In the last “Christmas in Richmond” issue of YANKEE SCOUT, our heroes George, the Fugitive Slave and Pvt. Calif Newton Drew, sub. nom “Sam” the slave, after a late night playing a Christmas Eve coloreds-only ball, in some large but unidentified warehouse down on the Richmond waterfront, had just pushed off from somewhere along the Richmond docks, quiet on this Christmas morning, out onto the frigid waters of the James River, as they make their desperate clandestine getaway from … RICHMOND, SEAT of the CONFEDERACY !!As part of the escape plan, Pvt. Drew is now thoroughly disguised in black-face makeup that was expertly applied by none other than George the slave himself, who, as an African-American, has an expert’s insight into this sort of thing, and who – being a barber – also cut Pvt. Drew’s hair “so short you could hardly see it.” [See last issue ! – Ed.] Now, with this baffling role-reversal, Pvt. Drew looks the spittin’ image of a strong young Ni….Ne….ne… ni … n-n African-American man, and is a suitable street-companion for George. Thus united in intent, and now largely in appearance, the two fugitives are stuck together like brothers, and ready to execute their common plan !!!
WILL THEY ESCAPE THE TENTACLES OF THE SLAVE STATE?
Frank Miller is an American comic book artist and film director known for his work on Batman and Sin City. He was born in 1957 in New York City and was influenced by living in Hell's Kitchen. Miller broke into comics in 1978 and is married to colorist Lynn Varley.
Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated pop art. Born in 1925 in Texas, he worked in assemblage and designed costumes and dance in addition to painting.
Little is known about the true identity of Banksy as he keeps his persona secret, but he is recognized for his street art and graffiti, some of which could get him in legal trouble. He is believed to be from Bristol
Street photography emerged in the late 19th century and has evolved over time. Early pioneers like Atget, Steichen, and Struss captured candid street scenes in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The genre grew in the mid-20th century with photographers like Cartier-Bresson, Doisneau, Klein, and Winogrand capturing candid moments in public. In the late 20th century, the genre further developed with photographers like Friedlander, Meyerowitz, Wearing, and diCorcia exploring candid photography and its relationship to portraiture and identity. Street photography has documented social changes over decades and provided candid insights into public life.
This document provides a summary of Abraham Lincoln's early life and career up until becoming President. It discusses Lincoln growing up in a poor family in Kentucky and Indiana, and his self-education by studying few books he was able to obtain. It describes his work as a farmhand and trips to New Orleans that exposed him to slavery. It notes that Lincoln hated slavery but could understand Southern perspectives, which would aid him as a political leader opposing slavery's expansion. The summary focuses on key events that shaped Lincoln and prepared him for his historic role.
BRYULLOV, Karl Pavlovich,Featured Paintings in Detailguimera
The document provides details on several paintings by Russian artist Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, including his most famous work The Last Day of Pompeii painted in 1830-33. It examines Bryullov's style and influence, noting he helped transition Russian art from neoclassicism to romanticism. Bryullov is regarded as a key figure who established himself in Rome before returning to Russia, where he taught at the Imperial Academy of Arts and developed a distinctive portrait style blending neoclassicism and realism. Details are given on several of his other major works from the 1820s-40s focusing on themes of beauty, allegory, and portraiture.
This document provides context and summaries of the Battle of Stalingrad through introductions to the book and its chapters. It acknowledges the author Edwin Hoyt and his editor Robert Gleason who helped develop the idea for the book. It then summarizes each of the book's parts which describe the events leading up to and during the Battle of Stalingrad. It introduces some of the key figures on both sides and provides brief overviews of the prologue and first part of the book to set the stage for the battle.
Order #8209502631 subjectit topicmay you choose it for mJUST36
This document is a request from a student for a research proposal on developing a standard consulting proposal for small businesses. The proposal should introduce the consulting company, perform a network assessment or "health check", and provide recommendations. It should include presenting the company, why customers should use them, the project scope, tasks and hours, assumptions, costs and deliverables. The proposal should be designed as a standard template that can be used to sell consulting services to customers with 1 location, 2 servers or less, 1 internet connection, and 100 employees or less.
LIFE Magazine and the Most Influential Photos of All Time (part 1)guimera
The document provides a summary of 20 influential photographs throughout history and their significance. It discusses the first permanent photograph taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 and how it laid the groundwork for photography. It also discusses photographs that shaped our understanding of war like Roger Fenton's images from the Crimean War in 1855, Alexander Gardner's images of the Civil War dead at Antietam in 1862, and others that advanced technology and our understanding of motion like Eadweard Muybridge's stop-motion images of a galloping horse in 1878. Many of the photographs influenced politics and social reform like Jacob Riis' images of tenement housing in New York City in 1888 and Lewis H
This document provides context on Fanchon and Marco, Inc., a brother-sister theatrical production team based in Los Angeles in the early 20th century. It summarizes their origins in vaudeville and how their failure in New York with their production "Sunkist" led them to develop a distinctly Western style of theatrical revue in Los Angeles that rejected Eastern traditions. It then discusses how they became pioneers in the prologue business for movies in the 1920s by creating elaborate live performances for theater chains that were not necessarily related to the theme of the main film, allowing their productions to tour to multiple theaters and be more profitable.
Frank Miller is an American comic book artist and film director known for his work on Batman and Sin City. He was born in 1957 in New York City and was influenced by living in Hell's Kitchen. Miller broke into comics in 1978 and is married to colorist Lynn Varley.
Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated pop art. Born in 1925 in Texas, he worked in assemblage and designed costumes and dance in addition to painting.
Little is known about the true identity of Banksy as he keeps his persona secret, but he is recognized for his street art and graffiti, some of which could get him in legal trouble. He is believed to be from Bristol
Street photography emerged in the late 19th century and has evolved over time. Early pioneers like Atget, Steichen, and Struss captured candid street scenes in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The genre grew in the mid-20th century with photographers like Cartier-Bresson, Doisneau, Klein, and Winogrand capturing candid moments in public. In the late 20th century, the genre further developed with photographers like Friedlander, Meyerowitz, Wearing, and diCorcia exploring candid photography and its relationship to portraiture and identity. Street photography has documented social changes over decades and provided candid insights into public life.
This document provides a summary of Abraham Lincoln's early life and career up until becoming President. It discusses Lincoln growing up in a poor family in Kentucky and Indiana, and his self-education by studying few books he was able to obtain. It describes his work as a farmhand and trips to New Orleans that exposed him to slavery. It notes that Lincoln hated slavery but could understand Southern perspectives, which would aid him as a political leader opposing slavery's expansion. The summary focuses on key events that shaped Lincoln and prepared him for his historic role.
BRYULLOV, Karl Pavlovich,Featured Paintings in Detailguimera
The document provides details on several paintings by Russian artist Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, including his most famous work The Last Day of Pompeii painted in 1830-33. It examines Bryullov's style and influence, noting he helped transition Russian art from neoclassicism to romanticism. Bryullov is regarded as a key figure who established himself in Rome before returning to Russia, where he taught at the Imperial Academy of Arts and developed a distinctive portrait style blending neoclassicism and realism. Details are given on several of his other major works from the 1820s-40s focusing on themes of beauty, allegory, and portraiture.
This document provides context and summaries of the Battle of Stalingrad through introductions to the book and its chapters. It acknowledges the author Edwin Hoyt and his editor Robert Gleason who helped develop the idea for the book. It then summarizes each of the book's parts which describe the events leading up to and during the Battle of Stalingrad. It introduces some of the key figures on both sides and provides brief overviews of the prologue and first part of the book to set the stage for the battle.
Order #8209502631 subjectit topicmay you choose it for mJUST36
This document is a request from a student for a research proposal on developing a standard consulting proposal for small businesses. The proposal should introduce the consulting company, perform a network assessment or "health check", and provide recommendations. It should include presenting the company, why customers should use them, the project scope, tasks and hours, assumptions, costs and deliverables. The proposal should be designed as a standard template that can be used to sell consulting services to customers with 1 location, 2 servers or less, 1 internet connection, and 100 employees or less.
LIFE Magazine and the Most Influential Photos of All Time (part 1)guimera
The document provides a summary of 20 influential photographs throughout history and their significance. It discusses the first permanent photograph taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 and how it laid the groundwork for photography. It also discusses photographs that shaped our understanding of war like Roger Fenton's images from the Crimean War in 1855, Alexander Gardner's images of the Civil War dead at Antietam in 1862, and others that advanced technology and our understanding of motion like Eadweard Muybridge's stop-motion images of a galloping horse in 1878. Many of the photographs influenced politics and social reform like Jacob Riis' images of tenement housing in New York City in 1888 and Lewis H
This document provides context on Fanchon and Marco, Inc., a brother-sister theatrical production team based in Los Angeles in the early 20th century. It summarizes their origins in vaudeville and how their failure in New York with their production "Sunkist" led them to develop a distinctly Western style of theatrical revue in Los Angeles that rejected Eastern traditions. It then discusses how they became pioneers in the prologue business for movies in the 1920s by creating elaborate live performances for theater chains that were not necessarily related to the theme of the main film, allowing their productions to tour to multiple theaters and be more profitable.
The document discusses art in America during the Progressive Era. It describes the realist and modernist art movements that emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization at this time. Realist artists like the Ashcan School sought to portray everyday urban life realistically, while modernists like Duchamp and Stella rejected realism in favor of new styles like Cubism and Futurism that emphasized self-expression and captured the energy of modern cities and technology. Overall, the art movements of the time reflected and engaged with the social reforms and changes happening during the Progressive Era.
The document provides an overview of several art movements and prominent artists from the 1920s. Precisionism emerged after WWI and focused on industrial and modernized landscapes. Georgia O'Keeffe painted abstract floral works and landscapes. Edward Hopper depicted American modern life through paintings and etchings. American Scene Painting/Regionalism depicted rural scenes and simple people. Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry were influential regionalist artists. Man Ray and Ansel Adams were notable photographers from the 1920s. Abstract Expressionism emerged after WWII with bold, vibrant works by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and others. Genre artists like George Luks and Charles Hawthorne
The document provides facts and events from the 1920s decade. It summarizes key cultural, social, political and economic developments including:
1) The St. Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929 where Al Capone's gang killed seven rivals.
