YITAYIH ASNAKE FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT.pdf

Final Internship Report
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MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
HOSTING COMPANY: MENKORER CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE
SUBMITTED BY: YITAYIH ASNAKE
INTERNSHIP DURATION: ( Apr 9 Up To Jul 9)
SUBMITTED TO : INSTRUCTOR ZEMACHU K.

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SUBMISSION DATE :
DECLARATION
I declare that this final internship report is my own work it is original not copied from
others. And the report contains actual events and facts that was observed and performed
during my internship practice program. The report was conducted on Amhara Development
Association project under the supervision and guidance of my advisor Mr. Zemachu also
declare that the report I have been submitted is only for academic purpose not serve for any other
purpose.
All source materials and pictures used while compiling this report get fully acknowledged and I
approve this by my signature
Name Yitayih Asnake
Signature ………………
Date …………
As a mentor for this internship program, I hereby certify that I have read and approved
this internship final report prepared by Yitayih Asnake
Supervisor; Mr. Zemachu K.
Signature; …………………
Date……………………

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to praise the almighty God who gives power, strength and wisdom in
my life and in the internship time. Next to God I would like to acknowledge Mizan Tepi
University college of Engineering and Technology department of construction technology and
management that arrange the internship program. Also I would like to express my deepest
gratitude to the university industry linkage office for organizing the whole internship program
and its effort to make sure that the whole internship program achieves its desired goals. I
am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout
this Internship period especially to the Engineer Sileshi Tariku and to the consultant Engineer
Adisu. I would also like to extend my thanks to all l Menkorer construction enterprise
employee for his supervision, advice and guidance from the very early stage of the Internship
program as well as sharing a lot of experiences throughout the work I am thankful for
their aspiring guidance, friendly advices and constructive criticism during this apparent
work. And also I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Mr. Zemachu without
his guidance and consulting, I would not write this paper.
Finally, I would like to thank all my family who helped me financially and my friends for their
encouragement, tolerance and endless support throughout my stay in the intern program.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is about the internship experience that I have under taken in Menkorer Construction
Enterprise during the last three months. In this report I have tried to list the overall aspects of
the internship experience. In general, this internship report covered the following issues: -
This report holds four chapters; the first chapter deals about introduction and background of the
hosting company. It talks about the company’s history, the overall organization and work flow,
it’s main products and services the end users of the company’s products and customer and etc.
The second chapter discusses the overall internship experience I have gained through the
program. It also covers about the section of the company I was working and its work flow, the
work tasks or work pieces I have been executing, the procedure I was following while I was
executing those tasks, the challenges I faced during execution, measures I took to overcome
those problems and how I see the design and construction based on My exposure.
The third chapter discusses the overall benefit that I have gained from internship program in
terms of improving practical skill, upgrading theoretical knowledge, improving interpersonal
communication skill and so on.
The four chapter talks about the overall conclusion about the program and recommendation to
the institute and the hosting company.

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Table of Contents
HOSTING COMPANY: MENKORER CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE.......................... 1
SUBMITTED BY: YITAYIH ASNAKE..................................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 General introduction about the internship............................................................................. 9
1.2 Background ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Vision............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.2 Mission ........................................................................................................................ 10
1.2.3 Core values................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4 Products and Services of the Enterprise....................................................................... 10
1.2.5 The Main Customers of the Enterprise ........................................................................ 10
1.2.6 Enterprise Organizational structure ............................................................................. 11
1.2.7 Background of the Project............................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 13
2. Overall Internship Experience .................................................................................................. 13
2.1 How I Get in to the Company............................................................................................. 13
2.2 Work Flow in the Section ................................................................................................... 13
2.3Work Tasks I Have Been Executing.................................................................................... 15
2.3.1 Office work .................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.2 Site work ...................................................................................................................... 17
Masonry ................................................................................................................................ 18
Concrete work ......................................................................................................................... 22
Detaching of formwork............................................................................................................. 25
33
My work tasks........................................................................................................................... 36
2.5 Measures taken for the challenges................................................................................... 36

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CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................... 37
3. Overall Benefits Gained from the Internship Program ............................................................. 37
3.1 Improving Practical skill..................................................................................................... 37
3.2 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge..................................................................................... 38
3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill .................................................................. 38
3.4 Improving Team Work Skill............................................................................................... 39
3.5 Improving Leadership Skill ................................................................................................ 40
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 41
4. Conclusion and recommendation.............................................................................................. 41
4.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 41
4.2. Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 41
4.2.1 for company ................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.2 for the department ........................................................................................................ 42
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 43
ACRONYM [INDEX] ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1:Take off sheet ............................................................................................................. 17
Table 4-1: local and professional language............................................................................... 39

