This document discusses wireless power transfer (WPT), where electrical energy is transmitted through electromagnetic fields without physical connections like wires. WPT works by using a transmitter device powered by electricity to generate a time-varying electromagnetic field that transmits power through space to a receiver device, which extracts the power. The technology eliminates wires and batteries and increases mobility and safety of electronic devices. Common WPT methods include inductive coupling using coils, resonant inductive coupling using coils and capacitors, and far-field techniques like microwave and laser beam transmission.
Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Wireless power transmission technologies use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. Wireless transmission is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
Wireless power transmission technology is not a new technology. In 1980, it was demonstrated by Nikola Telsa. ... The name wireless power transmission states the transfer of electrical power from a source to an electrical device without the help of wires. Basically, it involves two coils: a transmitter and a receiver coil.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer and WitricityMln Phaneendra
Wireless Power Transfer has the ability to deliver major advancements in industries and applications that are dependent on physical, contacting connectors, which can be unreliable and prone to failure.
What is wireless power transmission(WPT)?
Why is WPT?
History of WPT
Types of WPT
Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
References
Wireless power transfer, wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link.
Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Wireless power transmission technologies use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. Wireless transmission is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
Wireless power transmission technology is not a new technology. In 1980, it was demonstrated by Nikola Telsa. ... The name wireless power transmission states the transfer of electrical power from a source to an electrical device without the help of wires. Basically, it involves two coils: a transmitter and a receiver coil.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer and WitricityMln Phaneendra
Wireless Power Transfer has the ability to deliver major advancements in industries and applications that are dependent on physical, contacting connectors, which can be unreliable and prone to failure.
What is wireless power transmission(WPT)?
Why is WPT?
History of WPT
Types of WPT
Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
References
Wireless power transfer, wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link.
The India Two Wheeler Market is moderately consolidated, with the top five companies occupying 57.37%. The major players in this market are Bajaj Auto Ltd., Hero MotoCorp Ltd., Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India Pvt. Ltd, Royal Enfield Ltd. India and TVS Motor Company Limited (sorted alphabetically).
process (Sourcing, screening, shortlisted, Negotiation and Final Call) which includes talent management, talent search and second process is On-boarding (Hiring, joining Formality, welcome Kit, induction).
This study being “desk analysis" contains views of various writers and researchers of E-commerce. This study includes the global trends including India as a major source of E-commerce , increasing use of e- commerce in developing nations , reasons behind success of e-commerce as an industry , the use of e-commerce in global sourcing , advantages of E-commerce and several more topics being covered under the project analysis. The use of e-commerce in various countries and their influence over the people or citizens of that country is remarkable.
it is very crucial in developing the country . For the study we have taken several parts of the world such as North America , Latin America , Europe , Middle-East , Africa and South Asia ,and Australia
The examination reveals that the policy document focuses on the development of introductory courses, professional courses, and vocational courses for the students. The objective of developing courses is to develop a student's attitude and aptitude. It also focuses on creating industry-ready and entrepreneurial orientation among the students. The NEP aims to increase the use of technology in education. There is a provision in the policy, technology or e-learning is the need of the hour (Kaurav, Rajput, & Baber, 2019). The policy also mentions that a National Education Technology Forum needs to be formed so that it could act as a podium where there can be the exchange of ideas on the use and development of technology. Previously, the education policies were offering exposure to the students which, in turn, would help the student to evolve. The current education policy focuses on a student exchange program that provides students with multiple exit points. It is visible from the examination in this study that the effort has been made to evolve the Indian education system and offer students international level pedagogy. Dr Bijaya Kumar Sahoo, Founder, SAI International Education
National Education Policy 2020 Present updates: One of the stated aims of the policy is to instill a “deep-rooted pride” in being Indian, not only in thought, but also in spirit, intellect, and deeds, as well as to develop knowledge
New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation.pptxKrishna2017
The impurities in drug products can be attributed not only to the drug substance or inert ingredients used for formulating a drug product; but they can also be brought into the drug product through the formulation process or by contact with packaging of the various impurities that can be found in drug products.
response of plants to duration and
timings of light and dark periods
Plant in order to flower require a
particular day length or light
period called photoperiod and
response of plants in terms of
flowering is called
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
WPT new.pptx
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless
energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer is the
transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a
wireless power transmission system, a transmitter device, driven by
electric power from a power source, generates a time-varying
electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a
receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to
an electrical load. The technology of wireless power transmission can
eliminate the use of the wires and batteries, thus increasing the
mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device for all users.
Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not
possible.
4. What in WPT?
The transmission of energy from one place to
another without using wires.
Conventional energy transfer is using wires
But, the wireless transmission is made possible by
using various technologies.
5. Why not wires?
As per studies, most electrical energy transfer is through
wires.
Most of the energy loss is during transmission
On an average, more than 30%
n India, it exceeds 40%
Why WPT?
Reliable
Efficient
Fast
Low maintenance cost
Can be used for short-range or long-range.