2) The stock market crash of October 1929 that ended postwar prosperity.
3) The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s which saw a flowering of African American arts and letters.
4) Amelia Earhart becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1928.
Vernacular photography focuses on everyday life through casual photos taken by amateurs. It documents people and locations in a style that can seem unintentionally artistic. Examples include family photos, vacations, and class portraits. Unlike documentary photography which records history, vernacular photography reflects the photographer's perspective on a time period. August Sander and Robert Frank are examples of photographers known for their vernacular and documentary work, with Sander photographing Germans from different occupations and Frank capturing American society across classes in his book "The Americans."
Art as a Reflection of 1920s Culture and Society Charles Kane
The document discusses American art from the 18th century to the 1920s, covering various artistic movements and styles over this period. It provides examples of key works by artists such as Benjamin West, John Trumbull, John Singleton Copley, George Caleb Bingham, Albert Bierstadt, Winslow Homer, George Bellows, and Thomas Hart Benton. The final sections discuss the Art Deco style that emerged in the 1920s, inspired by industrial growth, and highlight some iconic Art Deco buildings from that era like the Chrysler Building and Rockefeller Center.
This document profiles 16 influential photographers and their contributions to the field. It describes Ansel Adams' development of landscape photography and the zone system. Matthew Brady organized photographers to document the Civil War. Julia Margaret Cameron developed portraits with emotional depth rather than sharp detail. Alfred Stieglitz advocated for photography as a fine art. Robert Frank depicted everyday life realistically. Jerry Uelsmann pioneered composite surreal photographs.
The document provides information on several American and British artists. It describes each artist's background, key works, and artistic style. Some of the American artists mentioned include Jackson Pollock, Richard Prince, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, and Jeff Koons. British artists mentioned include William Hogarth, Thomas Gainsborough, John Constable, William Blake, Francis Bacon, Damien Hirst, and Tracy Emin.
Fine art photography emerged as a reaction against photography's documentary uses and as a move towards emphasizing aesthetic form over social context. Key figures like Alfred Stieglitz promoted photography as an art focused on composition, tone, and using the gallery space to elevate photographs to an art status. Over time, fine art photography incorporated more genres and subjects while still emphasizing the formal qualities of an image.
A working draft of the final project in the framework of "Art and Inquiry: Museum Teaching Strategies For Your Classroom" (2014) by Lisa Mazzola on Coursera plarform.
This document provides a lengthy summary of how William M. Eddy's 1849 official survey map of San Francisco ended up being filed in Oregon City, Oregon. It details that Eddy surveyed San Francisco in 1849 and produced an official map, but that the original map was incorporated into a 1850 federal report and filed for the public record in Oregon City. The document explores Eddy's background and work as the official surveyor of San Francisco, and discusses other related maps and surveys of the area from that time period. It also references the testimony of Milo Hoadley, who assisted Eddy, regarding details of the original San Francisco waterline.
This document provides context about World War 2 and efforts by Allied nations to rally support for the war effort. It discusses FDR's 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech promoting democracy. The speech inspired Norman Rockwell's famous paintings of the four freedoms. It also details how Hollywood movies like "Casablanca" and popular artists like N.C. Wyeth who created recruitment posters aimed to influence hearts and minds. Comic books depicted Axis powers as evil to inspire youth. The document examines various cultural influences that shaped public opinion in favor of Allied involvement in World War 2.
This document provides a summary of the history of 811-819 South Cathedral Place in Richmond, Virginia from its construction in 1889. It discusses the neighborhood's development in the late 19th century, with John C. Shafer acquiring the land and later developing the row houses. The first residents were young professionals moving from downtown. The style of the row houses is described as a blend of elements like mansard roofs, porches, and ornamentation that was a common approach for production builders. Details of the architectural styles and influences are discussed.
The Biography and Design of Latrobe’s “Clifton”, Richmond, VirginiaJessica Bankston
This document summarizes a research project about the design and history of Clifton House in Richmond, Virginia, which was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The research presents its findings in three surprises or parts. The first surprise argues that Latrobe's original drawings of the house were intended for an earlier patron than previously believed, based on clues found in the drawings. The drawings depict an extraordinary level of detail of the site and surrounding Richmond landscape. The second surprise will examine Latrobe's early career influences and propose a lineage for the design. The third surprise will introduce a little-known early 20th century architect who documented drawings of the Clifton site.
The document discusses the expulsion of Prince Vijaya from Singhapur and his journey with comrades to another land across the sea, where they founded a new kingdom. It refers to the land they founded a new kingdom in as Sri Lanka.
This document provides an overview of American modernism between 1910-1945. It discusses how modernism in literature emerged in response to industrialization and the rise of big business in the late 19th/early 20th century. Major modernist authors like T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound rejected cultural traditions and sought new influences. The 1913 Armory Show in New York introduced Americans to modern art like Picasso and Kandinsky. Modernist works were fragmented and difficult to access initially. World War I furthered the disillusionment of the modern era through new technologies of destruction.
The document summarizes investigations that took place in November 1849 at Corinthian Hall in Rochester, NY regarding mysterious rapping sounds produced by the Fox sisters. A committee was formed who reported hearing distinct rapping sounds in various locations around the hall and in a private home, even when the sisters' feet were held and they were separated by distance or another person. Both appointed committees were unable to determine the source of the sounds. This public demonstration helped spark further interest in spiritualism.
01. HISTORY A LEVEL CAMBRIDGE - THE COLD WAR: ELBE DAY AND SOVIET MISTRUSTGeorge Dumitrache
In April 1945, the Soviet soldiers and the American forces shook hands and took photographs of each other on the Elbe River in Germany. They spent many hours talking about war and defeating Nazi Germany, swapping cigarettes for vodka.
Only a few months later, Germany was defeated and Japan suffered a similar fate. Despite the smiles and handshakes, each side mistrusted the other.
This mistrust was based on political, moral and economic beliefs. To the Soviets, the Americans were slaves to capitalism. To the Americans, the Soviets were slaves to communism.
Communism and capitalism were mutual enemies and both sides believed that the goal of the other was world domination.
U.S. history slide lecture detailing a "landscape of destruction" at Civil War's end, and how the issue of freedom for the slaves evolved during the war as slavery itself was destroyed.
The document describes a 'Presidency 200' quiz with 20 multiple choice questions about important people and events from 1820s to 2010s. The first question asks to identify 'X' and 'Y' from information provided about the 1820s. 'X' is Napoleon Bonaparte who Jean Lafitte is rumored to have rescued from exile in Louisiana. 'Y' is Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish soldier who was supposedly held captive by Lafitte in Galveston before becoming his associate.
In this THIRD ISSUE of YANKEE SCOUT in the Civil War, as Pvt. Drew and his comrades of the 6th Maine Infantry regiment assume their posts on the Maryland side of Chain Bridge, crossing the Potomac to the sacred Soil of Virginia, they are stunned to be met by dozens upon dozens of retreating Union soldiers, fleeing from the Yankees first and most humiliating defeat at Manassas Junction, on the little creek called Bull Run !!
What could have gone wrong? A total lack of proper military training, and no uniformity to the tactical drill, for one thing; then there's those old muskets, and a lack of target practice, and those silly uniforms that the Fire Zouaves wore!!
President Lincoln calls in Gen George B. McClellan from the battefields of West Virginia, and gives him command of the entire Union Army, and charges him with organizing it in the best professional fashion...
McClellan gets busy,. and soon there is a meticulously organized campground, better food, new Springfield 1861 rifles, daily tactical drilling , and new officers appearing in camp. Pvt. Drew and the 6th Maine Infantry regiment luck out, and are assigned to a new brigade formed under Brigadier General Winfield Scott Hancock -- who will go on to become one of the winningest generals in the Civil War. And, heck, that's a pretty good start ... I'll say ....
The document provides a history of Richmond's Iron Triangle neighborhood, beginning with its origins in the late 19th/early 20th century. It describes how the neighborhood got its name and boundaries from surrounding railroad tracks. The arrival of the railroad transformed Richmond from a rural to industrial city. Over time, the Iron Triangle became a diverse, working-class neighborhood home to many immigrant groups working in nearby factories. Industrial and population growth in the early 1900s established the Iron Triangle as Richmond's commercial center.
The document provides a historical overview of key sites along the Boston Freedom Trail, beginning with the Boston Commons where the earliest settlers lived. It then summarizes the history of landmarks like the Old South Meeting House, where the Boston Tea Party was planned, and Paul Revere's House. The document highlights the roles of figures like Revere and describes the events at Lexington and Concord leading up to the Battle of Bunker Hill. It concludes with information about the USS Constitution.
The document discusses art in America during the Progressive Era. It describes the realist and modernist art movements that emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization at this time. Realist artists like the Ashcan School sought to portray everyday urban life realistically, while modernists like Duchamp and Stella rejected realism in favor of new styles like Cubism and Futurism that emphasized self-expression and captured the energy of modern cities and technology. Overall, the art movements of the time reflected and engaged with the social reforms and changes happening during the Progressive Era.
The document provides an overview of several art movements and prominent artists from the 1920s. Precisionism emerged after WWI and focused on industrial and modernized landscapes. Georgia O'Keeffe painted abstract floral works and landscapes. Edward Hopper depicted American modern life through paintings and etchings. American Scene Painting/Regionalism depicted rural scenes and simple people. Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry were influential regionalist artists. Man Ray and Ansel Adams were notable photographers from the 1920s. Abstract Expressionism emerged after WWII with bold, vibrant works by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and others. Genre artists like George Luks and Charles Hawthorne
The document provides facts and events from the 1920s decade. It summarizes key cultural, social, political and economic developments including:
1) The St. Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929 where Al Capone's gang killed seven rivals.
2) The stock market crash of October 1929 that ended postwar prosperity.
3) The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s which saw a flowering of African American arts and letters.
4) Amelia Earhart becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1928.
Vernacular photography focuses on everyday life through casual photos taken by amateurs. It documents people and locations in a style that can seem unintentionally artistic. Examples include family photos, vacations, and class portraits. Unlike documentary photography which records history, vernacular photography reflects the photographer's perspective on a time period. August Sander and Robert Frank are examples of photographers known for their vernacular and documentary work, with Sander photographing Germans from different occupations and Frank capturing American society across classes in his book "The Americans."