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1:organizational structure of the company............................................................... 11
Figure 3-2: masonry.........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3- 3:Formwork for footing pad and column................................................................. 22
Figure 3-4:footing column.......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3-5:Compaction............................................................................................................... 27
Figure 3-6: Lean concrete........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3-7: Formwork for pad................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3-8:placing of reinforcement.......................................................................................... 29
Figure 3-9: Pouring of concrete on mat foundation................................................................. 30
Figure 3-10 curing and stripping formwork........................................................................... 30

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General introduction about the internship
Internship is the necessary program to be continued and further strengthened by every
technology institution so that students become familiar to the world of work, as it is widely
known; internship is one method of making opportunity for college students potentially valuable
and explores general career avenue as well as specific companies. Such arrangements can
provide Me with valuable work experience and an opportunity to line up a job before
graduation. In addition, securing good work experience is another benefit.
The objective of this attachment is to familiarize students with the working environment where
Civil Engineering profession is applicable. This practice helps as students to match what I have
already learned in the class with the practical world.
Generally, it aimed for Me to make the way easier after graduation.
1.2 Background of the hosting company
Menkorer Construction Enterprise is a governmental development Organizational that has been
established in 2003 E.C by Debre Markos town administration. At the begging it was Road
Construction level 5 (RC-5) with 1 D8R dozer,1 New Holland grader, 1 Volvo excavator, 1 Cat
roller, 1 Nissan lobed, 1 double pick-up Toyota, 1 water track, 1 Cat loader,4 dump tracks with
an initial capital of 27,000,000 birr.
Nowadays, Menkorer Construction Enterprise has provided different services to the people of
Debre Markos as well as to the region at large. It is a General Contractor with level Two (GC-2)
enterprises in the regional state of Amara and operates in the fields of building and road
construction and all kinds of construction.
1.2.1 Vision
Make the society to become beneficiary from the provision of quality and standard construction
in the region and competitive in the country at large.

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1.2.2 Mission
The mission of Menkorer Construction Enterprise is achieving moderate profit by:
 Constructing quality roads, buildings, and consulting activities with fast, low
cost and keeping construction standards and maximum customer satisfaction.
 By adapting Quality based workmanship and new technology in construction
and becoming internationally competitive.
 Ensure that our clients get the best services, competitive prices and the youth.
1.2.3 Core values
 Safety
 Innovation
 Quality
 Integrity
1.2.4 Products and Services of the Enterprise
Menkorer Construction Enterprise is doing different types of construction works. The
followings are the activities that the Enterprise is functioning.
 Building construction
 Road construction
 Machinery rental
 Fuel & oil sales service
 Produce crushed stone& sales for the society
1.2.5 The Main Customers of the Enterprise
In all of its activities, the company has different users over the region. Most of the time, the
customers of Menkorer Construction Enterprise are government projects. Participate in
development activities through the construction of infrastructure, provision of employment
opportunities and training for the followings are some of the users/customers of the Enterprise.

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 Governmental organizations
 Non-governmental organizations
 Private sectors
 Investors &contractors
 Universal Rural Road Access Program (URRAP)
 Microfinance enterprises
 Society of the region
1.2.6 Enterprise Organizational structure
A strong management team and skilled work force that strive for the satisfaction of customers
organize Menkorer Construction Enterprise. The Enterprise is pride in declaring that the
projects handled by its management till date are completed successfully, timely and at most
satisfaction of our clients and consultants. In each project, there will be a project manager who
is responsible for the owner. General, the organizational structure looks like below.
Figure 1-1: Organizational structure of the company
Secretary
Finance
Department
Engineering
Department
HR
Administration
Department
Engineering Services
1.Contract
Administration
2. Bidding Document
Preparation
Engineering
Operations
1. Road Works
2. Building Works
Purchasing,
Logistics and
Property
Administration
Department
Project
Managers
GENERAL MANAGER
Auditor
Supervisor
Equipment
& Plant
Administrati
on
Department
Equipment and
Plant
Administration
Maintenance
Department
Accountants

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1.2.7 Background of the Project
The prpouse of the project is office for the Debre Markos with the following major
characteristics .
 Project Name: B+G+10 Mixed use building
 Client: ADA ( Amhara Development Association)
 Location: Debre Markos, Ethiopia
 Total cost of the project: 700,032,284.12 ET B
 Total project amount: 720 Days
 Commencement Date: Dec 26,2022
 Project completion Date: Dec 15,2022

