This document provides an overview of using the STRUCTURE software to analyze population structure from genetic data. STRUCTURE is a model-based clustering method that detects underlying genetic populations among individuals genotyped at multiple markers. It takes genotype data as input and computes the proportion of each individual's genome originating from inferred populations. The document discusses input format, parameter configuration, running single and batch runs, and analyzing results to infer the true number of populations.
Isolation and characterization of key factors involved in glutelin traffickin...CIMMYT
1) Researchers isolated and characterized key factors involved in glutelin trafficking in rice endosperm cells.
2) They identified two rice mutants, gpa1 and gpa2, that accumulate proglutelins and develop abnormal endosperms.
3) Studies of gpa1 and gpa2 showed they affect post-Golgi trafficking of storage proteins, with gpa1 involving OsRab5a and gpa2 affecting distribution of polysaccharides and pectin synthesized and sorted through the Golgi.
The fabrication of stimuli-responsive, multifunctional proteins comprised of self-assembling domains capable of forming defined nanometre scale structures has tremendous application in drug delivery. This coupled to inorganic material like Gold nanoparticles (GNP’s) can facilitate external triggers controlling binding and release of embedded agents within the self-assembling materials. This renders smart biomaterial suitable for drug delivery.
XTEN conjugates provide rapid access to many high-value product formats including antibody-XTEN-drug conjugates, peptide-XTEN-drug conjugates, and multifunctional conjugates. XTEN can be customized based on polymer length, conjugation site type and number, and coupling chemistry. Conjugation to XTEN is highly efficient (>90%) and homogeneous based on HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis. XTEN conjugates demonstrate similar pharmacokinetics to non-conjugated versions in animal studies. XTEN is expected to be manufactured at commercial scale at lower cost than PEG, with advantages including biodegradability and a defined single molecular species.
XTEN is a protein polymer composed of natural amino acids that mimics the properties of PEG. It has a precisely controlled sequence encoded in DNA that can be produced at large scale through fermentation. XTEN is biodegradable, has no risk of kidney vacuolation, and produces no toxic metabolites. It has versatility in genetic fusions and chemical conjugations. XTEN meets goals of long serum half-life, stability in plasma, intracellular degradation, high expression level, genetic stability, and lack of non-specific binding or aggregation.
This document discusses XTEN, a protein polymer that can be fused to human proteins or peptides to extend their half-life and allow for less frequent dosing. Key points:
- XTEN fusion enables once-monthly or longer dosing by providing a long pharmacokinetic profile with maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity.
- XTEN has been clinically validated in two products and shows non-immunogenicity, stability, and biodegradability advantages over PEGylation.
- Several XTEN-fused product candidates are in preclinical development for indications like short bowel syndrome, AAT deficiency, diabetes. Two products have completed Phase I trials.
Detecting Somatic Mutations in Impure Cancer Sample - Ensemble ApproachHong ChangBum
The document describes an ensemble approach for detecting somatic mutations in impure cancer samples. It details the benchmark data set used from TCGA, which includes BAM files for a tumor sample that is 50% tumor cells and 50% normal cells mixed. It then outlines several commonly used somatic mutation callers - SomaticSniper, VarScan2, MuTect - and applies them to the data set. The results from the different callers are then combined using various filtering and consensus approaches to generate a high confidence list of somatic mutations for validation.
This document discusses approaches for identifying somatic mutations from cancer sequencing data using multiple mutation callers. It compares several popular mutation callers, explores a simple consensus approach, and proposes an integrated ensemble approach. The ensemble approach applies multiple callers, filters using GATK, and assigns a ranking score to variants based on validation rates to generate a high-confidence list of somatic mutations. This strategy aims to leverage the strengths of different callers to improve accuracy over any single caller.
Isolation and characterization of key factors involved in glutelin traffickin...CIMMYT
1) Researchers isolated and characterized key factors involved in glutelin trafficking in rice endosperm cells.
2) They identified two rice mutants, gpa1 and gpa2, that accumulate proglutelins and develop abnormal endosperms.
3) Studies of gpa1 and gpa2 showed they affect post-Golgi trafficking of storage proteins, with gpa1 involving OsRab5a and gpa2 affecting distribution of polysaccharides and pectin synthesized and sorted through the Golgi.