Art as a Reflection of 1920s Culture and Society Charles Kane
The document discusses American art from the 18th century to the 1920s, covering various artistic movements and styles over this period. It provides examples of key works by artists such as Benjamin West, John Trumbull, John Singleton Copley, George Caleb Bingham, Albert Bierstadt, Winslow Homer, George Bellows, and Thomas Hart Benton. The final sections discuss the Art Deco style that emerged in the 1920s, inspired by industrial growth, and highlight some iconic Art Deco buildings from that era like the Chrysler Building and Rockefeller Center.
This document profiles 16 influential photographers and their contributions to the field. It describes Ansel Adams' development of landscape photography and the zone system. Matthew Brady organized photographers to document the Civil War. Julia Margaret Cameron developed portraits with emotional depth rather than sharp detail. Alfred Stieglitz advocated for photography as a fine art. Robert Frank depicted everyday life realistically. Jerry Uelsmann pioneered composite surreal photographs.
The document provides information on several American and British artists. It describes each artist's background, key works, and artistic style. Some of the American artists mentioned include Jackson Pollock, Richard Prince, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, and Jeff Koons. British artists mentioned include William Hogarth, Thomas Gainsborough, John Constable, William Blake, Francis Bacon, Damien Hirst, and Tracy Emin.
Fine art photography emerged as a reaction against photography's documentary uses and as a move towards emphasizing aesthetic form over social context. Key figures like Alfred Stieglitz promoted photography as an art focused on composition, tone, and using the gallery space to elevate photographs to an art status. Over time, fine art photography incorporated more genres and subjects while still emphasizing the formal qualities of an image.
A working draft of the final project in the framework of "Art and Inquiry: Museum Teaching Strategies For Your Classroom" (2014) by Lisa Mazzola on Coursera plarform.
This document provides a lengthy summary of how William M. Eddy's 1849 official survey map of San Francisco ended up being filed in Oregon City, Oregon. It details that Eddy surveyed San Francisco in 1849 and produced an official map, but that the original map was incorporated into a 1850 federal report and filed for the public record in Oregon City. The document explores Eddy's background and work as the official surveyor of San Francisco, and discusses other related maps and surveys of the area from that time period. It also references the testimony of Milo Hoadley, who assisted Eddy, regarding details of the original San Francisco waterline.
This document provides context about World War 2 and efforts by Allied nations to rally support for the war effort. It discusses FDR's 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech promoting democracy. The speech inspired Norman Rockwell's famous paintings of the four freedoms. It also details how Hollywood movies like "Casablanca" and popular artists like N.C. Wyeth who created recruitment posters aimed to influence hearts and minds. Comic books depicted Axis powers as evil to inspire youth. The document examines various cultural influences that shaped public opinion in favor of Allied involvement in World War 2.
This document provides a summary of the history of 811-819 South Cathedral Place in Richmond, Virginia from its construction in 1889. It discusses the neighborhood's development in the late 19th century, with John C. Shafer acquiring the land and later developing the row houses. The first residents were young professionals moving from downtown. The style of the row houses is described as a blend of elements like mansard roofs, porches, and ornamentation that was a common approach for production builders. Details of the architectural styles and influences are discussed.
The Biography and Design of Latrobe’s “Clifton”, Richmond, VirginiaJessica Bankston
This document summarizes a research project about the design and history of Clifton House in Richmond, Virginia, which was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The research presents its findings in three surprises or parts. The first surprise argues that Latrobe's original drawings of the house were intended for an earlier patron than previously believed, based on clues found in the drawings. The drawings depict an extraordinary level of detail of the site and surrounding Richmond landscape. The second surprise will examine Latrobe's early career influences and propose a lineage for the design. The third surprise will introduce a little-known early 20th century architect who documented drawings of the Clifton site.
The document discusses the expulsion of Prince Vijaya from Singhapur and his journey with comrades to another land across the sea, where they founded a new kingdom. It refers to the land they founded a new kingdom in as Sri Lanka.
This document provides an overview of American modernism between 1910-1945. It discusses how modernism in literature emerged in response to industrialization and the rise of big business in the late 19th/early 20th century. Major modernist authors like T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound rejected cultural traditions and sought new influences. The 1913 Armory Show in New York introduced Americans to modern art like Picasso and Kandinsky. Modernist works were fragmented and difficult to access initially. World War I furthered the disillusionment of the modern era through new technologies of destruction.
The document summarizes investigations that took place in November 1849 at Corinthian Hall in Rochester, NY regarding mysterious rapping sounds produced by the Fox sisters. A committee was formed who reported hearing distinct rapping sounds in various locations around the hall and in a private home, even when the sisters' feet were held and they were separated by distance or another person. Both appointed committees were unable to determine the source of the sounds. This public demonstration helped spark further interest in spiritualism.
01. HISTORY A LEVEL CAMBRIDGE - THE COLD WAR: ELBE DAY AND SOVIET MISTRUSTGeorge Dumitrache
In April 1945, the Soviet soldiers and the American forces shook hands and took photographs of each other on the Elbe River in Germany. They spent many hours talking about war and defeating Nazi Germany, swapping cigarettes for vodka.
Only a few months later, Germany was defeated and Japan suffered a similar fate. Despite the smiles and handshakes, each side mistrusted the other.
This mistrust was based on political, moral and economic beliefs. To the Soviets, the Americans were slaves to capitalism. To the Americans, the Soviets were slaves to communism.
Communism and capitalism were mutual enemies and both sides believed that the goal of the other was world domination.
U.S. history slide lecture detailing a "landscape of destruction" at Civil War's end, and how the issue of freedom for the slaves evolved during the war as slavery itself was destroyed.
The document describes a 'Presidency 200' quiz with 20 multiple choice questions about important people and events from 1820s to 2010s. The first question asks to identify 'X' and 'Y' from information provided about the 1820s. 'X' is Napoleon Bonaparte who Jean Lafitte is rumored to have rescued from exile in Louisiana. 'Y' is Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish soldier who was supposedly held captive by Lafitte in Galveston before becoming his associate.
In this THIRD ISSUE of YANKEE SCOUT in the Civil War, as Pvt. Drew and his comrades of the 6th Maine Infantry regiment assume their posts on the Maryland side of Chain Bridge, crossing the Potomac to the sacred Soil of Virginia, they are stunned to be met by dozens upon dozens of retreating Union soldiers, fleeing from the Yankees first and most humiliating defeat at Manassas Junction, on the little creek called Bull Run !!
What could have gone wrong? A total lack of proper military training, and no uniformity to the tactical drill, for one thing; then there's those old muskets, and a lack of target practice, and those silly uniforms that the Fire Zouaves wore!!
President Lincoln calls in Gen George B. McClellan from the battefields of West Virginia, and gives him command of the entire Union Army, and charges him with organizing it in the best professional fashion...
McClellan gets busy,. and soon there is a meticulously organized campground, better food, new Springfield 1861 rifles, daily tactical drilling , and new officers appearing in camp. Pvt. Drew and the 6th Maine Infantry regiment luck out, and are assigned to a new brigade formed under Brigadier General Winfield Scott Hancock -- who will go on to become one of the winningest generals in the Civil War. And, heck, that's a pretty good start ... I'll say ....
The document provides a history of Richmond's Iron Triangle neighborhood, beginning with its origins in the late 19th/early 20th century. It describes how the neighborhood got its name and boundaries from surrounding railroad tracks. The arrival of the railroad transformed Richmond from a rural to industrial city. Over time, the Iron Triangle became a diverse, working-class neighborhood home to many immigrant groups working in nearby factories. Industrial and population growth in the early 1900s established the Iron Triangle as Richmond's commercial center.
The document provides a historical overview of key sites along the Boston Freedom Trail, beginning with the Boston Commons where the earliest settlers lived. It then summarizes the history of landmarks like the Old South Meeting House, where the Boston Tea Party was planned, and Paul Revere's House. The document highlights the roles of figures like Revere and describes the events at Lexington and Concord leading up to the Battle of Bunker Hill. It concludes with information about the USS Constitution.
Mr. Sutro Buys a Townsite: Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins and the Central Paci...mikemahl
This article has as its starting point a Central Pacific Railroad deed dated September 12, 1872, recording a remarkable intersection of two great Western themes: the transcontinental railroad and Comstock Lode mining. It is signed by both Leland Stanford as President and Mark Hopkins as Trustee; Hopkins' signature is exceedingly rare. It conveys to Adolph Sutro one section of land in Lyon County, Nevada, which investigation reveals to have encompassed the mouth of the Sutro Tunnel and nearly all of the town of Sutro. That tunnel, nine years in the building, drained the deep levels of the Comstock Lode to a point four miles distant near the Carson River. The deed bears U.S. and Nevada revenue stamps. The stories of Hopkins, Sutro and the Tunnel are retold, complete with photos and maps.
This power point was the power point I showed during my presentation to my peers. This was to inform them about the Battle of Point Pleasant, to show how you can bring technology into the classroom, and how you can make this lesson fun and bring all learners into this lesson.
Finals of Seek Under Porus 2014, the 6th edition of KQA History QuizPraveen VR
Here are the answers to the 6 questions on National Heroes:
1. Bulgaria. MacGahan was a journalist who reported on the atrocities committed against Bulgarians during the April Uprising of 1876, helping spark international outrage and intervention that eventually led to Bulgaria's independence from the Ottoman Empire.
2. Ibrahim Rugova. He was the first President of Kosovo during its transition to independence.
3. Wenceslas. The artwork pays tribute to the equestrian statue of King Wenceslas I of Bohemia in Prague.
4. Bob Marley. The iconic reggae artist Bob Marley organized the One Love Peace Concert in Kingston, Jamaica in 1978 in an attempt to reconcile the political
This document provides context and background information for the book Stalingrad by Edwin P. Hoyt. It begins with an acknowledgement of help from the editor Robert Gleason. The introduction then discusses the author Edwin Hoyt and praise for his portrayal of the Battle of Stalingrad. It provides a high-level summary of key events in the lead up to the German invasion of Russia on June 22, 1941 and the initial denial by Stalin that an attack was imminent. It concludes by introducing some of the major figures on both sides who were involved in the Battle of Stalingrad.
