Raised Beds Can Make Gardening Easier
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Figs are a versatile, hardy tree that can grow well in containers or gardens. They prefer warm climates and well-draining soil. Figs produce two crops annually, with the first crop forming on last year's wood in winter and a larger summer crop forming from new growth. Common pests include birds, possums, fruit fly, and blister mites. Popular varieties to try include Black Genoa, Brown Turkey, and White Adriatic.
Cultivation of medicinal plants by Seed / Sexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses seed propagation as a method for cultivating medicinal plants. It notes that seed propagation involves raising plants from seeds but has drawbacks like loss during transplantation and failure to germinate due to natural or physical inhibitors. It then describes various techniques to address germination issues like soaking seeds in chemicals or abrasion. Finally, it outlines different methods of seed propagation like broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and using nursery beds and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Vegetative/Asexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various methods of vegetative or asexual propagation for cultivating medicinal plants. It describes natural propagation methods using plant parts like bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes. It also details several artificial propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, division, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Micropropagation uses plant tissue culture to rapidly multiply stock plant material. Fermentation is also discussed as a method to commercially produce some medicinal fungi using biotechnology that yields products similar to wild varieties. Advantages of asexual propagation include maintenance of plants and high yields, while disadvantages include lack of genetic diversity and reduced adaptation to environmental changes.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
T-budding is the most common budding method for fruit and ornamental plants. It involves inserting a single bud from a budstick into a T-shaped cut made in the actively growing rootstock. An experienced propagator can perform over 2,000 T-buds in a single day. The method uses buds efficiently. Materials needed include a grafting knife, budsticks, and grafting strips. Rootstocks are selected based on traits like dwarfing and are grown indoors before budding. The process involves making cuts in the rootstock and shield bud to insert the bud, then wrapping with grafting strips. After 2-3 weeks, the graft union will form and the scion can begin growing on
Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds contain dormant plant embryos that germinate under suitable environmental conditions like water, oxygen, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture replicates the exact parent plant. Propagation allows multiplying plant species, protecting endangered plants, and improving plant qualities and yields commercially.
Figs are a versatile, hardy tree that can grow well in containers or gardens. They prefer warm climates and well-draining soil. Figs produce two crops annually, with the first crop forming on last year's wood in winter and a larger summer crop forming from new growth. Common pests include birds, possums, fruit fly, and blister mites. Popular varieties to try include Black Genoa, Brown Turkey, and White Adriatic.
Cultivation of medicinal plants by Seed / Sexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses seed propagation as a method for cultivating medicinal plants. It notes that seed propagation involves raising plants from seeds but has drawbacks like loss during transplantation and failure to germinate due to natural or physical inhibitors. It then describes various techniques to address germination issues like soaking seeds in chemicals or abrasion. Finally, it outlines different methods of seed propagation like broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and using nursery beds and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Vegetative/Asexual PropagationDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various methods of vegetative or asexual propagation for cultivating medicinal plants. It describes natural propagation methods using plant parts like bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes. It also details several artificial propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, division, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Micropropagation uses plant tissue culture to rapidly multiply stock plant material. Fermentation is also discussed as a method to commercially produce some medicinal fungi using biotechnology that yields products similar to wild varieties. Advantages of asexual propagation include maintenance of plants and high yields, while disadvantages include lack of genetic diversity and reduced adaptation to environmental changes.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
T-budding is the most common budding method for fruit and ornamental plants. It involves inserting a single bud from a budstick into a T-shaped cut made in the actively growing rootstock. An experienced propagator can perform over 2,000 T-buds in a single day. The method uses buds efficiently. Materials needed include a grafting knife, budsticks, and grafting strips. Rootstocks are selected based on traits like dwarfing and are grown indoors before budding. The process involves making cuts in the rootstock and shield bud to insert the bud, then wrapping with grafting strips. After 2-3 weeks, the graft union will form and the scion can begin growing on
Plant propagation can occur through seeds, cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture. Seeds contain dormant plant embryos that germinate under suitable environmental conditions like water, oxygen, temperature, and light. Cuttings involve rooting stem or branch cuttings, while grafting combines tissues from similar or dissimilar plants. Tissue culture grows plants from collected plant tissues in a sterile nutrient solution. Sexual propagation uses seeds to create genetically variable offspring, while asexual propagation through cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture replicates the exact parent plant. Propagation allows multiplying plant species, protecting endangered plants, and improving plant qualities and yields commercially.