The fabrication of stimuli-responsive, multifunctional proteins comprised of self-assembling domains capable of forming defined nanometre scale structures has tremendous application in drug delivery. This coupled to inorganic material like Gold nanoparticles (GNP’s) can facilitate external triggers controlling binding and release of embedded agents within the self-assembling materials. This renders smart biomaterial suitable for drug delivery.
XTEN conjugates provide rapid access to many high-value product formats including antibody-XTEN-drug conjugates, peptide-XTEN-drug conjugates, and multifunctional conjugates. XTEN can be customized based on polymer length, conjugation site type and number, and coupling chemistry. Conjugation to XTEN is highly efficient (>90%) and homogeneous based on HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis. XTEN conjugates demonstrate similar pharmacokinetics to non-conjugated versions in animal studies. XTEN is expected to be manufactured at commercial scale at lower cost than PEG, with advantages including biodegradability and a defined single molecular species.
XTEN is a protein polymer composed of natural amino acids that mimics the properties of PEG. It has a precisely controlled sequence encoded in DNA that can be produced at large scale through fermentation. XTEN is biodegradable, has no risk of kidney vacuolation, and produces no toxic metabolites. It has versatility in genetic fusions and chemical conjugations. XTEN meets goals of long serum half-life, stability in plasma, intracellular degradation, high expression level, genetic stability, and lack of non-specific binding or aggregation.
This document discusses XTEN, a protein polymer that can be fused to human proteins or peptides to extend their half-life and allow for less frequent dosing. Key points:
- XTEN fusion enables once-monthly or longer dosing by providing a long pharmacokinetic profile with maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity.
- XTEN has been clinically validated in two products and shows non-immunogenicity, stability, and biodegradability advantages over PEGylation.
- Several XTEN-fused product candidates are in preclinical development for indications like short bowel syndrome, AAT deficiency, diabetes. Two products have completed Phase I trials.
Detecting Somatic Mutations in Impure Cancer Sample - Ensemble ApproachHong ChangBum
The document describes an ensemble approach for detecting somatic mutations in impure cancer samples. It details the benchmark data set used from TCGA, which includes BAM files for a tumor sample that is 50% tumor cells and 50% normal cells mixed. It then outlines several commonly used somatic mutation callers - SomaticSniper, VarScan2, MuTect - and applies them to the data set. The results from the different callers are then combined using various filtering and consensus approaches to generate a high confidence list of somatic mutations for validation.
This document discusses approaches for identifying somatic mutations from cancer sequencing data using multiple mutation callers. It compares several popular mutation callers, explores a simple consensus approach, and proposes an integrated ensemble approach. The ensemble approach applies multiple callers, filters using GATK, and assigns a ranking score to variants based on validation rates to generate a high-confidence list of somatic mutations. This strategy aims to leverage the strengths of different callers to improve accuracy over any single caller.
This document provides an overview of analyzing RNA-Seq data using the Tuxedo protocol in Galaxy. It describes experimental design considerations, quality control of sequencing data using FastQC, mapping reads to a reference genome using Tophat, determining differential expression with Cuffdiff, and visualizing results using IGV and CummeRbund. The tutorial walks through an example analysis on Drosophila melanogaster RNA-Seq data, covering topics such as setting file formats, running alignment and expression tools, extracting workflows, and useful Galaxy resources.
1. The document discusses combining optogenetics techniques with electrophysiology recording using Andor Mosaic and Axon pCLAMP.
2. Optogenetics allows control of neuronal firing and silencing using light-sensitive ion channels inserted into neurons via genetic targeting.
3. Andor Mosaic enables precise spatial and temporal light patterning for optogenetic stimulation while Axon pCLAMP allows electrophysiology recording.
4. Combining these techniques allows controlling and monitoring neuronal activity at single cell level for studying neural circuits.
Perspectives of identifying Korean genetic variationsHong ChangBum
This document summarizes research on identifying genetic variations in the Korean population using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It describes analyzing the population structure based on SNP genotypes, using SNPs to determine kinship, and identifying monozygotic twins using copy number variations (CNVs). It also discusses using SNPs to study physical traits in Koreans and developing ancestry informative markers and a database of genomic variants for Korea.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed population differentiation at disease-associated SNPs in over 1,000 individuals from 53 global populations. The study genotyped 25 SNPs related to 6 complex human diseases in populations from 7 geographic regions. It found genetic differentiation between populations, with some SNPs showing strong differentiation within East Asia or between Korea and Jeju Island. Allele frequencies of disease SNPs varied between populations and were not always predictive between races. The study also examined selection resources to identify signals of selection, like thicker hair, and found differences in selected regions between East Asia, Middle East and Europe. It concluded that analyzing a large number of populations can help replicate findings and better characterize allele frequency differences globally.