This document summarizes key events leading up to the American Revolution from 1760-1776:
- In 1760, the King imposed taxes on certain papers in the colonies to pay for the French and Indian War, angering colonists who said "no taxation without representation."
- In 1770, British soldiers opened fire on a crowd in Boston, killing several colonists in what became known as the Boston Massacre.
- In 1773, colonists dressed as Native Americans dumped tea from British ships into Boston Harbor in protest of tea taxes, known as the Boston Tea Party.
- On April 19, 1775 the American Revolutionary War began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord
George Catlin was an American artist who traveled extensively in the 1830s to paint portraits of Native Americans across North America. He was the first artist to create accurate depictions of indigenous peoples in their natural environments. Catlin aimed to document Native American cultures before they were impacted by westward expansion and the forced relocation of tribes. Today, his body of work is an important historical and cultural record. It provides insights into indigenous traditions and a crucial period of American history defined by the displacement of Native peoples.
This excerpt from the book 1776 by David McCullough provides historical context for the American Revolutionary War from the British perspective in 1775. It describes King George III's procession to Parliament to address the crisis in America. The King was determined to compel obedience from the colonies and reinforce the army in America. However, the British army had already suffered heavy losses at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Opposition to the war was growing in London, but the King remained popular and resolved to continue the fight to assert Parliament's authority over the colonies.
With Falls City, in Polk County, Oregon lying dead center along the line of the line of east-west traverse of the moon's shadow from the coming August 21 eclipse, we thought it appropriate to commemorate this historic event with the publication (by uploading) of this LOST issues of the PYM PUZZLER -- MISSING PERSONS !
Falls City (Oregon) is one of Oregon’s gemstones-of a–town, which – about a century ago, was about the burgeoningist logging and lumber-milling towns on the Little Luckiamute River, in the foothills of the Coast Range, in western Polk County. TAKE NOTE: the City took its name from a particularly powerful waterfall on that same Little Luckimaute river, west and upriver a spot, from the heart of where the town was built: for it is there that the Little Luckiamute not only “falls” but – in its natural state – is largely propelled where it is funneled through a congestion of rocks on the banks at the brink of the falls – creating an especially spumey cataract of some 40-50 feet.
HOWEVER, at the time of the events in question in This Week’s Puzzler, the Little Luckiamute was dammed – a development enplaced during the late 1800’s – as pictured above. Water in the reservoir behind the dam, was diverted via an aquaduct of tongue-and-groove fir boards, to power the sawmill on the south bank of the Luckiamute … BUT THERE'S SOMETHING MYSTERIOUS GOING ON HERE ... FIND OUT INSIDE !!
DESCRIPTION OF THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER -- Capt. Wm. Black (1813) Roch Steinbach
H.M.S. Racoon, Capt. Black, enters the mouth of teh Columbia River Nov. 30, 1913 to take possession of Astoria, during the War of 1812 !!.
I transcribed this extraordinary document a decade or so ago, from a photostatic copy held in the collection of the Oregon Historical Society. Apparently there are gaps in the text, or in the imagery of the text, or perhaps I just need to get back in and finish the job??? This is my complete effort at the time, and includes Capt. Black's description of critical repairs to teh Raccoon at at Angel Island, as well as of Mission San Francisco in early 1814, Monterey etc., and rather extensive material on Black's relationship with the Mexican government at the time... A HUGE DOCUMENT, totally underexposed...
IT'S ALL IN THE MINES !! -- RE-OPEN THE BUREAU OF MINESRoch Steinbach
The document discusses the history and evolution of the U.S. Department of Commerce. It argues that under Secretary Herbert Hoover in the 1920s, the Commerce Department was reorganized to better promote American business and productivity. Hoover brought in efficiency principles and sought to standardize industries. However, over the 20th century the Commerce Department shifted towards data collection roles and away from stimulating economic productivity. The document calls for restoring Hoover's vision by reorganizing Commerce and reopening the Bureau of Mines to refocus on core economic functions.
HOOVER'S BUILDING CODE COMMITTEE REPORT -- 1925Roch Steinbach
AS EARLLY AS THE 1920'S there were widespread complaints in the construction industry, about inconsistency in the way building codes were being implemented. In 1920 the Senate Select Committee on Reconstruction and Production concluded: "The building codes of the country have not been developed upon scientific data, but rather on compromises; they are not uniform in principle and in many instances
involve an additional cost of construction without assuring most useful or more durable buildings. TWO YEARS LATER, new Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover reported to Congress that conflicting building codes were increasing construction costs by 10 to 20 percent. Hoover appointed a Building Code Committee to draft recommendations that could be
used by local governments in preparing codes. The committee worked with the National Bureau of Standards until 1933, when funding was curtailed.
HERE., BY WAY OF ILLUSTRATION IS A REPORT ISSUED BY HOOVER'S BUILDING CODE COMMITTEE IN 1925 ....
HERE IT IS !!!! PART 3 OF THREE FROM SYM-ZONIA'S SUMMER OF SYM.-ERGY ~~~ (2014) with it's original BONUS COVER !!!
YES, it's a fact: THE PYRAMID LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION as it turned out, is shaped just like the outline of a KEY!!! making it beyond any doubt the TRUE KEY of the TRUCKEE RIVER... But we all know there's little sense in having a TRUE KEY until you can also match it to its TRUE LOCK !! So JOIN Native American UNK-KNOWN, Stephanie Beckon, Randy Kajtushka and the regular cast of experts, along w/ COL. JOHN CHARLES FREMONT, as they do what they can to assist Rupert Roget (Ret) former surveyor of Coon County, Oregon, to locate the TRUE LOCK that can UNLOCK your SUMMER OF SYM-ERGY !!!
TONY CHAITKIN: THE COUP -- KENNEDY & TRUMP: THEN & NOWRoch Steinbach
1) The document discusses a coup against President Trump similar to what happened to JFK, with forces trying to block Trump's aims of partnership with Russia and ending wars.
2) It then discusses Allen Dulles and Lyman Lemnitzer who betrayed President Roosevelt and later President Kennedy, working with British intelligence to pursue separate peace deals with Nazis and shift Germany's forces against Russia, America's ally.
3) Dulles and Lemnitzer met secretly with Nazi general Karl Wolff in 1945 behind Roosevelt's back, undermining Roosevelt's policy of unconditional surrender and post-war cooperation with the Soviet Union.
CAPT. GEO FLAVEL -- WRECK & PERIL OF THE GEN'L WARREN -- LONG FORMRoch Steinbach
The General Warren, a steamship owned by Abernethy & Clark, sank off the coast of Oregon after attempting to cross the Columbia River bar during a storm. The ship was overloaded with loose wheat cargo and took on water quickly. When it turned back to Astoria harbor, the ship became unmanageable in the strong tide and storm conditions. Captain George Flavel, the bar pilot, beached the ship on Clatsop Spit, but it was already breaking apart in the heavy surf. Many passengers and crew drowned in the sinking, though some were able to get to shore in the ship's one remaining lifeboat.
PRESENTING THE ORIGINAL PYM PUZZLER in which was first posed the question PURPORTEDLY answered in the MATCH OF THE MILLENNIUM issue, as to whether the mysterious Western masterpiece "THE TRAPPER'S LAST SHOT'" is actually the artwork of WILLIAM TYLEE RANNEY as is conventionally and even universally accepted, or in fact does not -- as if FAR MORE LIKELY -- represent the work of a completely DIFFERENT WESTERN ARTIST, and one at east as good as RANNEY, maybe better, and who was a friend of JOE MEEK, whom all reasonable minds must agree, is actually represented in the painting , as he makes his lonesome transcontinental journey through MONTANA, and the headwaters of the Missouri River, ON HIS WAY TO WASHINGTON CITY, D.c., to beg for Federal aid for teh American settlers in Oregon !!
This document provides an in-depth analysis and speculation about the hanging of mutineers from the ship HMS Dromedary, comparing details from Melville's Billy Budd novella. It considers representations of the hanging in historical artworks and examines phrases used by Melville to theorize that one of the mutineers, possibly modeled after Billy Budd, may have escaped by slipping his handcuffs and freeing himself from the noose. The document constructs an elaborate hypothetical scenario of how this may have occurred and explores various textual clues and historical sources to support this conjecture.
This document provides context around Private Henry Drew's capture and imprisonment in Richmond, Virginia in late 1863. It describes how Drew was scouting for the Union Army near Mine Run, Virginia when he was captured by Confederate forces. He was then escorted by train to Richmond and taken to the office of the provost marshal, Major Elias Griswold. The document also provides historical details about street layout in Richmond and references a contemporary guidebook to help locate Confederate government offices that had been distributed around the city due to the expansion of the administration.
DRAFT ONLY -- PROPOSAL FOR A RE-ORGANIZED COMMERCE DEPTRoch Steinbach
THE U.S. ECONOMY NEEDS, IN PART, a Commerce Department re-organized along the lines of the one created by Herbert Hoover, during his service as Commerce Secretary. This Cabinet office became the engine to America's "Arsenal of Democracy" on the outbreak of WWII,
What Roosevelt appreciated in Hoover's Commerce Dept., was , however, was the extraordinary development and increase of influence that had accrued to Commerce, once it was helmed by a serious, hard-boiled U.S. mining engineer, responsible for successfully and profitably extracting mineral ores from the “bosom of the earth” using the most ingenious, leading-edge but reliable subterranean excavation, construction, mineral extraction technologies – and hard labor: Hoover himself had gotten his start working in the mines near Nevada City, California where he pushed mine-cars bodily, or manually, for a living. He also had to track the latest chemical-assaying techniques, work out cost-benefit projections for the latest milling machinery, guarantee the maintenance and upkeep of equipment, safety of existing shafts, and the digging of new ones, and personally create the “interfacing” of often–inaccessible mine-owners digs, by seeing to the construction of stub lines to the nearest rail-connections, in order to ensure transfer of ores to milling and processing plants sometimes scores or hundreds of miles away; and bring it all to work employing sometimes strife-ridden labor: all to start and then maintain productivity, not merely as against a fluctuating market demand, but sometimes also against all the physical, geological and material resistance that Mother Nature could compile to thwart him. The role of the mining engineer, in interfacing between hard, natural & physical contingencies and the masses of economic mankind, in order to render the former economically fruitful to the latter, is little appreciated today, when business often is reduced to playing by or adjusting man-made rules … creating new manners of valueless fictional papers is seen as showing business acumen.
