This document provides an overview of x-rays for medical students, covering topics such as ensuring x-rays are well-aligned, exposure levels, common artifacts and anatomical features, abdominal x-ray positions and views, and specialized x-rays including barium swallows, enemas, and tests to examine the esophagus, small bowel, biliary tree, and kidneys.

1. X-RAYS FOR MEDICAL
STUDENTS
DR MUJEEB REHMAN MALIK
Assistant Surgical Unit II

2. HISTORY

4. HOW DO YOU KNOW ITS WELL ALIGNED?

6. PROJECTION

7. AP VS PA

10. EXPOSURE OVER VS UNDER

11. NORMAL EXPOSURE

12. ARTIFACTS

13. ANATOMY

15. PATHOLOGIES

21. X RAY ABDOMIN

22. XRAY ABDOMIN POSITIONS
• SUPINE VIEW
• ERECT VIEW

23. XRAY ABDOMIN SUPINE

24. XRAY ABDOMIN ERECT

25. WHAT TO LOOK FOR
• Age/Sex
• Position
• Exposure
• Intraluminal gas
• Extraluminal gas
• Soft tissue and bones
• Calcification
• Additional opacities

39. NEED FOR SPECIAL X-RAYS
Single and Double Contrast
Enteroclysis, Enema, Barium Swallow and meal

40. X-RAY ESOPHAGUS

41. BARIUM SWALLOW 1

43. BARIUM SWALLOW 2

48. SMALL BOWEL ENEMA

49. BARIUM ENEMA

50. BARIUM ENEMA 2

53. PROSTATIC
CANCER

54. OBSTRUCTION OF BILIARY TREE

55. ERCP

56. ERCP

58. PTC

59. T-TUBE CHOLNAGIOGRAM

60. INTRAVENOUS
UROGRAM