Review of Cell Press Article titled:
"Using optogenetics to interrogate the dynamic control of signal transmission by the Ras/Erk module."
Jared Toettcher, Orion Weiner, Wendell Lim
Cell. 2013 Dec 5;155(6):1422-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.004.
Computational genomics approaches to precision medicineAltuna Akalin
The document announces a computational genomics conference from September 12-23, 2016 in Berlin, Germany that will focus on approaches to precision medicine. The conference will include lectures from experts in computational genomics and nine course modules covering topics like RNA-seq analysis, ChIP-seq analysis, variant calling, data integration, and cancer classification using high-throughput sequencing data. The application deadline for the conference is July 1, 2016.
2015 Computational genomics course poster. There will be theoretical lectures followed by practical session where students apply what they learned. The programming will be mainly done in R. The course will be beneficial for first year computational biology PhD students or experimental biologists who want to start data analysis or seeking a better understanding of computational genomics.
영어 논문쓰기 능력 배양을 '쓰기와 읽기의 통합'이라는 관점에서 정리해 보았습니다. 대략 반학기 강의 내용을 압축해 놓은 문서라고 생각됩니다. 구석구석 세세한 내용까지 이해하기는 힘드시겠지만 영어로 학술논문을 쓰시고자 하는 분들께 작은 도움이 되리라 생각합니다.
참고로 이 문서는 "영어로 논문쓰기 레퍼토리를 늘리는 4가지 전략"의 업그레이드 버전입니다. (아래 링크 참조)
http://www.slideshare.net/SungwooKim/4-53134196
Genome Wide SNP Analysis for Inferring the Population Structure and Genetic H...Hong ChangBum
Study of genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA variation can provide a valuable information about the population structure and peopling of human populations. To explain a genetic homogeneity of Koreans and population structure of Koreans and the East Asian populations, we analyzed 153 individuals from the Korea and 77 individuals from the East Asia at 46,559 common single-nucleotide polymorphic loci. The 137 CHB and 113 JPT individuals at 25,769 common SNPs from the International HapMap project were further analyzed to reveal the population structure of the East Asians. Principal Component analyses (PCA) and population differentiation ( ) are examined. In the PCA test, the Jeju individuals were slightly different from other Koreans but their values were not significant. This reflect the genetic homogeneity of Korea population. In general, all the individual samples studied here were clustered into subset of ethnic origin according to their geographical location except Mongolians. Whole genome sequencing of Koreans and other population genome by next generation sequencing technology will provide great opportunity to understand the population expansion and peopling of Korea better.
1. BioSMACK is a Linux Live CD customized for analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
2. It provides pre-compiled, installed and configured software for GWAS analysis like PLINK, EIGENSTRAT, STRUCTURE, and others from a bootable CD/USB without installing on the hard disk.
3. Future works include supporting cloud and cluster computing for parallel GWAS analysis on large datasets.
Next-generation genomics: an integrative approachHong ChangBum
This document summarizes a presentation on next-generation genomics and integrative analysis. It discusses the types of genomic data available from techniques like genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, ChIP-seq, and epigenomics. It explains that integrative analysis can help annotate functional features, infer variant function, and understand gene regulation. Approaches to integration include data reduction, unsupervised clustering, and supervised Bayesian networks. Large-scale datasets can be accessed through browsers, add-ons, and standalone tools to generate novel hypotheses. Future work includes more integrated community resources with search capabilities.
Genome Browser based on Google Maps APIHong ChangBum
The document discusses using the Google Maps API to embed maps on web pages. It allows users to manipulate maps and add content. Key details include how to position maps using longitude and latitude coordinates, how genomic sequence data is tiled into images at different zoom levels, and how those images are named algorithmically based on their position. Components like panels and a search box for interacting with the embedded map are also mentioned.
The document describes the Korean Database of Genomic Variants (KDGV), which is available online at http://ksnp.cdc.go.kr. It was established in 2009 to catalog genomic variants in the Korean population. The KDGV integrates data from other Korean genomic databases including KSNP, KARE, and GWASaid to provide information on SNPs, genes, and genomic regions of interest. It allows users to search and browse genomic data through the customizable genome browser interface.