HERE IT IS -- PERHAPS THE APEX of internet-based online historical puzzling, the classic CAUGHT ON TYPE !! issue of the PYM PUZZLER, edited by A.P. Dromgoole. This timeless issue craftily discloses, almost for the first time, the true but hidden history of the California Gold Rush, which opened not in 1849 with an exodus of New Englanders from the EAST Coast, but INSTEAD in August, 18848, with an exodus of OREGONIANS from the PACIFIC coast, -- from the Willamette Valley, in particular, heading south to California. The story begins when a strange single-masted vessel moors along the waterfront in Oregon City, just below the Falls, and begins buying up all the supplies in town !!! Why? SOON ENOUGH word leaks out of the gold strikes in the Sacramento valley, and before long wagon-trains are forming up locally, and men are leaving behind their well-tended fields and crops,their homesteads, and even their wives and children, for a long-shot chance to STRIKE IT RICH !! Amongst these men are some significant figures, who will soon make their mark on California history -- most notably the Honorable "P.' who makes a point of soliciting into his company, one young man, Charlie Putnam: the unknown, nondescript typesetter for the only newspaper being published on the Tualatin Plains in 1848 !! But just who was "The Honorable P" and why did he want to bring Charley along, of all people in the valley? Luckily some of their conversation was CAUGHT ON TYPE !! So perhaps you can find out, in why .... Only in PM PUZZLER -- CAUGHT ON TYPE !!
In which was addressed for the first time in World history ''Who was the Perpetrator of the Perplexing Plats of the Umpqua River Watershed" and how & why did create such wild, colorful and geeky oddball municipal plats for the cities and towns of Douglas County -- for instance "DRAIN" !! FEATURING A
PERTINENT GUEST CONTRIBUTION FROM ASS DR. BECKON !!
THIRD PART OF THE TRILOGY famously begun in SYM-ZONIA -- WATERSHED MOMENT !!, in this issue Michael C. Goldengate returns with further details on the mysterious survey plats of DOUGLAS COUNTY, Oregon, and the Umpqua River basin, wherein are uniquely found the works of a figure known to posterity only as the B.O.U.B. And, in particular, Goldengate probes into what may be tender areas in the personal history of the B.O.U.B., when his survey work shows a departure from a generally happy-go-lucky disposition, and takes a turn towards the darker side of life, as seen in his "Brooding Burnt Umber" period. What happened to the B.O.U..B.to cause him to create such gloomy, despairing survey plats???
RECENT RUMORS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE will fall with welcome on the ears of Oregon's "agricultural" community (U.S. Department of Forestry is in the USDA !!) throughout the state, especially in Southern Oregon'd mostly mountainous counties like Jackson, Josephine, Coos, Curry and Douglas, where, along with mining, logging has always been the economic bedrock that kept county services viable.
AT SYM-ZONIA, we the remnant followers of Michael C. Goldengate (ska "Stargate") and Stephanie Beckon herself, which to commemorate the occasion of the possible pending return of protectionism for domestic manufactures and serious industry, with the re-release of this stupendous "DRAIN" issue, and its discussion of the extraordinary history of BOHEMIA COUNTY, Oregon which had its proposed county seat in the town of DRAIN, itself -- with a key contribution form Ass Dr. Beckon herself, addressing teh question of whether Drain, Oregon isn't in fact the location of the REAL Oregon Vortex.
NOTE: THIS ISSUE IS IN FOLLOWUP to the August 19, 2012 "WATERSHED MOMENT" ISSUE, which will appear later.
Following the decisive Battle of Rappahannock Station on the Rappahannock River, on November 7, 1863, General Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia, DEFEATED, have now RETREATED further into Virginia, abandoning their Winter Quarters in Culpeper County, and continuing on south into Orange County, taking up new positions, and establishing his camp south of the Rapidan River in Orange County, near an overflown creek, known as Mine Run. Union Gen Meade gives Gen. John Sedgwick one last campaign assignment.
The Mine Run Campaign, so-called, was the General Meade's last-ditch effort to engage Lee's Army before the full onset of the Winter of ‘63-64. But Lee's new Winter Quarters south of Mine Run were so formidably defended -- by swamplands to the northwest, mingling with the overflown ice-cold waters of Mine Run itself, and a dozen other small creeks and sloughs; and furthermore blocked with thickets of slash and timber – “abattis” -- that the Army of Northern Virginia was completely impregnable to standard attack here!! The landscape was incomprehensible to military tactics, and thus thwarted every strategy: therefore, skirmishes dominated the "campaign" and isolated limited engagements marked the end of the 1863 fighting season, with Meade throwing in the towel.
Such indeterminacy does not make for STANDARD military literature -- but Pvt. Drew's narrative of scouting MINE RUN, and other relevant action, can be counter-pointed with other accounts to realize a vivid vision of the wintertime action !!
McNARY-HAUGEN -- 1927 HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE HANDBOOKRoch Steinbach
THIS 1927 PAMPHLET IS INSTRUCTIVE on at least two counts, FIRST, in that it details the finer points of public debate concerning the possible advantages and potential disadvantages of the passage of the McNary-Haugen farm surplus bill, vintage 1927, for the establishment of a National Ag Bank, and in doing so -- that is because of the extraordinary level of mastery of public policy issues represented by the prompts in this text -- it also makes for an embarrassing reminder of the catastrophic falloff in the calibre of American public education over the ensuing 90 years, and also in American public political debate in general. Certainly it also illustrates something all of Washington has forgotten, that the U.S. economy has a historical & widespread cultural foundation in serious scientific agriculture and in the pursuit of improvements both in cultivation techniques and in policies that benefited the FARMER.
IT JUST SO HAPPENS that Mr. Schmidt's Google "Search" engine, has buried most such texts in which the merits of McNary-Haugen are treated: even Congressional Record Reports and hearings are unavailable. There are some texts available for access at the Hathitrust, but these require a subscription to get access. This particular unusual text I obtained myself, and scanned in a digital scanner some time ago, as appears from the irregularity of the page positioning. It should be a good text to begin considering whether an updated McNary-Haugen type of Ag Bank might still be of use to American farmers in his quest for price parity.
WITH THE OROVILLE DAM emergency spillway threatening to give way releasing a deluge and possibly Feather River downstream into a literal SHIT RIVER threatening MARYSVILLE and YUBA CITY and numerous other tranquil settlements downriver, its may be worth recalling that the denizen of MARYSILLE were once obliged to adventure into the remotest and most inaccessible regions of the Pacific coast to find SHIT RIVER itself, which was then merely mythologicial....
YES -- FANS, this is the story that started it all !!
IT'S A DESPARATE tale of Civil War deprivations and FORAGING by the half-starved men of the 6th Maine Infantry, one of the regiments in Brig-Gen's Winfield Scott Hancock's historic First Brigade that saw good service at Williamsburg and White Oak Swamp earlier in the advance of Gen. McClellan's 1862 Peninsular Campaign, and only more recently skirmished with Rebs at Second Battle of Bull Run !!
THE BATTLE-SCARRED men now make their way through a war-ravaged District of Columbia on their way to a certain rendezvous with the Army of Northern Virginia under command of Gen. Robert E Lee -- first at the battle of South Mountain, and shortly thereafter at ANTIETAM. But meanwhile, the men of the U.S. Army must EAT and as they enter Southern-sympathetic MARYLAND the citizens HOLDOUT on them, and official provisions are scarce, and what there is, is limited to Lincoln' s HARD-TACK and SALT PORK -- and if they want to sink their teeth into any fresh meat, the men are obliged to take DESPARATE MEASURES !! And then, they see the answer: Now ...
FIND OUT HOW THEY STOLE THE GOOSE, KEPT IT SECRET, AND THEN COOKED IT GOOD ....
THE DEBATE CONTINUES in advance of eager intellectual investigation to solve the question of the TRUE authorship of "William Tyee Ranney"'s under-appreciated Wild West masterpiece, "THE TRAPPER'S LAST SHOT" -- which, it is asserted by Interim Editor Dromgoole, actually shows Oregon Pioneer Father JOE MEEK on special embassy to Washington City, encountered and encircled by a marauding band of BLACKFEET Indians. SPECIAL ISSUE includes a blockbuster reader contribution, revealing a hidden "R" on the horse's saddelback -- BUT also establishing that the artist possessed advanced equine experience, tending once again to suggest it was JOHN MIX STANLEY, and not W.T. RANNEY, the stay-at-home, who executed this fine painting.
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
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Green Energy Corporation, a leading renewable energy company, faces a dilemma: balancing profitability and sustainability. Pressure to scale rapidly has led to ethical concerns, as the company's commitment to sustainable practices is tested by the need to satisfy shareholders and maintain a competitive edge.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
In this talk we'll have a look to the cumulative effect of the constraints of a remote working environment and of the common countermeasures.
2. In the last “Christmas in Richmond” issue of
YANKEE SCOUT, our heroes George, the
Fugitive Slave and Pvt. Calif Newton Drew,
sub. nom “Sam” the slave, after a late night
playing a Christmas Eve coloreds-only ball, in
some large but unidentified warehouse down on
the Richmond waterfront, had just pushed off from
somewhere along the Richmond docks, quiet on this
Christmas morning, out onto the frigid waters of the
James River, as they make their desperate clandestine
getaway from …
As part of the escape plan, Pvt. Drew is now thoroughly disguised in black-face makeup that was expertly applied
by none other than George the slave himself, who, as an African-American, has an expert’s insight into this sort of
thing, and who – being a barber – also cut Pvt. Drew’s hair “so short you could hardly see it.” [See last issue ! – Ed.]
Now, with this baffling role-reversal, Pvt. Drew looks the spittin’ image of a strong young Ni….Ne….ne… ni … n-n
African-American man, and is a suitable street-companion for George. Thus united in intent, and now largely in
appearance, the two fugitives are stuck together like brothers, and ready to execute their common plan.
