts
Washington, D.C.
*National Association of Counties
Washington, D.C.
*National Association of Home Builders
Washington, D.C.
National Grange
Washington, DC
*National Mining Association
Washington, D.C.
*National Rural Electric Cooperative Assoc.
Washington, D.C.
*National Water Resources Association
Arlington, Virginia
Public Lands Council
Washington, D.C.
Southwestern Power Resources Association
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Washington State Potato Commission
Moses Lake, Washington
Western Energy Alliance
Denver, Colorado
Western Business Roundtable, Colorado …
NESARC
—
The
Nat’l
Endangered
Species
Act
Reform
CoaliDon
http://www.nesarc.org
57. “The inside story, laid out with wonderful lucidity, of a long and
fascinating battle that became an icon of its era and remains
instructive today. It’s a blueprint for community action and, sadly, a
still-current roadmap of the way in which Washington works.”
• Jonathan Harr, author: A CIVIL ACTION
“Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill is one of my favorite cases.
This eminently readable account of the full history of the case is
even more interesting than the story told in Warren Burger’s
opinion for the Court (or in my memory of the oral argument and
the shifting positions of the Justices in my book FIVE CHIEFS),
especially the account of how President Carter rejected the ‘God
Committee’s’ darter verdict.”
• Hon. Justice John Paul Stevens,
Supreme Court of the United States (ret’d.)
“THE SNAIL DARTER & THE DAM is an inspiring and informative
American story of regular people fighting powerful special
interests, about how the public interest lost out to big money and
its political allies—and of failures by the local and national press
to report the story fairly, accurately, and in proper context.”
• Dan Rather, Anchor &Managing Editor, AXS.TV,
former reporter and 24-year Anchor, CBS News
“The story of the snail darter and the TVA is the Thermopylae in
the history of America's conservation movement, and this book by
Zygmunt Plater deserves to be the classic telling of it.”
• E. O. Wilson. Wilson, University Research Professor
Emeritus, #Museum of Comparative Zoology, Organismic & E
Evolutionary Biology Dept., Harvard University
Yale University Press
— www.bc.edu/snaildarter
58.
One
final
paragraph
of
advice:
do
not
burn
yourselves
out.
Be
as
I
am
-‐-‐
a
reluctant
enthusiast,
a
part-‐9me
crusader,
a
half-‐hearted
fana9c.
Save
the
other
half
of
yourselves
and
your
lives
for
pleasure
and
adventure.
It
is
not
enough
to
fight
for
the
land;
it
is
even
more
important
to
enjoy
it.
While
you
can.
While
it’s
s9ll
here.
So
get
out
there
and
hunt
and
fish
and
mess
around
with
your
friends,
ramble
out
yonder
and
explore
the
forests,
climb
the
mountains,
bag
the
peaks,
run
the
rivers,
breathe
deep
of
that
yet
sweet
and
lucid
air,
sit
quietly
for
a
while
and
contemplate
the
precious
s9llness,
the
lovely,
mysterious,
and
awesome
space.
Enjoy
yourselves,
keep
your
brain
in
your
head
and
your
head
firmly
a@ached
to
the
body,
the
body
ac9ve
and
alive,
and
I
promise
you
this
much:
I
promise
you
this
one
sweet
victory
over
our
enemies,
over
those
desk-‐bound
men
and
women
with
their
hearts
in
a
safe
deposit
box,
and
their
eyes
hypno9zed
by
desk
calculators.
I
promise
you
this:
you
will
outlive
the
bastards.
-‐-‐
Edward
Abbey
62. §7 Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 USC §1536…!
!
§7. Interagency cooperation
The [Interior] Secretary shall review other programs administered by him
and utilize such programs in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter.
All other Federal departments and agencies shall in consultation with
and with the assistance of the Secretary, utilize their authorities in
furtherance of the purposes of this chapter while carrying out programs
for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species
listed pursuant to section 1533 of this title and by taking such action
necessary to insure that actions authorized, funded, or carried out by
them do not jeopardize the continued existence of such endangered
species and threatened species or result in the destruction or
modification of habitat of such species which is determined by the
Secretary, after consultation as appropriate with the affected States, to
be critical.!
63. §7 Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 USC §1536…!
!
§7. Interagency cooperation
The [Interior] Secretary shall review other programs administered by him
and utilize such programs in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter.
All other Federal departments and agencies shall in consultation with
and with the assistance of the Secretary, utilize their authorities in
furtherance of the purposes of this chapter while carrying out programs
for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species
listed pursuant to section 1533 of this title and by taking such action
necessary to (1) insure that actions authorized, funded, or carried
out by them do not jeopardize the continued existence of such
endangered species and threatened species or (2) result in the
destruction or modification of habitat of such species which is
determined by the Secretary, after consultation as appropriate with the
affected States, to be critical.!