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CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall Internship Experience
2.1 How I Get in to the Company
As we know our institute prepares a schedule for internship program in fourth year second
semester and gave us internship request letter by preparing to search the hosting company for
this practice. Before the beginning of internship program, I tried to gather information from
experienced people to know the background of the companies on. Based on this information, I
selected some companies for my internship program and sent request letters for those
companies. Iwant to spend My internship period on building structural construction so after
much consideration I chose to spend my internship in the Menkorer Construction Enterprise.
2.2 Work Flow in the Section
The work flow in this company starts at the top from the project manager that controls each and
every aspect concerning the project to facilitate the works to the daily labors.
Project manager
project manager will have overall responsibility for the successful planning, execution,
monitoring, control and closure of a project.
 Manages the whole site execute
 Manage the day to day working, implementation and technical consultants
engaged on client assignments
 Coordinate required support levels and training
 Produce reports on each project at agreed intervals
 Approves material request
 Execute sub- contracting agreements
 Make payment to sub contract workers
 Review and checks the report made by office engineer

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Office engineer
Office engineer have the responsibility of guiding and planning the work to be done on each
progress of work
 Coordinate between consultants, external agencies, contractors, property owners
and other utility services for assigned project
 Coordinate, review and assess contract submittals
 Inspect work site, monitor project budget and schedule and check project plans
and drawings to verify authenticity of office plans
 Analyze and recommend changes to contract and prepare necessary amendments
in contract document
 They prepare payment document of, month or any period of time depending on
the work to discharge money from the client side
 They make take off work sheet to determining on the amount and type of material
to be used for each specific type of work
Site engineer
A site engineer offers advice in the planning, coordination and supervision of technical aspect of
the construction project. A site engineer’s role is vital to a construction project: they have a
number of responsibilities including solving technical issues, providing advice, management
and preparing reports.
Generally, the site engineer
 Check the excavation and earth works according to specification and drawing
 Strictly, follows the given time schedule in order to avoid any delay on the project
completion time.
 Prepares daily laborers output report
 Organizes monthly report to be sent to head office
 Schedule weekly or monthly work implementation.
 Check and reviews any subcontract payment

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General Forman
A general Forman sometimes also known as a site supervisor or construction works manager is
responsible for general management, organizational and operational control of a construction
site.
Generally, general supervisor has the following responsibilities
 Give a guidance for masons, daily labors and carpenters on how the work is to be
done and gives correction if there is any mistake is done
 Assign different workers at the proper place
 Give allowance to workers to stop work and go home at the time of sickness or
any other occasion
Storekeeper
Storekeeper Controls and manage the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the
room.
Daily labor
They assist other works like masks by strong porting construction material and supplying them
with tools that need to perform their task.
Finance
The finance takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employees; finance the purchasing of
requested materials.
2.3Work Tasks I Have Been Executing
In construction industry many tasks are executed to erect the proposed project and these tasks
are all carried out with the cooperation’s of many professionals. On My three-month internship
program, I have executed both office and site work. On site work I was able to see works on the
site and upgraded my theoretical knowledge. On office work also I was observed tangible data
and reports about the executed works. And also took part in the office works such as preparation

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of take of sheet, bar schedule and reading drawing. Generally, I have been executed on the
office and site on following area: -
2.3.1 Office work
Office work are works that are carried in the office mainly by the office engineer. Ongoing site
work reports and problems against execution of works are recorded and reported in the office.
The main tasks conducted in the office includes: -
 Reading drawing
 Preparation of takeoff sheet
 Preparation of bill of quantity (BOQ)
2.3.1.1 Preparing takes off sheet for
1. Formwork
2. Concrete work
3. Masonry work
4. Earth work volume
Take off sheet means calculating the amount of the volume or the area of the work which was
executed at the construction site. It has been prepared by the office Engineer and submitted to
the supervisor from the consultant side and it is the mandatory activity in the construction site.
The quantities the work was measured in unit forms. For the preparation of takes off sheet
required collected data from the site and clearly readable blue print drawing were necessary. It
is essential for the preparation of payment for sub-contractors and daily labors.

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Table 3-1:Take off sheet
T D S Description T D. S Description
2.3.1.2 preparing of bar schedule
It is one of the essential units of certain structural element and for this reason it is important to
determine the type and the amount of steel required for a certain project.
To compute bar schedule: I identified the type of bar present on each type of the structural
element Calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on which the
Sum up the total length with respect to each diameter.
Convert the summation in to kilograms by using predetermined conversion factor.
2.3.1.3 plan Reading
I was given soft copies and hard copies of the working drawings and architectural drawings for
the site in order for me to enumerate what was being done on the site.
2.3.2 Site work
2.3.2.1 Substructure
Sub structure is one part of a structure which is found below the ground floor level. It is used to
transfer load from super structure (i.e., the structural part which is found above the ground