As reported Last Issue, before the two men pushed off, Pvt. Drew had had a few days in Richmond, during the
run-up to the Christmas Eve Ball, to “cruise about the city” in his blackface: and he undoubtedly had many fine
adventures as he explored downtown – enjoying the hospitality of the Rebels during this, his surprise Christmas
furlough. It is believed that he also found one or two occasions to express to the citizens of Richmond his
profoundest gratitude for all they had done for him and his Union Army companions during the ongoing Civil War
– which adventures we cannot here recreate … BECAUSE ……..
3. Horses of Federal troops tied up in the ruins of downtown Richmond, ca. April 3, 1865.
BECAUSE … much, very much, of this waterfront district of Richmond, which Pvt. Drew is exploring incognito,
was later burned to the ground as the Confederate gum’mint evacuated before the advance of General Ulysses
Grant’s Union Army forces.
Indeed, on April 2, 1865, as a final parting favor to Virginia, General Robert E. Lee – in retreat -- set fire to many
of the most significant buildings, office structures and other installations in the heart of downtown Richmond:
including the Navy Yard, Arsenal and mills. Planning for this Evacuation began in the Confederate War
Department in February 1865 – where the buildings to be consumed or spared, were identified. But there not
being any means of controlling the fire once set, a city-wide conflagration ensued. As the rebel forces departed, it
was left to the Mayor and City Fathers of Richmond to offer their urgent surrender to advancing Union troops, and
beg their assistance in quenching the flames … …. which the Union Army then extinguished.
4. Map Showing Burned Districts of Richmond (1864) [sic]
The New York Times reported on the effects of this scorched-earth policy of General Robt. E. Lee:
At present we cannot do more than enumerate some of the most
prominent buildings destroyed. These include the Bank of Richmond,
Traders' Bank, Bank of the Commonwealth, Bank of Virginia, Farmers'
Bank, all the banking houses, the American Hotel, the Columbian Hotel,
the Enquirer building on Twelfth-street, the Dispatch Office and job
rooms, corner of Thirteenth and Main streets; all that block of buildings
known as Devlin's Block; the Examiner Office, engine and machinery
rooms; the Confederate Post-office Department building; the State Court-
house; a fine old building situated on Capitol-square, at its Franklin-street
entrance; the Mechanics' Institute, vacated by the Confederate States War
Department, and all the buildings on that square up to Eighth-street and
back to Main-street; the confederate arsenal and laboratory, Seventh-street.
All the banks were burned! But not the Tredegar Iron Works. That’s strange.
To find out why, READ ON!!! To learn which among these buildings not
identified by the New York Times reporter, were also being used as
Confederate offices – at least as of October, 1863 -- the reader would do well to
consult the trusty Evans & Co. handbook, The Stranger’s Guide & Official
Directory for the City of Richmond, Vol 1 No. 1 (October, 1863).
WAIT …
That reminds me …..
5. INDEED …., before focusing too closely on the Richmond Evacuation fire, and our brief excursus into the survival
from the flames, of the Tredegar Iron Works (see below), its opportune to here recall that, as of the third week of
December, 1863, Pvt. Drew was truly astray –himself a “Stranger in Richmond”: and he probably could have used
the benefit of the Evans & Co.’s recently published Stranger’s Guide : for, as an exhaustive directory to the
headquarters of Confederate officials, the Stranger’s Guide could inform Pvt. Drew as to which buildings and
alleyways to avoid, and which doorknobs in Richmond he would be well-advised not to turn!
Of course, if Pvt. Drew had got his hands on a copy of the Stranger’s Guide, ( at 50c Confed’te) he would have
noticed first the conspicuous and annoying lack of map – an evident oversight, referenced in the last issue of
YANKEE SCOUT – Christmas in Richmond. A Guide Book of this sort which does not include at least a sketch
map of city streets, is of little use to the Stranger… and so, the first thing such a Stranger might seek to do, might be
to locate the Confederate Cartographer’s office in Richmond in order to obtain such map to complement the handy
descriptions of the Stranger’s Guide. However, upon turning to the Index in any copy of the Stranger’s Guide –
all of them dated October, 1863 – he would find … that the Cartographer’s office was UNLISTED ! Correct: the
Guide does not identify the office of one of the most gifted cartographers of the 19th
Century, the peerless Jedediah
Hotchkiss:
All other marksmen were as nothing beside Hotchkiss, who was literally the
“fastest-draw” in the Confederate Army, and -- so it is said -- could execute
flawless maps delineating the Virginia and Pennsylvania landscape, even
while mounted on moving horseback. Now that’s a quick-draw artist!
His cartography shows an uncanny grasp of topography – Southern
topography in particular – and marks him as a one-man 19th
C. G.I.S. system
for the Confederates; and it can hardly be doubted that General Jackson
was so successful on his own Northern Virginia territory, in great part
because of the type of geographical home-turf advantage provided by
Hotchkiss. The Library of Congress has put up separate pages for the
invaluable maps in the numerous Hotchkiss collection. See,
http://www.loc.gov/collection/hotchkiss-maps
Hotchkiss was a New Yorker who settled in Virginia to teach, then later took up the Confederate cause. He was
regularly in the field, routinely tasked to make maps for the Generals: indeed ,after General “Stonewall” Jackson
asked Hotchkiss to draw his first battlefield map, a bond developed, and a dependency, that would have Hotchkiss
working so often with Jackson that he has been called Jackson’s “eyes”. On June 30, 1862 he was in Jackson’s H.Q.
at White Oak Swamp, for instance.1
See YANKEE SCOUT -- Battle of White Oak Swamp.
When Hotchkiss was not in the field, his only real established office, was at his home in Staunton, Va., and this fact
probably accounts for the omission of a C.S.A. Cartographer’s office per se, in Richmond. In other words,
Hotchkiss was indeed, a
But he was so close to Stonewall Jackson, that Jackson persuaded him to accept his
old gray cap, when the general bought a new one. That same cap was treasured by
Hotchkiss and his heirs, and eventually donated to the Civil War collection at VMI,
in 1939, where it still is today.
1
Hotchkiss may have had the most detailed journals of any single individual in the Confederate forces. Read
Archie P. McDonald’s excellent edition of these diaries, Make Me a Map of the Valley, (1973).
Jedediah Hotchkiss
6. When we speak of “peculiar institutions” in the South it is not generally of the Confederate Patent Office to which
we are referring. But in fact, there is nothing much more “peculiar” about the Confederate Government, than its
establishment of a Patent Office – which brought a number of strangers to Richmond. Established by act of the
Provisional Confederate Congress of March 4, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama, and then removed to Richmond,
the purpose of the Patent Office, was to encourage by commercial patent, the development of the latest scientific
inventions, particularly those in the areas or mining, smelting, ballistics, firearms and weaponry, and other
technologies that might advance the Confederate cause on the field of battle. The Confederacy was, literally, a State
of War, after all.
Per the Stranger’s Guide, we know that the patent office was
located in the south front room of the third floor of the War
Department building (the former Mechanics Institute – with the
observatory ), on 9th
St., opposite Banks Street Other sources
confirm, that throughout the war, the C.P.O. was overseen by
Rufus R. Rhodes of Mississippi – shown at right.
Rhodes was a diligent administrator for the patent office,
producing, originally, a set of rules and regulations to govern the
submissions of Confederate (and other!) inventors, and then
successfully examining and processing scores of new applications
through the office every year. During Rhodes tenure – which
spanned the entire war – the C.P.O. issued a professional annual
report for Pres. Jeff Davis, tabulating submissions and patent grants. Apparently all of these reports have survived.
See the collection at: http://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Rhodes%2C%20Rufus%20R%22
The bulk of patent applications and grants were naturally for ballistic
devices or improvements of process on fabricating weaponry and
munitions -- but that did not prevent Rhodes from taking a view to
Confederate posterity, when he granted the Confederacy’s unique design
patent to none other than Frederick Folck of “Nuremberg, Bavaria” for
his bust portrait of Gen. Stonewall Jackson – presumably patentable
because the bust was based on Jackson’s death-mask.
Rufus J. Rhodes was from out of town: indeed, he too was a
Yes, he was a stranger … BUT HE WAS NOT THE STRANGEST !!!
That distinction probably fell to his own Patent Office Examiner ….
Com. Rufus R. Rhodes
7. Of all the queer old birds roosting in Richmond during the Civil war, easily
the strangest was Rufus Rhodes’ own hand-picked Patent Examiner -- the
elusive Americus Featherman, shown at right, in a photo from the late
1870’s. Believed to have been born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, Featherman
later migrated north and had settled in Richmond at least by the early
1850’s, and was employed as an engineer at Tredegar. It is not improbable
that Joseph Reid Anderson used his influence within the War Department,
to secure Featherman his position as “Examiner” in the Patent Office; yet
it is unconfirmed, that he earned the nickname “Duck” Featherman during
service as Confederate Army Brevet-Lieutenant in the short-lived
“Tredegar Battalion”. Apparently all the patents Featherman approved
can be found at the link given on the preceding page.
What no one suspected at the time, was that Featherman was not merely a gifted
engineer, but an auto-didact/polymath who had become an accomplished historian, e.g. of the French Revolution,
who regularly published in the Secessionist literary journal of record, De Bow’s. Featherman was also an outstanding
botanist, who, after the war, became professor at Louisiana State University, and published a comprehensive treatise
on the botany of his home state of Louisiana, Report of Botanical Survey of Southern and Central Louisiana, (1870).
The Internet Archive has a copy here: https://archive.org/details/reportla00feat
Featherman probably belies most stereotypes of the Southern intellectual
who was also an advocate of slavery, and Secessionist. Maybe. And perhaps
while working the Patent Office, but certainly after leaving it - he cultivated a
most subtle and nuanced sociological analysis of American life. Sort of. See
his text, Thoughts and Reflections on Modern Society (London, 1894), which
includes some eye-opening discussions on topics ranging from “Controversy”
to “Manufacturers” and “Clerks.” Featherman seems to have developed a
deep appreciation for (almost) every class and trade of man. Possibly – but
did he remain a bitter racist to the core? YOU Find out !!!