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
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Raised Beds Can Make Gardening Easier
1. FS 10-33
1
RAISED BEDS CAN MAKE GARDENING EASIER
Angela O’Callaghan, Area Extension Specialist, Social Horticulture
Southern Area
Introduction
In places where soils are difficult to work, or
are generally infertile, gardening in raised
beds can solve a number of problems.
Growing plants in a raised bed allows a
gardener to control the type and fertility of
the soil or mix, which improves the likelihood
that plants will thrive and produce higher
yields (Fig. 1).
Because a raised bed has a smaller area to
be kept moist, gardening in one can limit
water waste. In addition, the bed can be
raised to a level that is most comfortable for
the gardener. No matter what environment,
raised beds can be useful.
Figure 1. A raised bed permits a gardener
to grow plants that might otherwise struggle
to survive.
What is a raised bed?
Many kinds of planting beds can be
considered “raised.” It can be as simple as
an area where enough amendments have
been added so that the level is higher than
the surrounding soil. In this case, there may
or may not be walls built to confine the
improved soil. More often, however, the term
is used to describe a discrete area that is
walled and considerably higher than the
surrounding ground. The height depends on
what is being grown and what the gardener
needs. It is filled with material that could be
completely different from the original soil –
usually a mix with a high level of rich
compost added to other components. In
some ways, a raised bed could even be a
particularly large plant pot (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. This half whiskey barrel is either a
very small raised bed or a very large
planting pot.
2. 2
Why build one?
When bending and reaching are difficult, a
raised bed can be at a height that is more
comfortable for the gardener. It can be
helpful in areas where garden soil is difficult
to work because it is a heavy clay or very
rocky. Plants often die when they are
growing in soil that drains poorly, so raised
beds should contain well draining soil or mix.
Vining vegetables, or plants such as mint
that might have a tendency to become
invasive, can be better managed when they
are grown in a limited area.
What plants benefit?
Vegetables are often grown in raised beds,
but they can provide a good setting for many
plants, including flowers and small shrubs. A
raised bed is really a mini-environment that
is designed for the plants growing in it.
Virtually any plant can benefit when local
conditions do not meet the needs of the
desired plants. Many people, for instance,
want to grow fresh vegetables. These plants
evolved in places where soils were mildly
acidic or neutral, and relatively fertile.
Neither of these conditions is dominant in
the desert Southwest where soils tend to be
alkaline and infertile. The raised bed can
provide a setting that replicates those plants’
native environment more closely.
Where to place it?
A sunny location is usually best. If possible,
choose a site that is brightest in the morning
and noon time. Because soil drainage is
possibly the single most important factor in
plant success after light, a raised bed should
be placed atop an area where water can
drain readily without damaging the surface
beneath it. Since it will contain growing
plants, it should be located where there is
easy access to water. If high winds pose a
problem, it should be in a sheltered location.
Sizes
The size of the raised bed will depend on
the gardener. How much space is available?
If a bed is built so one could walk around it,
then it should be about 4 feet wide,
providing an easy reach of 2 feet from either
side. If it is built next to a wall, the width
should be less, to reduce the possibility that
someone will need to walk on the bed itself.
Many people opt for 8- or 10-foot-long beds,
although that is by no means critical. The
length is less of a concern, and can be as
long as is practical (Fig. 3). Remember,
getting to the other side means having to
walk around it.
Figure 3. People often find that a bed is
most welcoming when the cap of the walls is
wide enough to be a seat.
The height can vary, depending on the crops
being grown and the gardener’s own needs.
The bed’s depth is important for several
reasons. For deep-rooted crops, such as
tomatoes and melons, a deeper bed (almost
2 feet deep) will be necessary.