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surface) to the ground surface mainly soil mass or bed rock. In the first stage of construction
work the following works are to be done at the site of the project.
The activities which were done on the site were:
 masonry work
 formwork work
 Concrete casting work
Masonry
Is the activity it was done along the trench excavated with in a layer of stone. It is used to resist
the lateral load or soil force.
Reinforcement work
The steel used in reinforced concrete consists of deformed bars, mostly of the deformed types,
with projection on their surface. The projected surface will help to develop a greater bond
between the concrete and steel. They are like skeleton in human body. Concrete without steel or
any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension.
Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen
the concrete to bear all kinds of loads.
All reinforcement bars are of the specified quality and in accordance with the standard technical
specification. The bars should be store in clean and dry area and also sheltered from rainfall. It
should be reasonably free from corrosion, rust and other impurities, such as grease, oil and other
kind of dirt which affect the strength of reinforcement.
On My site the entire necessary reinforcement bar for this project is prepared in the site.
According to the design the maximum bar diameter is 20mm and the minimum one is 8mm.
• For stirrups shear 8mm bar
• For footing columns 20mm bar as per design
• For footing pad 14mm bar as per design Reinforcement
Bars mainly used in site as:
Stirrups

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Serve as shear reinforcement and are tied on longitudinal reinforcement to provide resistance
against outward buckling. The stirrups are different spacing for column and beam. But
practically, stirrups were provided with uniform spacing throughout the beam section in order to
increase the safety of structure. The uses of stirrups are: -
To resist shear,
To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks
To tie longitudinal bars, to improve ductility
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Reinforcement placed to resist moment created by flexure, torsion, vertical or lateral load and it
also support shear reinforcement and other force longitudinally. To resist this all stress created
by different load the longitudinal reinforcement is guided by the stirrup. Longitudinal
reinforcement provides resistance to compressive & tensile loads with concrete.
Bar cutting, lap length and Anchorage length
Bar cutting
It is a common practice either to cut off bars where they are no longer required to resist stress or
in case of continuous beams, to bend up bottom steel so that it provides tensile reinforcement at
the top of the beam over the support. To determine bend points, or bar cutting points, the
moment diagram resulting from loading for maximum span moment and maximum support
moment are critical points.
Bar Splice and Lap length
Reinforcing bars are as by fabrication limited in length, say 12 m. Thus, it is normal to splice
bars in the field. To do this, one has to notice the following regarding splicing.
 Splicing of bars must be avoided at points of max-moment.
 Splices are made simply by lapping the bars a sufficient distance about 40-60
times the diameter of the bar to transfer stress by bond from one bar to the other. On our
site we used overlap length 40* Ø.
Anchorage length

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This is the additional length steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction.
For example, many bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in footing.
The length of reinforcement similar to the lap length mentioned above.
Formwork: Is a temporary structure to confine and support the fresh and green concrete as it is
in plastic stage until it becomes self-supporting. It was provided until concrete gains strength,
with an adequate margin for expected loads is a basic requirement for the safety of both the
workmen and the structure itself.
 Requirements for formwork: -
 It was strong enough to resist the weight of fresh concrete
 It was rigid enough to retain the shape without deformation
 The inside surface was smooth to get the required surface after stripping. To have the
smooth surface of formwork and desirable shape of concrete the formwork has roiled by
burnt oil or other chemicals by brush.
 It has been removed easily without injury to the surface
 The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse
 It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete
 It should be as light as possible
 The objective of a good formwork is:
Quality; to achieve the desired size, shape and finish of concrete
Safety; capable of supporting all dead and live loads without collapse or damage to workmen
and to the concrete structure
Economy; efficient, saving time and money for the contractor and owner
 Checking the form work was composed of the following activities
 Check for internal dimension
 Check for vertical alignment
 Check for horizontal alignment
Internal dimension: the internal dimensions of the formwork were equal to the external
dimension of the concrete member to be casted.

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Vertical alignment: the vertical alignment of the form work for column and shear walls were
checked by plumb bob. A freely hanging plum bob gives exactly the vertical alignment in both
directions because any undisturbed freely hanging mass points to its vertical.
So, using the verticality of the string carpenter measures the horizontal distance from the
formwork to the string at the top and bottom in both directions. They have to be equal in order
to be the form work alignment straight vertical
Horizontal alignment: The horizontal alignment was checked by measuring “ legna” which is
the column alignment with other columns in both directions. The column formworks may be
steel or timber.
A. Formwork for footing pad and columns
Pad formworks were prepared according to the size specified on the drawing detailing. They are
rectangular a square column. The formwork inner to inner dimension is the same with the
dimension of the pad. The depth of the formwork was the same with the depth of the pad.
Formwork was prepared in parallel sides with the addition of 2.5cm longer from the size of pad
for the purpose of fixing the adjacent side formwork.
Generally, all the formworks prepared were oiled with burnt oil for the sake of easily removal of
it when the concrete past gains its full strength. The formworks were detached after the concrete
structure gains its full strength and detaching process was somehow careful and systematic.
Since different concrete structures have different formwork removal periods.