This document provides an overview of various direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies and the types of genetic tests they offer. It shows that 23andMe, DeCODE, Navigenics, and Knome offer the widest range of tests related to health, traits, and ancestry. Most companies focus on specific health conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, or pharmacogenomics. The tests range from single gene tests to more comprehensive scans of parts of the genome.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies is a document that lists various genetic tests that can be obtained directly from companies without a doctor. It includes tests related to health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurological disorders. The document also lists tests for traits like athletic performance and tests targeted at certain ethnic populations like those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
This document discusses genomic variation research and personalized medicine. It mentions tools used for sequence alignment, database management, text analysis, and machine learning algorithms. Genome browsers and clusters are referenced as computational resources. Challenges around analyzing large genomic datasets within reasonable timeframes are also noted.
This document discusses GenomeBrowser. It mentions that the UCSC Human Genome Browser receives 50,000 hits per day and 3,000 users per day, while another receives 1,257 hits per day and 10 users per day. It also discusses various features of GenomeBrowser like being lightweight, configurable, and promoting data sharing.
The document discusses Genome Browser, a lightweight and portable genome browsing software. It can be configured and customized easily. It promotes data sharing through tracks and supports the Distributed Annotation System (DAS) for adding third-party data. The software uses common bioinformatics libraries and has easy installation methods for various operating systems.
This document provides an overview of analyzing RNA-Seq data using the Tuxedo protocol in Galaxy. It describes experimental design considerations, quality control of sequencing data using FastQC, mapping reads to a reference genome using Tophat, determining differential expression with Cuffdiff, and visualizing results using IGV and CummeRbund. The tutorial walks through an example analysis on Drosophila melanogaster RNA-Seq data, covering topics such as setting file formats, running alignment and expression tools, extracting workflows, and useful Galaxy resources.
1. The document discusses combining optogenetics techniques with electrophysiology recording using Andor Mosaic and Axon pCLAMP.
2. Optogenetics allows control of neuronal firing and silencing using light-sensitive ion channels inserted into neurons via genetic targeting.
3. Andor Mosaic enables precise spatial and temporal light patterning for optogenetic stimulation while Axon pCLAMP allows electrophysiology recording.
4. Combining these techniques allows controlling and monitoring neuronal activity at single cell level for studying neural circuits.
Perspectives of identifying Korean genetic variationsHong ChangBum
This document summarizes research on identifying genetic variations in the Korean population using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It describes analyzing the population structure based on SNP genotypes, using SNPs to determine kinship, and identifying monozygotic twins using copy number variations (CNVs). It also discusses using SNPs to study physical traits in Koreans and developing ancestry informative markers and a database of genomic variants for Korea.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed population differentiation at disease-associated SNPs in over 1,000 individuals from 53 global populations. The study genotyped 25 SNPs related to 6 complex human diseases in populations from 7 geographic regions. It found genetic differentiation between populations, with some SNPs showing strong differentiation within East Asia or between Korea and Jeju Island. Allele frequencies of disease SNPs varied between populations and were not always predictive between races. The study also examined selection resources to identify signals of selection, like thicker hair, and found differences in selected regions between East Asia, Middle East and Europe. It concluded that analyzing a large number of populations can help replicate findings and better characterize allele frequency differences globally.
Review of Cell Press Article titled:
"Using optogenetics to interrogate the dynamic control of signal transmission by the Ras/Erk module."
Jared Toettcher, Orion Weiner, Wendell Lim
Cell. 2013 Dec 5;155(6):1422-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.004.
Computational genomics approaches to precision medicineAltuna Akalin
The document announces a computational genomics conference from September 12-23, 2016 in Berlin, Germany that will focus on approaches to precision medicine. The conference will include lectures from experts in computational genomics and nine course modules covering topics like RNA-seq analysis, ChIP-seq analysis, variant calling, data integration, and cancer classification using high-throughput sequencing data. The application deadline for the conference is July 1, 2016.
2015 Computational genomics course poster. There will be theoretical lectures followed by practical session where students apply what they learned. The programming will be mainly done in R. The course will be beneficial for first year computational biology PhD students or experimental biologists who want to start data analysis or seeking a better understanding of computational genomics.