Figure 4. Even a shallow bed can be
productive it if has fertile fill and good
drainage
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Lettuce and green leafy vegetables can
grow well in a bed as shallow as 1 foot or
less (Fig. 4). To maintain good form for root
crops such as carrots, which might be 8
inches long, the bed must be at least a
couple of inches longer than the longest
carrot.
In every case, drainage is critical. Standing
water at the bottom of the planter results in a
muddy, airless area where roots cannot
work and will ultimately die. Good drainage
is a function of the depth of the bed, the
growing medium and where it is built.
Building materials
The choice of materials for a raised bed is
really up to the gardener. The walls must
withstand the pressure of both the growing
medium and the weight of the water that
soaks it, not to mention the plants growing
within them. There are many choices for the
raised bed walls, and the selection depends
on the gardener’s aesthetics and budget.
Boards made of wood or composite
materials, bricks, blocks, or plastic can be
used. Any of them can hold soil or planter
mix, and can be attractive. Each kind of
material has benefits and drawbacks.
Figure 5. Many kinds of wood can be used
if they are not treated with toxic compounds.
Wood is attractive, but certain lumber
varieties or wider boards can be costly. If
using wood, take care not to use wood that
has been treated with anything that might be
taken up by the plants (Fig. 5). At one time,
wood was “pressure treated” with arsenic
compounds, but that practice has been
largely discontinued. In some parts of the
world, when wood gets wet it has a
tendency to mold and rot. In dry areas (less
than ~ 12 inches of annual rainfall), this is
less of a problem.
Plastic and aggregate materials vary greatly
in their strength. With either wood or plastic,
longer boards need extra support. If they
are used for high (more than 2 feet) walls,
they may bend or buckle under the weight of
the planting material. In addition, plastics
tend to be less durable under hot, dry desert
conditions (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Plastic can look like other
materials, but may not be durable in a desert
climate.
Blocks come in a wide variety of styles and
can be decorative or simply be construction
blocks. Decorative blocks are usually
expensive (Fig. 7); construction blocks (Fig.
8, 9) are often high in salts that must be
leached if plants are to survive. Because
their weight stabilizes them, block raised
beds may not need mortar.
Figure 7. They can be expensive, but
decorative blocks make elegant raised beds.
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Figure 8. The appearance of a block raised
bed can be improved with a simple coat of
paint or other decorative coating.
Figure 9. A small bed can be made of
bricks without mortar if it is not going to be
permanent.
Fill materials
Usually raised beds are filled with a mix that
is lighter and more fertile than standard
garden soil. It is unlikely to be as fertile as
the “potting mix” that comes in bags. There
are many types of planter mix, which is
usually a coarse material that is rich in
compost. Garden or field soil is generally
not a good choice because of poor fertility
and drainage.
Drainage is key to success with any plants.
Raised beds need to contain moist growing
mix but there must be a way for excess
water to drain away.
Watering
As with any other planting area, a raised bed
can be watered by hand with a hose or with
an automated system. In an area where
the weather can be extremely hot and dry, it
is probably best to have a system that does
not rely exclusively on remembering to hand
water. Many kinds of irrigation clocks and
controllers are available. Automated
irrigation can be as simple as a “leaky hose,”
a flat rubber hose with regularly spaced
holes small enough for water to drip through.
Similar to these are “soaker hoses” (Fig. 10)
which are composed of recycle rubber.
Water drips gradually along the hose length.
Figure 10. Soaker hoses come in different
lengths and can be attached for larger beds.
Other systems are also available. There are
many kinds of drip irrigation, from in-line
emitters (Fig. 11) to “spaghetti tubing.”
Figure 11. In-line emitter drip irrigation
system
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Tools
One distinct advantage of using raised beds
is that they are raised. It requires less
bending than traditional gardening. Being
higher means that smaller tools, such as
trowels and hand cultivators, can be used
instead of long handled shovels and forks.
There is no need for tools designed
specifically for raised beds.
Handicapped accessibility
When a gardener has physical requirements
that make standard raised beds impractical,
a number of options are available.