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Figure 3- 1: Formwork for footing pad and column
Concrete work
Concrete is a composite material made up of inert materials of varying sizes, which are bound
together by a binding medium. Concrete contains coarse aggregate in addition to cement, water,
air and fine aggregate. The cement, water, and air combine to form a paste that binds the
aggregates together. Thus, the strength of concrete is dependent on the strength of the aggregate
matrix bond.
The entire mass of the concrete is deposited or placed in a plastic state and almost immediately
begins to develop strength (harden) a process which under proper curing conditions may
continue for some period of time. Because concrete is initially in a plastic state; it lends itself to
all kinds of construction regardless of size or shape.
Advantage of concrete

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 It doesn’t require complex equipment and special skill. I.e., it’s mold able in to any
desired shape.
 It does not deteriorate with time. I.e., it is fire, weather and corrosion resistant.
 It is good in compression resistance and used as complex material with steel.
Disadvantage of concrete
 It’s difficult to dismantle.
 It’s requiring formwork.
 It’s difficult to supervise after pouring.
 Low tensile strength and ductility
For the above reasons the strength of concrete is affected by the quality of the materials used
ratio of components and water to cement ratio used. Because of this fact concrete of different
ratio of components will be tested and the required ratio is the one that gives the intended
strength.
Reinforced concrete, also known as RCC (reinforced cement concrete), which incorporates
steel bars in sections of the concrete which are in tension for footing columns and footing pad
all these were cast in situ.
Concreting materials
1. Cement
It is the most important gradient of concrete nowadays; cement is used for almost all sort of
construction work. Many types of cement are used for different works. In our site used mostly
Portland cement
The measurement of cement in the site is by packet. Storage of cement needs great care or else
can lead to lose not only in terms of financial loses but also loses in the quality.
The following check lists are considered to ensure the quality of cement
 It should have gray bright color to insure its freshness.
 Cement more than six months old after production is tested to satisfy the specified
requirements.
2. Water

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Water serves two purposes in making concrete. First of all, it causes the hydration of cement
and secondly, it makes the mix fluid and workable. Clean water is important for the same
reasons, as is clean aggregate; any impurities present will affect bond strength between the paste
and aggregate.
3. Aggregates
Aggregates are the filler materials which make up a large portion of the concrete volume.
Aggregate can be obtained from various sources; natural or manufactured. Natural aggregates
are taken from natural deposits without change in their nature during production, with the
exception of crushing, sizing or grading during production. In this group, crushed stone, gravel,
and sand are the most common.
Types of Aggregate
The terms used to describe aggregates are many and varied.
1. Fine aggregate: -
Aggregate particles passing the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve and retained on the No. 200 (75-µm)
sieve.
2. Coarse-aggregate: -
Aggregate predominantly retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.
Concrete Casting in the Pad and columns
Concrete casting is the process of filling the concrete paste up to the required depth on the
prepared formwork of footing column and pad. Concrete casting includes the processes from
mixing, transporting, placing and compaction.
Concrete mixing
Concrete mixing is the process of joining the ingredients of concrete together to obtain the
required grade of concrete for the desired structure.
Before mixing the ingredients of concrete the appropriate batching was performed.
Batching is measuring the materials accurately to ensure the right proportions. The concrete
may be batched either by weight or by volume. In our site volume batching was used.
When concrete is batched by volume there is always variation between one batch & another.
This is due to the fact that the quantities of solid materials in a container very much depend on

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its degree of compaction, more over volume of most sand in a loose solution weight much less
than the same volume of dry compacted sand. Because of this batch, weight batching is prefer
than volume batch especially on important works, however, because it is simple & convenient
volume batching is used at most construction sites.
Concrete has different grades such as C-5, C-20, C-25 and C-30. These grades were obtained
from the difference of batching of ingredients of concrete and were cast in-situ, in our site used
C-25 concrete.
compact the concrete fully because:
 Air voids reduce the strength of the concrete.
 Air voids increase concrete's permeability.
 Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust.
 Air voids impair contact between the concrete mix and reinforcement.
Detaching of formwork
The formwork has been removed after the concrete has attained its strength. All structures have
their own detaching period according to the decision made by the site engineer by considering
the weather condition and the type of construction.
Curing of the concrete
Curing means to cover the concrete so it stays moist. It was a day-to-day activity after concrete
has cast. Curing was performed by spraying pure water at least for 7 days because the concrete
aggressive reaction takes place during these days. So, the concrete gains its 95% compressive
strength. Curing was done after the concrete has casted and the concrete well cured is less likely
cracked and more durable. It was cured by applying the extra water to the surface of the
concrete or stopping water loss from the concrete.
Foundation Work
Foundation is that part of a sub structure which is in direct contact with the ground and transfers
the loads coming from the super structure to the ground in which settlement is with in
permissible limit and the soil does not fail. Purpose of foundation: -