영어 논문쓰기 능력 배양을 '쓰기와 읽기의 통합'이라는 관점에서 정리해 보았습니다. 대략 반학기 강의 내용을 압축해 놓은 문서라고 생각됩니다. 구석구석 세세한 내용까지 이해하기는 힘드시겠지만 영어로 학술논문을 쓰시고자 하는 분들께 작은 도움이 되리라 생각합니다.
참고로 이 문서는 "영어로 논문쓰기 레퍼토리를 늘리는 4가지 전략"의 업그레이드 버전입니다. (아래 링크 참조)
http://www.slideshare.net/SungwooKim/4-53134196
Genome Wide SNP Analysis for Inferring the Population Structure and Genetic H...Hong ChangBum
Study of genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA variation can provide a valuable information about the population structure and peopling of human populations. To explain a genetic homogeneity of Koreans and population structure of Koreans and the East Asian populations, we analyzed 153 individuals from the Korea and 77 individuals from the East Asia at 46,559 common single-nucleotide polymorphic loci. The 137 CHB and 113 JPT individuals at 25,769 common SNPs from the International HapMap project were further analyzed to reveal the population structure of the East Asians. Principal Component analyses (PCA) and population differentiation ( ) are examined. In the PCA test, the Jeju individuals were slightly different from other Koreans but their values were not significant. This reflect the genetic homogeneity of Korea population. In general, all the individual samples studied here were clustered into subset of ethnic origin according to their geographical location except Mongolians. Whole genome sequencing of Koreans and other population genome by next generation sequencing technology will provide great opportunity to understand the population expansion and peopling of Korea better.
1. BioSMACK is a Linux Live CD customized for analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
2. It provides pre-compiled, installed and configured software for GWAS analysis like PLINK, EIGENSTRAT, STRUCTURE, and others from a bootable CD/USB without installing on the hard disk.
3. Future works include supporting cloud and cluster computing for parallel GWAS analysis on large datasets.
Next-generation genomics: an integrative approachHong ChangBum
This document summarizes a presentation on next-generation genomics and integrative analysis. It discusses the types of genomic data available from techniques like genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, ChIP-seq, and epigenomics. It explains that integrative analysis can help annotate functional features, infer variant function, and understand gene regulation. Approaches to integration include data reduction, unsupervised clustering, and supervised Bayesian networks. Large-scale datasets can be accessed through browsers, add-ons, and standalone tools to generate novel hypotheses. Future work includes more integrated community resources with search capabilities.
Genome Browser based on Google Maps APIHong ChangBum
The document discusses using the Google Maps API to embed maps on web pages. It allows users to manipulate maps and add content. Key details include how to position maps using longitude and latitude coordinates, how genomic sequence data is tiled into images at different zoom levels, and how those images are named algorithmically based on their position. Components like panels and a search box for interacting with the embedded map are also mentioned.
The document describes the Korean Database of Genomic Variants (KDGV), which is available online at http://ksnp.cdc.go.kr. It was established in 2009 to catalog genomic variants in the Korean population. The KDGV integrates data from other Korean genomic databases including KSNP, KARE, and GWASaid to provide information on SNPs, genes, and genomic regions of interest. It allows users to search and browse genomic data through the customizable genome browser interface.
This document provides an overview of various direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies and the types of genetic tests they offer. It shows that 23andMe, DeCODE, Navigenics, and Knome offer the widest range of tests related to health, traits, and ancestry. Most companies focus on specific health conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, or pharmacogenomics. The tests range from single gene tests to more comprehensive scans of parts of the genome.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies is a document that lists various genetic tests that can be obtained directly from companies without a doctor. It includes tests related to health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurological disorders. The document also lists tests for traits like athletic performance and tests targeted at certain ethnic populations like those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
This document discusses genomic variation research and personalized medicine. It mentions tools used for sequence alignment, database management, text analysis, and machine learning algorithms. Genome browsers and clusters are referenced as computational resources. Challenges around analyzing large genomic datasets within reasonable timeframes are also noted.
This document discusses GenomeBrowser. It mentions that the UCSC Human Genome Browser receives 50,000 hits per day and 3,000 users per day, while another receives 1,257 hits per day and 10 users per day. It also discusses various features of GenomeBrowser like being lightweight, configurable, and promoting data sharing.
