World sea transportation

1. SMMI
- UNIT 2

2. International Ocean Transportation
• The international shipping industry is responsible for the carriage of around 90% of
world trade.
• Shipping is the life blood of the global economy. Without shipping,
intercontinental trade, the bulk transport of raw materials, and the import/export
of affordable food and manufactured goods would simply not be possible.
• Seaborne trade continues to expand, bringing benefits for consumers across the
world through competitive freight costs. Thanks to the growing efficiency of
shipping as a mode of transport and increased economic liberalization, the
prospects for the industry’s further growth continue to be strong.
• There are over 50,000 merchant ships trading internationally, transporting every
kind of cargo. The world fleet is registered in over 150 nations, and manned by
over a million seafarers of virtually every nationality.
• Ships are technically sophisticated, high value assets (larger hi-tech vessels can
cost over US $200 million to build), and the operation of merchant ships generates
an estimated annual income of over half a trillion US Dollars in freight rates.

3. World Sea borne trade
• The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimates
that the operation of merchant ships contributes about US$380 billion in freight
rates within the global economy, equivalent to about 5% of total world trade.

4. World Tonnage
• In January 2021, the world fleet reached a carrying capacity of 2.1 billion dwt, 63 million dwt more than
the previous year. Over recent years, tonnage has increased considerably in all segments except general
cargo carriers. Bulk carriers recorded an especially rapid increase. Between 2011 and 2021, their share in
total carrying capacity rose from 39 to 43 per cent, whereas the share of oil tankers shrank from 31 to 29
per cent, and the share of general cargo from 6 to 4 per cent

5. Classifications of Vessels
• https://www.oneocean.com/news/vessel-types-explained/
• Dry Cargo Ships
• Bulk Carriers
• General Cargo Vessels
• Container Vessels
• Reefer Vessels
• Ro-Ro Vessels
• Liquid Cargo Ships
• Crude Carriers
• Product Carriers
• Chemical Carriers
• Liquefied Gas Carriers
• Specialised Cargo Ships
• Passenger Vessels
• Livestock Carriers
• Heavy-lift/Project Cargo Vessels
• Tugs

6. Types of shipping service

7. Major sea ports of the world

8. conference shipping lines
• It is an arrangement between two or more
than two shipping lines to provide regular
service on certain trade routes at uniform
freight rates and common business terms.
Shipping lines that are not members of a
conference for a particular route are known as
outsiders, independent lines, or non-
conference lines.

9. Chartering
• Chartering is an activity within the shipping
industry whereby a ship-owner hires out the
use of their vessel to a charterer. The contract
between the parties is called a charter
party (from the French "charte partie", or
"parted document"). The three main types of
charter are: demise charter, voyage charter,
and time charter.

10. The Baltic Exchange
• The Baltic Exchange is the world's leading source of independent
maritime market data. Our information is used by shipbrokers,
owners & operators, traders, financiers and charterers as a reliable
and independent view of the dry bulk, tanker, gas, container and air
freight markets.
• Our indices and assessments are used as a settlement tool for
freight derivative trades, for benchmarking physical contracts and
as a general indicator of the freight markets’ performance. Our
comprehensive information services cover voyage and timecharter
rates for capesize, panamax, supramax and handysize bulk carriers;
Worldscale and timecharter equivalent rates for VLCC, suezmax,
aframax and MR tankers; timecharter rates for LPG and LNG
vessels; container freight rates; air cargo rates; as well as forward
assessments, sale and purchase values, OPEX assessments and ship
recycling prices; market reports and fixtures.

11. UN convention on liner code of
conduct
• The United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences
was convened at the United Nations Office at Geneva. The first part of the Conference was held from 12
November to 15 December 1973 and the second part from 11 March to 6 April 1974.

12. Advantages and Disadvantage of sea
transportation

13. SEA Piracy