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To reduce load intensity
For even distribution of load
For the Provision of level surface
To increase lateral stability of structure
To increase safety against undermining
For protection against soil movements
For the foundation in order to satisfy its purpose some criteria like soil condition, function of
structure, structure load and cost of foundation in comparisons with super structure must be
considered. In our site there is a shallow foundation. These are Isolated footing and mat
foundation.
Isolated Footing: The isolated footing under a column distributes the column load horizontally
to prevent excessive total and differential settlement. The column should be located on the
footing so as to produce uniform bearing pressure on the soil, ignoring the variation due to
bending of the footing. The pressure equals the load divided by the footing area. In our sit, all
isolated footings are usually square.
Footing column: - Foundation column rises from footing pad and continues up to grade beam.
Its purpose is to transfer load to the ground surface. It has great connection with the footing
reinforcement.
Figure 3-2:footing column

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PROCDURE OF FOUNDATION WORK
Step 1 Compaction after excavation
After excavation takes place to a required ground level compaction is takes place in all over
excavated area. Compaction is the process by which the soil particles are artificially rearranged
and packed together into a state of closer contact in order to decrease its porosity and thereby
increase its dry density. This is usually achieved by expulsion of air. Eventually the compacted
soil will have a greater load bearing capacity and tolerable differential settlement.
Figure 3-3: Compaction
Step 2 Pouring lean concrete
Pouring of lean concrete at 5cm thickness on the compacted area is the next step. Lean concrete
is a C-5 quality concrete which is laid under footing pads, grade beams and masonry walls.
Lean concrete is mainly laid for the following purposes: -
 To protect the structural concrete and reinforcement bar from damage usually
caused by direct contact with soil,
 To form working platform for the over laying structural concrete,
 To compensate the difference in levels during earth work and thus to maintain
leveled surface for placing spacers and reinforcement,
 In some cases, to protect the upward seepage of water in masonry wall.

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Figure 3-4: Lean concrete
Step 3 Formwork work
Next formworks are placed by keeping the specified concrete cover. On in my site Formwork
for mat foundation and isolated.
Figure 3-5: Formwork for pad
Step 4 Placing reinforcement bars for Foundation
In our site, depend on the design the general Forman gives a copy of the plans to the bar bender,
who prepare the reinforcement. The plan that the bar bender receives shows nothing but lengths,
sizes and bending needed for the reinforcing bars in the construction of part of the building like

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footing pad and column. The bar bender then cut and bend the steel rod as the requirement.
After that placing reinforcement bar on the lean concrete by using spacer.
Figure 3-6: Placing of reinforcement
Step 5 Pouring of concrete
The insides of form works are inspected to check that they are properly cleaned and oiled.
Concrete is placed in even layers by using concrete pump machine. Each layer is well
compacted before the next layer is put. Concrete should be placed as soon as possible, in no
case more than 30 min after mixing period. Because after 30 min final setting time become start.
Therefore, it is essential that concrete should be placed in its final position before it becomes
too stiff to work.

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Figure 3-1: Pouring of concrete on mat foundation
Step 6 finally curing and stripping of formwork
Curing is prevention of such loss of water form concrete during its early life is known is curing.
Thus, by wetting the concrete in order to get enough strength.
Figure 3-2 curing and stripping formwork

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2.4 Material
Cement: - This is a powdery substance made by calcium lime and clay used in making mortar
and concrete. The mix design indirectly means optimizing the use of cement for obtaining the
desired prosperities of concrete in both states. Because the strength of concrete affects by the
cement content. The lower cement contents the lower strength and vice versa.
Sand: -in our site there is river sand.
Aggregate: - is the main body of the concrete & more percent of volume, concrete and we use
aggregate to increase compressive strength of concrete because compressive strength of
concrete ensured by aggregate.
Aggregate is classified broadly as fine aggregates and coarse aggregate.
i. Fine Aggregates: -Are small size range particles which used to fill the voids created by
coarse aggregates in case of concrete and they are the bulk materials in case of mortars.
Generally, size of the particulars is between 0.07mm to 5mm. Sand having uniform size are
preferred for filtering purpose.
Most common fine aggregate materials are sand and this available in the form of pit sand, sea
sand and in the river bed.
ii. Coarse aggregate: - are obtained from crushed stone and gravel. Trap rocks granite,
limestone and sand stone are satisfactory for crushed stone requirement for the quality of the
aggregates are clean lines, soundness, strength, particle shape and particle gradation
Water: -Water is necessary material for the hydration reaction of cement during concrete and
mortar mixing. Water cement (w/C) ratio is the primary factor affecting the strength of concrete.
plumb bob: - is used to check if objects are vertical. It consists of a piece of metal called bob
pointing down wards, which is attached to a cord. When the plumb bob is hanging free and not
moving, the cord is vertical