The document discusses Genome Browser, a lightweight and portable genome browsing software. It can be configured and customized easily. It promotes data sharing through tracks and supports the Distributed Annotation System (DAS) for adding third-party data. The software uses common bioinformatics libraries and has easy installation methods for various operating systems.
The document discusses project management tools for developers including a developer blog, version control systems like SVN and issue tracking systems like trac. It also mentions tools for documentation projects like moniWiki and describes using FTP for file transfers.
This document provides information about various Linux clusters and distributed resource managers available at the Center for Genome Science and NIH. It lists several Linux cluster machines including KHAN, KGENE, LOGIN, LOGINDB, and DEV. Details are provided about the KHAN cluster, which has a total of 94 nodes, including specifications of the nodes and storage and software information. It also briefly mentions distributed resource managers.
This document provides information about various Linux clusters and distributed resource managers available at the Center for Genome Science and NIH. It lists several Linux cluster machines including KHAN with 94 nodes, KGENE with 28 nodes, and LOGIN and LOGINDB servers. Details are provided about the KHAN cluster including its node configuration, storage space, and available software. It also briefly mentions distributed resource managers.
Linux Cluster and Distributed Resource ManagerHong ChangBum
This document describes a Linux cluster with 3 machines - KHAN, KGENE, and BIO - located at the Center for Genome Science, NIH, and KCDC. It provides details on the KHAN machine which has 94 nodes with various CPU and RAM specifications. It also discusses distributed resource managers which can distribute jobs, provide job scheduling, and report on job, node, and user statuses. Finally, it presents an example of submitting 1,000 serial jobs as a job array to the LoadLeveler distributed resource manager to process 1,000 large input data sets.
Golden Gate Bridge: Magnificent Architecture in San Francisco | CIO Women Mag...CIOWomenMagazine
The famous suspension bridge connects the city of San Francisco to Marin County in California. Golden Gate Bridge carries both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait and is about one mile wide. In this article, we will explore the history and significance that have shaped the iconic monument it is known as today.
What Challenges Await Beginners in SnowshoeingSnowshoe Tahoe
Discover the exhilarating world of snowshoeing through our presentation, highlighting the challenges faced by beginners. From physical exertion to technical finesse and braving harsh winter conditions, each step in the snow brings new obstacles and unforgettable adventures. Embrace the challenge and conquer the winter wonderland with confidence!
The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is an unforgettable adventure, blending stunning natural beauty with rich history. Over four days, trekkers traverse diverse landscapes, from lush cloud forests to high mountain passes, encountering ancient Inca ruins along the way. Each step brings you closer to the awe-inspiring sight of Machu Picchu, revealed at sunrise from the Sun Gate. The journey is challenging but incredibly rewarding, offering a profound sense of accomplishment. With its combination of breathtaking scenery and cultural significance, the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is a must-do for those seeking an extraordinary adventure in Peru.
Explore Architectural Wonders and Vibrant Culture With Naples ToursNaples Tours
Discover the historical gems and vivid culture of Naples with our guided tours. From the vivid narrow streets of Spaccanapoli to the ancient ruins of Pompeii, the city offers a mixed bag of adventurous experiences. Book your tickets today https://www.naples.tours/ and experience the best of Naples!
Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
The Ultimate Travel Guide to Hawaii Island Hopping in 2024adventuressabifn
island hopping in Hawaii. This magical place offers a number of experiences, as each island has its own charm. Do you love adventure? Then, hike through volcanoes or kayak along an amazing coastline. If you want relaxation, then Hawaii is perfect because it has the most amazing beaches. In this blog, I will help you make an itinerary for your Hawaii Island Hopping. Every island offers something special. The Big Island offers some of the most perfect volcanoes as well as stargazing. Maui will pamper you with beaches and luxury. Kauai has some of the most lush rainforests with dramatic cliffs, and Oahu can offer a taste of city life and historical significance.
Prepare for cold weather rafting with proper gear: layering for warmth, insulated headgear, gloves, waterproof footwear, and essential accessories like sunglasses and sunscreen. Prioritize safety with a life jacket and maintain gear for optimal performance. Stay warm, dry, and ready for adventure on the rapids!
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
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Scuba diving in Andaman to explore vibrant marine lifeSeahawks Scuba
Try scuba diving to witness Andaman's diverse marine life, including Reef Fish, Manta Rays, Dolphins, Sea Turtles, Starfish, and various colourful coral reefs. The topography of the Andaman Islands and its pleasant warm waters allow countless marine species to evolve and grow. Book a dive with us to discover Andaman's most underrated sea life.
