Reference

1. QUILLROSEROAMEEL. NALAZA Grade 9- Galileo
SAHARA JAYNER. PINGAL February 26, 2015
ZOONOTIC DISEASE - STRONGYLOIDIASIS
WHATIS ZOONOTIC OR ZOONOSES?
Zoonoses are infections that can pass between animals and humans. You can get
zoonotic diseases through direct contact with animals if you:
 work with animals
 have pets
 have hobbies that involveanimals
You can also get some of these diseases from contaminated food or water.
HISTORY OF THE STRONGYLOIDIASIS
The disease was firstrecognized in 1876 by the French physician Louis
Alexis Normand, heidentified the adult worms, and sentthem to Arthur Réné
Jean Baptiste Bavay, chief inspector for health, who observed that these were
the adult forms of the larvaefound in the stool.
In 1883 theGerman parasitologistRudolf Leuckart made initial
observations on the life cycle of the parasite, and Belgian physician Paul Van
Durme (building on observations by the German parasitologist Arthur Looss)
described the mode of infection through the skin.
The German parasitologist FriedrichFülleborn described autoinfection and
the way by which strongyloidiasis involves theintestine. Interestin the condition
increased in the 1940s when it was discovered that those who had acquired the
infection abroad and then received immuno suppression developed
hyperinfestation syndrome.
CAUSATIVEAGENTOF THE STRONGYLOIDIASIS
Strongyloidiasis is a human parasitic diseasecaused by
the nematode (roundworm) called Strongyloides stercoralis, or sometimes S.
fülleborniwhich is a type of helminth. Itbelongs to a
groupbof nematodes called hookworms. This intestinalworm can causea number
of symptoms in people, principally skin symptoms, abdominalpain, diarrhea and
weight loss.

2. SYMPTOMS…
Strongyloides infection occurs in five forms. On acquiring the infection,
there may be respiratory symptoms (Löffler's syndrome). Theinfection may then
become chronic with mainly digestive symptoms. On reinfection (when larvae
migrate through the body), there may be respiratory, skin and digestive
symptoms. Finally, the hyperinfection syndromecauses symptoms in many organ
systems, including the central nervous system.
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash. Less commonly, nausea, vomiting,
weight loss and cough. Severeinfection can causesevere tissuedamage, systemic
damage of various tissues in the body and potential death.
MODEOF TRANSMISSION
 HOST RANGE: Dogs, cats, monkeys
 TRANSMISSION: Careless handling of contaminated fecal materials.
The parasite penetrates the skin and migrates to the lungs. Then it travels up to
the mouth and is swallowed into the intestinal tract
SANITATION/SAFETY MEASURES TO AVOID/CONTROL THEDISEASE
 The best way to preventStrongyloides infection is to wear shoes when you
are walking on soil, and to avoid contact with fecal matter or sewage.
Proper sewagedisposaland fecal management are keys to prevention.
 Furthermore, if you believe that you may be infected, the best way to
prevent severediseaseis to be tested and, if found to be positive for
disease, treated.
 You should discuss testing with your doctor if you are
 taking steroids or other immunosuppressivetherapies
 about to start taking steroids or other immunosuppressivetherapies
 a veteran who served in the South Pacific or southeastAsia
 infected with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-1 (HTLV-1)
 diagnosed with cancer
 going to donate or receive organ transplants.
 Ivermectin with Albendazoleas the alternative

3. POSSIBLEMEDICATION
 The drug of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated strongyloidiasis
is ivermectin. Ivermectin does notkill the Strongyloides larvae, only the
adult worms, thereforerepeat dosing may be necessary to properly
eradicate the infection. There is an auto-infective cycle of roughly two
weeks in which Ivermectin should bere-administered however additional
dosing may still be necessary as it will not kill Strongyloides in the blood or
larvae deep within the bowels or diverticuli.
 Other drugs that are effective
are albendazole and thiabendazole (25 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days—
400 mg maximum (generally).Allpatients who are at risk of disseminated
strongyloidiasis should betreated. The optimal duration of treatment for
patients with disseminated infections is not clear.
 Treatment of strongyloidiasis can be difficult and Strongyloides has been
known to live in individuals for upwards of 1–2 years after treatment.
Continued treatment may be necessary if symptoms persist. Treatment
should be continued until symptoms resolve themselves.