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Figure 2 1: Plumb bob
Spacers: - blocks made from cement, sand, and small aggregate that should match the mix
proportion of the surrounding concrete. It is cast in site according to needed concrete cover. The
spacers are mostly placed between the formwork and the bottom bar and used to keep the
concrete cover. Spacer should not be at the corner of columns and it must be properly put on the
horizontal member of bar.
In our site the spacers manufactured were 25 mm in thickness.

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Figure 2 2: spacer
Stirrup (Staffa): - is they are placed to provide diagonally for shear and torsion resistance.
Figure 2 3 stirrup
2.2 Construction equipment’s
a) Mixer
Mixer is used to have uniform mix concrete. The mixer has a part on which the components
have to add. Then they adding to rotating drum and the rotating drum mix the concrete. The
quality of mix depends on the numbers of revolutions which the drum rotates to the mix

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concrete. For the purpose of operating the mixer, there will be a mixer operator. The operator
control operations of the mixer, workability of concrete by controlling volume of water to check
the workability of concrete. We observe also this concrete test when concrete mix out from the
mixer.
Figure 2 4: mixer
b) Vibrator
Vibrator is used to compact concrete mix and to avoid air voids in the concrete mix. The
presence of air voids in the concrete reduces the strength of concrete and when dry it will create
cracks. In this regard, vibrators are the essential equipment for every concrete casting.

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Figure 2 5: vibrator
Truck is machine which is used to transportation of material.
Figure 2 7:truck

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The challenge I have been facing while performing
My work tasks
During the course of the three-month internship program at the company, it is expected that I
faced some sort of difficulties. I have challenged to some extent. These challenges were not due
to my lack of initiation towards performing the task I was given instead it was simply a matter
of experience in the field. Of the challenges that I faced, some of them that worth mentioning is:
-
 Communication problem with the workers, foreman, carpenters, masons & site
 Shortage of construction materials as the work was proceeding. This makes
delaying of the construction process.
 Lack of construction safety wears and shoos
2.5 Measures taken for the challenges
 I have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each word.
 The shortage of construction material was solved by ordering the contractor to
buy.
 I ask our supervisor in order to have safety materials and first aid kits if sudden
problem will happen

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Overall Benefits Gained from the Internship Program
Through the internship developed a better understanding in my perspective engineering field
from theoretical concept to practical application. Because the engineering field is about creating
designs and executing projects, not just analyzing and coming up with theories. So, the benefits
we gain in my overall internship programs in terms of improving and upgrading my skill and
knowledge are: -
 Improving my practical skill
 Upgrading my theoretical knowledge
 Improving my inter personal communication skill
 Improving my team work skill
 Improving my leadership skill
 Understanding about work ethics related issues
3.1 Improving Practical skill
I can spend years of studying, performing calculations, assignments and making hypothetical
designs yet never grow as an engineer. In order to truly understand why calculations are made,
how to deal with clients and their demands, I need to have practical skills. When doing
university assignments, whether I realize it or not, there is a lot of freedom because when I
make design I don’t consider the fanatical aspect according to material cost or client satisfaction
but those things are come in to account in practical work. Some of practical skills I acquired
during internship program are: -
 The ability to read complex blue prints design plans or working drawings.
 Know how earth works are performed.

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 Know how bars are casted for different structural elements and differentiating
different size of bar.
 Know how to align column straight and overlap length.
 Know how to put the form work of structure elements.
 Know how to placing and curing concrete for different structural elements.
 Know how to prepare different document in office such as payment certificate, takeoff
sheet and bill of quantity.
 Creativity of construction methodology for executing different item of work.
 Creativity and expression of idea in solving problems.
 Effective assessment and management of time.
3.2 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
Internships help individuals to combine theoretical knowledge with practical work experience
but theories and practice are two side of a coin means if there is a theory there will be a practice
and vice versa. Since I spent the entire third years and half month learning only the theoretical
part, this internship gave Me the chance to upgrade what I have learned in the class room with
the practical world and also to gain a valuable work experience.
Generally, an internship program is the system by which the students can observe the practical
real world and relate it with the theoretical lessons.
3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill
Interpersonal communication skill is very vital in the construction world. Since engineering is
based entirely on teamwork, I face different individuals with different professions and
personalities come up together and communicate with each other to solve different problems
and to run the whole work. So, during my internship program I meet people active in all phases
of a project and I start networking and I show commitment, about the job and I are appreciated
and noticed by my supervisors. So, this communication skill that is developed in my internship
program will help us once I graduate and ready to start working that is what will be most useful
for ensuring a good job.
Also, we have improved our communication skill by communicating from daily labor and site