Most remarkable, however, is surely Featherman’s work on the races of
mankind world-wide. By this, we mean of course his multi-volume treatise,
Social History of the Races of Mankind (1881-1892) -- an accomplishment
of breathtaking scope, sweep and daring: revealing an unsurpassed capacity
for digestion and synthesis of hundreds of sources.
The books have to be opened to be appreciated. Sociology by a racist?
The reader is offered this handy tip: it’s best to begin reading this demanding series with the Fifth Division on the
ARMAENEANS (shown here) which was published first, and has an introduction and prefatory material
accordingly. Digital files of Americus “Duck” Featherman’s nearly complete oeuvre [ works --- Ed.] can be found
at: https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Featherman%2C+A.+(Americus)%2C+1822-%22
Americus “Duck” Featherman
8. The devastation from the Evacuation fire was widespread. Some fires were ordered set by the C.S.A.
government, but these fires spread. Then, when the city was evacuated, prisoners from the Penitentiary formed a
mob which further looted, ransacked and burned Richmond. They mobs took over the Confederate arsenal --
causing an explosion which blew out all the windows at nearbyTredegar.
HERE, the populace flees downtown Richmond across Mayo’s bridge, to Manchester on the south
side of the James River…. this is the same bridge that Pvt. Drew narrowly avoided taking, when he
slipped a line prisoners being marched to Belle Isle -- see the Last Issue, Stranger in Richmond I.
9. As can be seen from the map on p. 3, above, Richmond lost much of its historic downtown, and even the Capitol
building itself, designed by Thomas Jefferson, was threatened. Most of the city’s waterfront buildings burned down,
including many structures that had been converted to use by the Confederate Army. As noted by the NY Times,
the confederate arsenal and weapons laboratory were destroyed; while at the extreme western edge of the burn, the
Virginia State Armory was destroyed.
But the critical Tredegar Iron Works was not touched. The roof of the spike factory at Tredegar burned off, and
some windows blew out -- but this was the extent of damage. Last Issue, it was observed that owner Joseph Reid
Anderson had hired armed guards – in fact, his own “Tredegar Battalion” – the company military unit -- to protect
Tredegar from arson. This is true…..
But perhaps the real threat to Tredegar was the C.S.A War Department, where, beginning in February, 1865,
preparations were being taken for a possible evacuation of Richmond. As planning proceeded, Anderson had
appealed to the newly-appointed Secretary of War, to spare the Tredegar. In March, 1865 he wrote suggesting that
“it will not be considered proper, that our forces should destroy” the iron works.
The new Secretary of War after James A Seddon, (who was in office while Drew was visiting Richmond – See,
Stranger’s Guide, p. 6 (Vol. 1 No. 1 (October, 1863)) was none other than John C. Breckinridge, former (splinter)
Southern Democratic candidate for President in the 1860 elections. [See Last Issue – Ed.] It was Breckinridge
who, in the face of conflicting opinions from officials in his War Department, and in response to Anderson’s
appeals, never issued an order to burn2
the Tredegar Iron Works -- the single most significant component of the
Confederate arsenal. On April 2, most of Richmond went up in flames – ranging from the War Department
building itself (in the old Mechanics Institute, etc.) to such militarily insignificant structures as the Shockoe Tobacco
Warehouse. But why was the Tredegar spared? The confederate arsenal was torched, and the laboratory ….
Why would General Lee and the Secretary of War allow this strategically critical facility to fall into Union hands …?
What considerations over-rode his judgement …. A pre-existing alliance? A higher cause? What ideal could unite
these two men, that might supersede their all-out dedication to the cause of Southern independence?
It was Breckinridge who as of about February, 1865, recognized that the Southern Cause was futile, and began
urging Jefferson Davis to surrender; from within the War department, he began making preparations accordingly.
It would be Breckinridge with this determination, who was in a position to advise Anderson at Tredegar, that the
Confederacy was a “magnificent epic” at its end – and thus gave Anderson the time to convert his Confederate scrip
into dollars of French francs, and make his own escape, and go into exile in France.
So what was “strategic” about the Evacuation fire? Apparently nothing – but we will not speculate here, on the
motives of the members of the War Department, for incinerating the rest of downtown Richmond.
2
See Charles Dew, Ironmaker to the Confederacy, (1966) pp. 285-6
10. In the last issue of YANKEE SCOUT – Christmas in Richmond, the Editor referenced Joseph R. Anderson’s role
at Tredegar Iron Works, in relation to Southern Secession and the conduct of hostilities from the Confederate side.
It was also mentioned that Anderson -- a West Point graduate with a high class rank -- had volunteered his services
in the field to Jeff Davis and Gen. Robt. E Lee. His offer was accepted, though the diarist John B. Jones wrote,
“he does not look like a military genius.”3
He was commissioned as a brigadier-general in September, 1861, and
ordered to duty in North Carolina, and given a coast command, over the District of Cape Fear.
But as the Grand Army of the Potomac under General McClellan made some of its most significant advances
toward the Confederate capitol during the month of April 1862, in the climax of the Peninsular Campaign
(sometimes called the Siege of Richmond – see below) Anderson’s brigade was called up to assist in the defense
of Richmond. Upon his return to Henrico County, Gen. Anderson was assigned to A.P. Hill’s Light Division, and
went into combat during the Seven Days’ Battles for the Confederate capital. Charles Dew writes:
“His brigade saw its first action at Beaver Dam Creek on June 26. In this action and in the fierce fighting
in the swamps at Gaines’ mill the next day, Anderson led his men like a seasoned professional. Three
days later when he took his men into battle again, this time near Frayser’s Farm, Anderson suffered a slight
head wound and was temporarily disabled. His retirement from active service came two weeks later.” 4
Anderson and his brigade were not far away from White Oak Swamp on
June 30th
– but they soon would be…. What had happened to so
intimidate Brig-Gen Anderson …? Did he meet the 6th
Maine Infantry?
General Anderson saw three full days of battle, over the span of five days
active service, calling it quits on June 30, 1862 – after less than a week --
and headed in to hospital to convalesce from a slight head wound. That
was indeed a privileged term of service not shared by many – but his
gallantry on the field made an everlasting impression on his comrades.5
The Yanks had been relentless … Even the great general Stonewall
Jackson had suffered a serious loss to his forces, in the Battle of White
Oak Swamp on June 30, 1862 – but to this day, historians are unaware of
the severity of the casualties suffered by Jackson’s troops there – and
conventions attribute Jackson’s failure to cross the swamp, to his
“nodding” – that is, suffering a lack of personal initiative. The real story
is related only in YANKEE SCOUT – Battle of White Oak Swamp.
Don’t miss it !!
As for General Anderson, he proffered his resignation to Lee two weeks
later on July 14, 1862: “I am grieved to say that circumstances (my duty to
my country) seem to make it imperative for me to leave the field before the war is terminated and return to my
duties at the Tredegar Works.” Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, thanked Anderson for his
service, and the Secretary of War accepted his resignation.6
Anderson’s real work was in managing the critical output of iron and arms from the Tredegar. The following
September, 1862, he was back in Richmond after less than a year of active duty. He was given a special command
as general over “the Tredegar battalion,” consisting almost entirely of men employed by Tredegar Iron Works: men
whose aspirations and thirst for martial laurels would not otherwise be slaked, but whose skills could not be spared,
or exposed to risks on the battlefield. The Tredegar was that critical to the Confederate cause …..
3
Charles Dew, Ironmaker to the Confederacy, p. 96
4
Ibid, p. 150.
5
See, Kathleen Bruce, Virginia Iron Manufacture in the Slave Era, (1968) pp. 461-62
6
Dew, p. 151
11. So, to return to our story – indeed, if ever there was a chance to strike at the underside of the Confederate war
machine, perhaps Pvt. Drew had that opportunity in the days leading up to Christmas, 1863: four full days within
which to develop a viable plan, acquire the necessary explosives, plant them secretively - and cripple Tredegar:
bringing the Southern supply chain of arms and munitions to a halt. The ammunition labs on Neilson’s Island just
off the riverbank, would also have made a good target.
This same day -- December 25, 1863 -- was his 18th
birthday, and while he was now fully growed, Drew was still a
young man, and a simple private. Of course he used this time to work with George the slave, to repair their skiff,
and make whatever other preparations necessary, in order to get out of Confederate controlled Richmond. George
had money from his working at dance-halls, that his “Massa” let him keep; and presumably both men had been
paid for providing music at two dances, over the last week. And there would be tips. With this Christmas cash
they could buy what they needed, provided they could find it for sale -- and so make their getaway.
Pvt. Drew wanted only to return to his comrades in the Union Army at Brandy Station. It was Drew who had
remembered – even decades later – training from superior officers in the Volunteer Militia, like Col. Hiram
Burnham, who, he said:
“… Gave me many useful instructions. The 1st
duty of a soldier is obedience – it matters not if it be a
Gen’l or a corporal that gives the order, you may ask for fuller instructions, but never but never argue the
matter, even if you know it to be wrong. Military discipline is the glory of a soldier – to be a good Soldier
a man must be able to grasp commands quickly and to carry them out accurately.” See YANKEE
SCOUT – New Recruit.
Drew’s last instructions before he left Union Army winter quarters at Brandy Station, before being captured Dec.18th
,
undoubtedly were simply to “report back” his findings to “his old acquaintance” General John Sedgwick -- in
command during the Meade’s absence “on holly day” – and thus of course, he still had a standing order to execute
….. and this meant he must return to Union Army headquarters.
12. Blacked Up
“We had got a skiff from a negro at the lower end of town – pretty
poor but we had worked on it got it tight, had made a couple
paddles. George had got the permit from his owner to fish but he
must have another to go with him. George had cut my hair so
short you couldn’t see it, and done a fine job at black[ing] me up.
We had hard work to get our fishing tackle togeather there was
none for sale. On the forenoon we spent a little time practicing
our music – then we got grub and outfit ready to go fishing.
“We began at 8 o’cl. P.M. to play at a big ware house on the dock
– there was over 200 dancers there, a supper at 1 o’cl. A.M. -
stoped at sunrise, left our instruments in the hall, took a basket of
grub we [had] stowed away at supper time and went to and got
into the skiff, started down the James River to fish for the
Richmond market.”