Figure 12. Horseshoe beds must be narrow
so the gardener can reach all edges.
It is possible to build a narrower raised bed
in the shape of a horseshoe (Fig. 12),
allowing a person in a wheelchair to work.
Another approach is to build a raised bed
that is basically a shallow box on a stand
which allows a wheelchair to roll under,
permitting the gardener to work comfortably.
In any case, it is still important that the box
be deep enough for good root development
(Fig. 13 a) and b)).
a)
b)
Figure 13. a) Handicapped beds may be
built in the form of a shelf that a wheelchair
can fit under; or b) built low enough that a
sitting person can reach.
Planting
Planting in a raised bed is not
different from other gardening. Raised bed
gardens can be laid out in traditional rows or
in square blocks. Taller plants should be
grown so that they will not shade shorter
ones. If a bed is laid out in a north-south
direction, then it will receive similar light
intensity all day, which can improve plant
development. In an area with very bright
sunlight, shade cloth should be placed over
the beds once temperatures have exceeded
85°.
Mulching with straw, chipped wood or other
light, dry organic materials helps to
6. 6
moderate the bed temperature, control water
use and limit weeds.
Crop rotation
Insect pests and diseases often do not
“jump” from one plant family to another. For
this reason, it is best to follow one year’s
crop with something that is completely
unrelated. This really reduces the chance
that a disease or insect infestation can get
established. If tomatoes were grown in year
one, then different plants should be grown
there in subsequent years.
The following is only an example; substitute
vegetables that you choose.
Year 1: tomatoes (or peppers, or eggplant)
Year 2: green beans
Year 3: broccoli (or cabbage, or collards)
Year 4: spinach (or chard or beets).
After four years, you can begin a
similar rotation, as pests will not have had
the opportunity to become established.
Maintenance
Gardening in raised beds does not
prevent all problems. The fertility of a raised
bed needs to be maintained, since plants
take up available nutrients over the course
of a season. One way to do this is by adding
fresh compost to the mix before next
season’s planting. Incorporating waste such
as dried leaves from insect- and disease-free
plants into the planter mix can improve
fertility.
Plants grown in raised beds tend to have
fewer pests, but they are not immune to
them. Remove any plant materials that show
signs of insect infestation or disease
symptoms. As with any other planting area,
it is important to clean up a raised bed at the
end of each season. If there was a pest
problem, it should be dealt with before the
next planting.
Soil solarization is one of several pest
control methods that does not require
chemical pesticides. In this technique, plant
material is removed from the bed, the mix is
smoothed and moistened; and a layer of
clear plastic is placed securely over the
surface for several weeks. Temperatures
under the plastic become hot enough to kill
many insects, weed seeds and disease
organisms.
Conclusions
Raised beds can provide gardeners
with a planting space that meets the needs
of many plants: ample but not excess water,
along with good fertility and drainage. They
generally have limited pest problems. They
can be built at a convenient height and
shape for handicapped gardeners, and sized
to fit small or large yards.
References
Bartholemew, Mel. 2005. All New Square
Foot Gardening: Grow More in Less Space.
Cool Springs Press, Brentwood TN
O’Callaghan, Angela. 2008. Soil solarization
to control garden pests. University of
Nevada Cooperative Extension FS-08-29
O’Callaghan, Angela. 2002. Home vegetable
production in Southern Nevada. University
of Nevada Cooperative Extension FS-02-61
Photo credits:
Figures 1,5,10, 13b – Elaine Fagin
Figures 2 – 12 Angela O’Callaghan
Figures 13a, 14 – ML Robinson
Figure 15 – Creative Commons
7. 1
2
3
4
1. Wood should be resistant to rot; redwood is often used.
2. Fasten wide planks to an upright center post ~4” x 4” (not visible in picture) using water resistant
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heavy duty bolts or nails.
3. A wide board fastened to the top of the bed stabilizes it and serves as a seat.
4. Fill should be a rich medium – not field soil.
Figure 14. Building a wooden raised bed.
Because of their weight, concrete block beds may not need to be mortared together. The fill should not be
field soil
Figure 15. Building a block raised bed.