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Table 4-1: local and professional language
SITE
LANGUAGE
S
PROFESSIONALS
LANGUAGES
MEANING
Ligna Horizontal alignment Setting out
Tunbi Plumb bob To measure vertical alignment
Squardra Squadron tape To measure 90 & 45 degree
Staffa stirrup Used for shear stress
Fero Reinforcement Material construction
Spacer Concrete cover In order to have space for
concrete cover
Armata concrete Material for construction
Modino profile Used for setting out work
3.4 Improving Team Work Skill
Team work is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people, in order to achieve
a goal. The development of strong teamwork skills balanced with the exercise of individual
responsibility is a critical in engineering works. A strong team will also include a mixture of
people, with different academic backgrounds, levels of expertise, and skills that can be brought
to the group and used resourcefully to achieve the required objective. Workings in group to
accomplish for any task make the task easy and accurate. While working for the company, it is
obvious that I work and collaborate with other professionals. The one who has developed
interpersonal communication skill will not find difficult to play on areas where team playing is
in need. Some of the works such as assignment, preparation of bill of quantities and others were
solved by group and during this an idea would be raised and opinions shared and so I were
developing our team work skill.
Good team work possesses the following skill;
 Communicates constructively

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 Listens actively
 Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly and willingly
 Cooperates and pitches in to help
 Exhibits flexibility
 Shows commitment to the team
 Works as a problem-solver
 Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner
So, I develop the above team work skills during our internship program.
3.5 Improving Leadership Skill
The skill of leadership is the ability to guide, control and monitor peers and colleagues that are
taking part in a given activity may it be in the office or at construction sites. Therefore,
leadership skill is vital. This internship allowed Me to see how leadership skill affects project
goal. Without the leader, there is no follower, without follower, there is no doer and without
doer, there is no action. I now know leader with leadership skills plays a significant importance.
Some basic points that I observe and received about leadership skill in my project are listed as
follows: -
 The leaders shall tolerate differences and find alternative methods.
 I learn new skills and we add to our base knowledge and we gain confidence in
our ability to lead.
 The leaders should have proper plan and schedule for different activities.
Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve the project goal.
 Leaders have the opportunity to practice communication and team work skills.
 The leaders should have to consult his groups about work tasks, work schedule
and challenges.
 In general, during my stay in the organization I have got good experience how to
manage and control workers with different class. I have also gained good experience how
to attract clients & how to manage the whole workflow in the company.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. Conclusion and recommendation
4.1. Conclusion
Construction is currently the fastest growing sector in Ethiopia. Being competent among the
difference organization and professional’s calls for knowledge, experience management skills
and so much more. Engineers who are creative in engineering design are often innovative in
planning and management since both types of activities involve problems solving. In fact, they
can reinforce each other if both are included in the education process, provided that creativity
and innovation instead of routine practice are emphasized.
As a conclusion, the internship program was a lifetime experience that provides the opportunity
to gain skill on work and it has enabled me to be more familiar with the field of construction. It
is also an opportunity one can test his/ her future career by developing skills and gaining
experience in the field by taking advantage of opportunity by developing social and professional
links. Generally, the intern ship period was too interesting and beneficial. It is the first power
plugged to my theoretical knowledge
4.2. Recommendation
4.2.1 for the company
 Since health and safety are, the rights of each individual participating in the project
the company should ensure the safety and health of workers employed in the
construction project and to protect persons at, or near, a construction site from all
risk, which may arise from such site.
 When the workers use the mixed concrete, they did not use it effectively and the
wastage is very visible since such kind of thing is not economical for the company,
they must give attention to material usage.
 Since construction, industry involves comparatively less organized and major
parentage of unskilled labor as compared to the other industries so there should be a

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huge attention for each activity before the next action is going on in order to eliminate
fault done by the labors.
 There should be enough maintenance facility for different machineries and
equipment’s.
4.2.2 for the department
 When I joined the company, I did not have enough orientation about internship
program. Therefore, I recommend the university to arrange a strong orientation
program.

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Reference
1. Company profile
2. http://www.wikipedia.com
3. Previous modules and handouts
4. Dinku, D. A. (n.d.). A text book of building construction
5. Ethiopian Building code standard. (1995)

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ACRONYM [INDEX]
ETB-Ethiopian Birr
EBCS-Ethiopian Building code of standard
E.C-Ethiopian calendar

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