EDITOR’S NOTE:
The first leg of the fugitives’ voyage from Richmond to the first
Rebel guard post began with a launch from among the Richmond
docks, and was a boater’s ‘straight shot’ from there down to the
Confederate Fort Darling, constructed on Drury’s (now Drewry’s)
Bluff the SW bank of the James River, and serving Richmond as
it’s last line of nautical defense, from an attack brought up the James
River …..
Using the concentric rings on the map as a reference, for the two
fugitives, it was a slow, ice-cold, drift of about 8 miles to reach –
13. “View of the Attack on Fort Darling by Commander Rogers’s Gun- boat Flotilla,”
from Harper’s Weekly . May 31, 1862
When, in April, 1861, Lincoln ordered blockade of Southern ports, nowhere would the effects become more
pronounced than in Richmond. The James River was the single direct marine access to Richmond, about 78 miles
inland from Newport News and Hampton Roads. So it was especially challenged strategy to make Richmond the
Confederate Seat after the blockade began and this lifeline of resupply to Richmond was cut off. In 1862, the
Confederate effort to break the Union blockade at the mouth of the James River led to one of the most famous
naval battles in the Civil War – the contest between the U.S.S. Monitor and C.S.S. Merrimack – March 8-9, 1862.
The victory of Monitor, closed off the James River to Confederate vessels below Harrison’s Landing (see below, p.
19), ensuring easier re-supply for Union Army forces during the 1862 Peninsular Campaign, but cutting off
Confederate water access and re-supply to Richmond. After the Monitor’s victory, rumor of an impending Union
gunboat attack spread, and martial law was declared in Richmond, sending the city into panic. John Minor Botts
and others were arrested. The Confederate archives were boxed up and shipped to Columbia, S.C. and plans were
made for evacuation. But the Confederacy moved rapidly to obstruct the James River, and throw up defensive
works along its banks – concentrating these along the bend in the James at Drewry’s Bluff. The Union attack of
May 15, 1862 (shown here) was thereby thwarted – and the hastily prepared earthworks later formed the basis of
Fort Darling. Fort Darling held the River until the fall of Petersburg forced the evacuation of Richmond.
14. “We did not expect any trouble before getting to the fort. There the rebs had obstructions in the river and guards
on each bank and [during the ] nights one had to give the countersign.
By “obstructions in the river,”
Drew is referring to cribs of debris
lined across the river, and ships’
hulks that had been anchored or
sunk in or near the channel to
prevent navigation by Union
vessels, as noted above.
Left: The James River at Fort
Darling, the side-wheels of an
overturned river steamer,
believed to be those of either the
Northhampton, or the Jamestown
steamboats.
Below: A dismasted and
abandoned vessel, moored by its
spar mast to the shoreline
immediately below Fort Darling
(See maps, next two pages).
15. “We got off all right – had no trouble untill we got down to the Fort ….”
16. Getting Out
[ P. 135 ] “… but below
it we was called by a
picket on each bank.
“We drew up to the
right bank. George
presented his pass
saying, “We’s going to
the Mouth of the
Appomatox to fish.”
“They asked have you
any whiskey with you,
“My Massa would flog
me if he knew of me
drinking that stuff.”
17. “After passing a small island [ probably just off
Chapin’s Bluff –preceding page – Ed. ] George said
now we can talk so did as we paddled along.”
MILES TO GO : The two fugitives have now drifted
and paddled themselves downriver from the
Richmond docks to City Point at the mouth of the
Appomatox River, where George had told his massa,
they were going to fish.
City Point on the south bank of the Appomattox at
its confluence with the James River, is approximately
27 river miles below Richmond, and 60 river miles
from the mouth of the James, @ Newport News,
Virginia, or the Navy’s Hampton Roads; or the
Army’s Fortress Monroe.
18. “Sam” the runaway slave does not mention any overnight stop or camping along the riverbank, so this American
odyssey appears to have taken only a single day. In the middle of winter, December 25, 1863, the James River
would be at flood stage – recall all the flooding in the Rapidan drainage of the Rappahannock, around Mine Run,
VA. (See YANKEE SCOUT -- Winter Quarters – Ed ] and the water moving very fast – and very cold.
19. “He pointed out Harrison Landing – it did not look much as it did when I last saw it, the dock was stripped and
the land was deserted.”
EDITOR’S NOTE
George and Pvt. Drew are now paddling past James River shoreline familiar to Drew from his service under General
McClellan during the 1862 Peninsular Campaign. The Union Army staging grounds at Harrison’s Landing is just
around the bend and within a few miles down from City Point (now in the City of Hopewell), Virginia.
Below: a detail from Sheppard, Map Showing the Battle Grounds of the Chickahominy … in Connection with the
Siege of Richmond (1862) – showing the “Position of the Federal Army after the retreat”, reinforced against the
advance of Lee, following the Battle of Malvern Hill. The Union Army also staged its retreat from Harrison’s
Landing -- where vessels will pick up the Federal troops who had come within a few short miles of taking Richmond.
20. “We passed the Chickahominy and landed to bail [our] boat and eat a lunch standing under a tree for protection
form a big shower.”
The Chickahominy River debouches into the James River 27 miles further down from City Point at the Appomattox
mouth -- but it is still 33 more river miles to Newport News….. As the long, open voyage continues, the two men
have pulled their skiff ashore somewhere on the northern bank of the James, below the mouth of the Chickahominy,
to beat the weather, which is no longer favorable to the construction of their slight vessel…
“George said, “They tell me at home that the Lincoln gunboats come up here every day. I wish one would come
now.” The wind had kicked up quite a sea, so we waited, laughing.7
George said, “I wonder what Master’ll do for
a shave this morning.”
“Reconnoissance of the James River by Union Gun Boats,” Harper’s Weekly, June 28, 1862
7
At this point in is course to the Atlantic, the James does indeed open up to become, effectively, an inland sea.
21. “After it calmed down a little we [went down to] Williamsburg Landing and saw a tug-boat coming up the river,
and we made signals for them to stop. They picked us up. I told the captain who and what I was and how I
wanted to go to Washington as soon as I could. He told me I would have to wait until the next morning.”
To reach Fortress Monroe, is another 33-35 miles down the James River from the Williamsburg Landing over
what would be, in effect, open ocean to a skiff – their flat-bottomed paddle-boat. The trip has been long enough
already, and this wider reach of the James is a fine place for George and “Sam” to get a pick-up and leave their
getaway craft behind.
“George told him his story. The captain hired George to work on the boat. I got washed up – it took a lot of
water and soap to get all the black off.
“George gave me a shave. He shaved all the men on the boat – one of them told him he ought to be a barber.” 8
8
George evidently followed this suggestion, for Pvt. Drew records in his later memoirs, titled “The Next Cruise”,
that he met George in Williamsport, Pennsylvania ca 1871, at which time George was working as a barber.
22. “We landed at Fortress Monroe – the captain of the boat took me up to the Fort and presented me to the
commander. It was not Gen’l Wool and I forgot the name before morning,9
EDITOR’S NOTE
Drew has probably been presented to General Benjamin Franklin Butler,
a headstrong & controversial figure who was re-appointed to the
command at Fort Monroe on July 28, 1863 – and was still in charge as of
November, 1863. Butler had ordered Union troops into Baltimore in
June of 1861, in a successful bid to quell Secessionist riots that were
troubling the city – a course which earned him a promotion to major-
general. However, this same move had not been pre-approved by the
commanding General Winfield Scott, and Scott, possibly in retaliation,
ordered Butler to the command of Fortress Monroe. At this point, after,
after some two years in the field, he is back at the Army fortress.
To see sparks fly within the Army command, read his tell-all memoir,
Butler’s Book !! https://archive.org/details/autobiographyper0192butl
9
Like many soldiers in the Great War of the Rebellion, Pvt. Drew kept a daily diary, which he later consulted in
preparing his Memoir, from which the YANKEE SCOUT series has been written. Apparently, he made most of
his diary entries during the morning hours, but in this case, overnight he has forgotten the name of the commander
at Fort Monroe.
Gen. Benjamin Butler
23. “… but I got a new outfit of cloathes and slept the night on the tugboat. It was armed with a rifle cannon
mounted swivel-fashion; lots of Springfield rifles and sabres in racks around the mast and walls, a crew of fourteen
men. The next morning I took boat to Washington …”
Got Out
[ P. 136 ] George and the tug captain went with me to the mailboat and the captain vouched for me to the purser
and offered to pay my passage. The purser was rather fussy asking many questions among the rest, how old I was.
My goodness, I forgot I had spent Christmas in Richmond among the rebels and I was now 18 years.10
I told him
21.
“When I got to Washington I had no trouble in getting transportation to the front, the next morning took a
supply boat to Acquia Creek [Landing] the Army supply base, and got the old regiment on New Year Eve, 1864.
New Years Jan 1st
, 1864
“I went to regimental headquarters with Percival Knowles 1st Lieut of Co. K. to pay my respects to Capt. Theo
Lincoln of Co. F. who had been promoted and was in command of the Reg’t.
“Then I took a walk to the hospital to see Dr. Buck, my he was pleased he almost kiss me, he opened a new box of
cigars and chatted for an hour. Then, taking his hat, he says, “Let’s go over to the band tent,” where he called to
Henry Bowles, “Pay me that $20 here is my boy Drew!” He had made a wager with Boles that I would be back with
the regiment when it moved on the Spring campaign.”
10
Drew’s birthday was December 25, 1845.
24. “Denbo was on three days’ picket, when he came in and found me we had a real Indian pow-wow, he said if I hadent
got home before the end of the month he was agoing to hunt me up and capture me himself. On the 4th
we got paid
two months pay we are getting $16 per month now.
“Drill six hours per day or more for the new recruits by some
of the old hands; guard mount at 9o’cl A.M. Dress parade at
sunset, three meals with fresh warm bread (butter if you furnish
it yourself) + Coffee [ P. 137 ]
“Target practice for the new members and any of the old that
wants to, there was no pains or trouble spared to make them
come up to our standard. The old members was allowed no
more priviledges than the recruits. [Except perhaps the
“General’s pet” -- that Lucky Drew, just back from a paid … ]