6. HISTORY
Nikola Tesla in late 1890s .Pioneer of induction
techniques his vision for “World Wireless
System” The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast
energy. All people can have access to free energy
due to shortage of funds, tower did not operate
Tesla was able to transfer energy from one coil
to another coil He managed to light 200 lamps
from a distance of 40km The idea of Tesla is
taken in to research after 100 years by a team
led by Marin Soljačić from MIT. The project is
named as WiTricity
7. ENERGY COUPLING
The transfer of energy
Magnetic coupling
Inductive coupling
Simplest Wireless Energy coupling is a transformer
TYPES AND TECHNOLOGIES OF WPT
Near-field techniques
Inductive Coupling
Resonant Inductive Coupling
Air Ionization
Far-field techniques
Microwave Power Transmission (MPT)
LASER power transmission
8. INDUCTIVE COUPLING
Primary and secondary coils are not connected with wires.
Energy transfer is due to Mutual Induction
Transformer is also an example Energy transfer devices are
usually aircored Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electric
brushes are some examples On a WCP, the devices are to be
kept, battery will be automatically charged.
Electric brush also charges using inductive coupling.The
charging pad (primary coil) and the device(secondary coil)
have to be kept very near to each other It is preferred
because it is comfortable. Less use of wires Shock proof.
9. Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC)
Combination of inductive coupling and resonance.
Resonance makes two objects interact very strongly.
Inductance induces current.
How resonance in RIC?
Coil provides the inductance
Capacitor is connected parallel to the coil
Energy will be shifting back and forth between magnetic
field surrounding the coil and electric field around the
capacitor
Radiation loss will be negligible
Block Diagram of RIC
An Example
10. WiTricity
Based on RIC
Led by MIT‟s Marin Soljačić
Energy transfer wirelessly for a distance just more than 2m.
Coils were in helical shape
No capacitor was used
Efficiency achieved was around 40%
WiTricity… Some statistics
Used frequencies are 1MHz and 10MHz
At 1Mhz, field strengths were safe for human
At 10MHz, Field strengths were more than ICNIRP standards
11. WiTricity now…
No more helical coils
Companies like Intel are also working on devices that make use of RIC
Researches for decreasing the field strength
Researches to increase the range.
RIC vs. inductive coupling.
RIC is highly efficient
RIC has much greater range than inductive coupling
RIC is directional when compared to inductive coupling
RIC can be one-to-many. But usually inductive coupling is one-to-one
Devices using RIC technique are highly portable.
12. Air Ionization
Toughest technique under near-field energy transfer techniques
Air ionizes only when there is a high field
Needed field is 2.11MV/m
Natural example: Lightening
Not feasible for practical implementation
Advantages of near-field techniques
No wires
No e-waste
Need for battery is eliminated
Efficient energy transfer using RIC
Harmless, if field strengths under safety levels
Maintenance cost is less
13. Disadvantages
Distance constraint
Field strengths have to be under safety levels
Initial cost is high
In RIC, tuning is difficult
High frequency signals must be the supply
Air ionization technique is not feasible
Far-field energy transfer
Radiative
Needs line-of-sight
LASER or microwave
Aims at high power transfer
Tesla‟s tower was built for this
14. Microwave Power Transfer(MPT)
Transfers high power from one place to another. Two places being in line of sight usually
• Steps:
Electrical energy to microwave energy.
Capturing microwaves using rectenna.
Microwave energy to electrical energy.
AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy
AC is converted to DC first
DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron
Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output
DC is converted back to AC
LASER transmission
LASER is highly directional, coherent
Not dispersed for very long
But, gets attenuated when it propagates through atmosphere
Simple receiver
Photovoltaic cell
Cost-efficient
15. Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
To provide energy to earth‟s increasing energy need
To efficiently make use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy
SPS are placed in geostationary orbits
Solar energy is captured using photocells
Each SPS may have 400 million photocells
Transmitted to earth in the form of microwaves/LASER
Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is converted to electrical energy
Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave
Rectenna
Stands for rectifying antenna
Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes
Converts microwave to its DC equivalent
Usually multi-element phased array
16. Rectenna in US
Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power from SPS
It is about one and a half mile long
Other projects
Alaska‟21
Grand Bassin
Hawaii
LASER vs. MPT
When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller Microwaves
can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are
2.45GHz and 5.4GHz) LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets
diffracted by atmospheric particles easily.
17. Advantages of far-field energy transfer
Efficient
Easy
Need for grids, substations etc are eliminated.
Low maintenance cost.
More effective when the transmitting and receiving points are along a lineof- sight.
Can reach the places which are remote.
Radiative
Needs line-of-sight
Initial cost is high
When LASERs are used,
◦ conversion is inefficient
◦ Absorption loss is high
When microwaves are used,
◦ interference may arise
◦ FRIED BIRD effect 8/31/2010
18. APPLICATIONS
Near-field energy transfer
Electric automobile charging
Static and moving
Consumer electronics
Industrial purposes
Harsh environment
Far-field energy transfer
Solar Power Satellites
Energy to remote areas
Can broadcast energy globally (in future)
19. CONCLUSION
Transmission without wires- a reality
Efficient
Low maintenance cost. But, high initial cost
Better than conventional wired transfer
Energy crisis can be decreased
Low loss
In near future, world will be completely wireless.