The document discusses different aspects of written language including discourse, text, words, morphology, and context clues. It provides definitions and examples of discourse, text, and their key properties. It also explains different types of morphemes, affixes, compound words, and common context clues used to determine the meaning of unknown words.

1. WRITTEN TEXT
AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
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2. DISCOURSE
- utterance, talk, speech, discussion and
conversation
- An extended expression of thoughts or
ideas
- The ideas in discourse are not connect
ed or do not have a particular
structure

3. TEXT
- A large unit of written language
- A group of ideas put together to make a
point or one central idea
- Has a structure which requires the
ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each
other
- An actually connected discourse

4. Properties of a well-written Text
1. Organization
-refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
2. Coherence and Cohesion
-refer to the connection of ideas and connection between
sentences and between paragraphs
3. Appropriate language use
-refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of
text
4. Proper mechanics
-refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization,
punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and
contractions

5. WORDS

6. Morphology
- The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words
in the same language
- Analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefix
es, and suffixes

7. Morpheme
• The smallest grammatical unit in a language
Two Types of Morpheme:
1. Free Morpheme- can function independently as a word
Ex. House, cat, blood
2. Bound Morpheme- a word element attached to a root
word (the main part of a word) to give it another meaning.
It cannot function independently as a word.
Ex. Affixes ( prefixes and suffixes)

8. Affix
A morpheme that is attached to a root word to form a new
word
1. Prefix – a morpheme that comes before a root word
Examples:
Auto - (automobile)
In - (incorrect)
Over – (overcharge)
2. Suffix- a morpheme that comes after a root word
Examples:
-ful (forgetful)
-ish (childish)
-ive (active)

9. Compound Words
A combination of two different words
Examples:
Back + ward = backward (towards the reverse direction)
Book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books)
Full + moon = full moon ( a moon appearing as a bright
circle)
Six + pack = six-pack ( often in reference to a pack of
drinks)

10. Most Common Types of Context
Clues
Synonyms
- Used when the text has words or phrases that have similar in meaning to the
unknown word
- Example:
The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son’s victory, for he cried out
triumphantly when the boy came home.

11. Most Common Types of Context
Clues
1. Synonyms
- Used when the text has words or phrases that have similar in meaning to the
unknown word
- Example:
The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son’s victory, for he cried out
triumphantly when the boy came home.
Euphoric- victorious; triumphant; very happy and excitedMost Common Types of
Context Clues

12. Synonyms:
a. The situation is a conundrum- a puzzle.
b. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in obfuscating the poem’s
meaning to Alice. His explanations about the poem were confusing
and complicated.
c. We are planning a picnic for today. It is sunny and warm outside.
It will be an idyllic day- just perfect for a picnic.

13. Synonyms:
a. The situation is a conundrum- a puzzle.
Conundrum- a confusing or a difficult situation
b. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in obfuscating the poem’s
meaning to Alice. His explanations about the poem were confusing and
complicated.
Obfuscating- making more difficult to understand; confusing
c. We are planning a picnic for today. It is sunny and warm outside. It will
be an idyllic day- just perfect for a picnic.
idyllic- perfect; very peaceful, happy and enjoyable

14. 2. Antonyms
Words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the
unknown word
Examples:
a. Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is quiet an
d shy.
b. The lanky dog is not fat, even though he ate a lot.
c. The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the charity even
though she was able to give much more.

15. 2. Antonyms
Words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the
unknown word
Examples:
a. Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is quiet and shy.
Gregarious- sociable; outgoing; extrovert
b. The lanky dog is not fat, even though he ate a lot.
Lanky- skinny
c. The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the charity even though she was able to
give much more.
Paltry- very small or too small in amount

16. 3. Examples
Are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the
meaning of a word.
Examples:
a. Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who conquered
Aztec Mexico and Pizarro, who conquered Inca Peru.
b. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very helpful in
solving crimes.
c. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls from the sky.

17. 3. Examples
Are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the
meaning of a word.
a. Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who conquered Aztec Mexico and Pizarro,
who conquered Inca Peru.
conquistadors- conquerors; ones that take control of ( a country or city)
through the use of force
b. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very helpful in solving crimes.
sleuth- detective; someone who looks for information to solve crimes.
c. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls from the sky.
precipitation- water that falls to the ground (such as rain and snow)

18. 4. Definition
Is usually signalled by a form of the verb to be ( am, is, are,
was, were) or by commas or dashes
Examples:
a. To shun someone is to have nothing to do with that person.
b. He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a ruse, that is, a clever
trick to deceive us.
c. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often
have diminished health.

19. 4. Definition
Is usually signalled by a form of the verb to be ( am, is, are,
was, were) or by commas or dashes
Examples:
a. To shun someone is to have nothing to do with that person.
Shun- to avoid deliberately
b. He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a ruse, that is, a clever trick to deceive us.
Ruse- a trick or act that is used to fool someone; deception
c. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often have diminished
health.
Sedentary- not doing or involving much physical activity

20. 5. Explanation
Words or phrases that explain the unfamiliar word’s meaning
Examples:
a. An evanescent ring surrounded the moon as it rose. It was there for a moment,
and then it disappeared
b. Elis is a blithe young girl. She always greets everyone with a smile.
c. Katie appeared infallible in math class because she had never gotten a problem
wrong.

21. 5. Explanation
Words or phrases that explain the unfamiliar word’s meaning
Examples:
a. An evanescent ring surrounded the moon as it rose. It was there for a moment,
and then it disappeared
evanescent- lasting a very short time; brief; momentary
b. Elis is a blithe young girl. She always greets everyone with a smile.
Blithe- cheerful; happy, light-hearted
c. Katie appeared infallible in math class because she had never gotten a problem
wrong.
Infallible- unfailing; not capable of being wrong

22. Read each statement carefully and choose in the correct answer on your paper.
The word you are defining is in bold.
1.If you don’t curtail your spending,
you’ll be broke in no time at all!
a. reduce
b. follow
c. behind
d. buy

23. 2. If your plan fails, we’ll have to find
someone who can devise a better
one.
a. design
b. dislike
c. appliance
d. to use peanut butter as a
toothpaste

24. 3. When your plan brings us great
wealth, you will be rewarded for your
Sagacity.
a. good looks
b. mistakes
c. intelligence
d. huge appetite for herbs

25. 4. Those scientists want to hear what
our professor thinks about their theory
because he is the foremost expert
in their field.
a. craziest
b. the first or main one
c. least informed
d. loudest

26. 5. No word must ever leak out about this
military action! It has to be clandestine
operation in order to succeed.
a. family
b. useful
c. dangerous
d. secret

27. 6. Removing seeds from cotton plants
was slow job until Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin.
a. a drink
b. a book
c. a machine
d. a cloth

28. 7. Wherever he goes, the esteemed
Dr. Sanchez is applauded for his life-
saving research.
a. held over boiling water
b. very old
c. unable to chew gum
d. greatly admired

29. 8. Most of America’s founding Fathers did n
ot believe in women’s suffrage. Only men
could vote in the United
States until 1920.
a. something that causes physical pain
b. an early flag
c. skirts that did not cover ankles
d. the right to vote

30. 9. I am working very hard for the sam
e candidate that you support. You are
doing it for pay. I’m not doing it for mo
ney. I’m doing it out of conviction.
a. being found guilty
b. strong belief
c. anger
d. desire to eat prunes

31. 10. “I am going to rescind the permission I
gave you to use my toys! T.J.
announced angrily. “I thought you would ta
ke good care of them, but I was wrong!”
a. repeat
b. celebrate
c. continue
d. cancel