Our excursions in tahiti offer stunning lagoon tours, vibrant marine life encounters, and cultural experiences. We ensure unforgettable adventures amidst breathtaking landscapes and serene waters. For more information, mail us at tracey@uniquetahiti.com.
bangalore metro routes, stations, timingsnarinav14
Bangalore Metro, also known as Namma Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro.
Discover the chic spots and hidden gems that made Sex and the City iconic with our Sex in the City Tour. From trendy cafes to luxurious boutiques, follow in the footsteps of your favorite characters and explore the city that never sleeps in true SATC style.
Experience the magic of bioluminescence at Puerto Rico's Bioluminescent Bay with our guide to optimal viewing. Plan your visit during the new moon phase for vibrant displays, and consider dry season from December to April. Book a guided tour, choose calm nights, and respect the environment for an unforgettable adventure.
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5-Day Nathdwara Tour Itinerary: From Temples to Traditional Markets
Workshop 2011
1. Population Structure Analysis
using STRUCTURE software
Chang Bum Hong
kt Bioinformatics TF, hongiiv@gmail.com, twitter @hongiiv, hongiiv.tistory.com
Permissions: you are free to blog or live-blog about this presentation as long as you attribute the work to its authors
Friday, August 12, 11
2. Genetic test
일반적으로 알콜을 섭취하게 되면 알콜은 아세트알데히드(얼굴을 붉게 만들고, 가슴도 콩닥
거리고, 구토를 일으키는 독성 물질)로 변하게 되고 이것이 다시 ALDH 에 의해 인체에 무해
한 젖산으로 분해되는 과정을 거치게 됩니다. 이때 ALDH2라는 유전자가 바로 아세트알데히
드가 조금이라도 생성되면 분해하는데 관여하게 이때 유전자형에 따라서 3가지 유형으로 나
타나게 됩니다.
Friday, August 12, 11
7. East Asia - Public genotype data
SNP Individual Population
PASNP 54,794 1,928 75
HGDP a 2,834~ 1,056 52
HapMap 1,481,135 1,397 11
b
SGVP 268,667 292 3
Korean 58,625 159 10
China(Yanbian) 58,625 16 1
Japan(Kobe) 58,625 5 1
Korea-Japan 58,625 6 1
Vietnam 58,625 16 1
Korean-Vietnam 58,625 8 1
Cambodia 58,625 16 1
Mongol 58,625 16 1
a. Pan-Asian SNP Consortium(http://www4a.biotec.or.th/PASNP)
b. Singapore Genome Variation Project(http://www.nus-cme.org.sg/SGVP)
Friday, August 12, 11
8. Korean Data
16
YeonCheon
16
Pyeong
Chang
MW
JeCheon
16 16
Cheonan
average >70 year old
long settlement
Affymetrix 50K Xba
GyeongJu
16 16
GimJe 15 China(Yanbian)
Goryeong UlSan
Japan(Kobe)
16 Korea-Japan
Vietnam
Korean-Vietnam
SW 16
NaJu
SE
Cambodia
Mongol
16 58,960 SNPs
Jeju
Friday, August 12, 11
9. Missing genotype individuals
GimJe
GoRyeong
Gyeong
Text Ju
Before QC 58,960 SNPs Before QC 58,960 SNPs
All Asian Korean
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10. Relatedness between the 153
Korean(10 region) Individuals
YeonCheon
PyeongChang
JeCheon
CheonAn GyeongJu
UlSan
GimJe GoRyeong
NaJu
JeJu
PCA analysis using autosomal 46,559 SNP markers (n=153, Korean)
Friday, August 12, 11
11. PCA analysis of East Asian descent
Mongol
Yanbian
Kobe JPT-
Jeju HapMap
CHB-
HapMap
Vietnam
Cambodia
illustration of geographic correspondence of ethnic group
Korea-Vietnam Korea-Japan
locations
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12. Relationship between Eigenvector
values and Latitude
47.81
39.98
37.53
2
R = 0.8621
y = 36.65 + 166.33x
14.72
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13. STRUCTURE software
• A model-based clustering method (Pritchard et al. 2000)
• Free software
(http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html)
• Bayesian approach (MCMC: Markov Chain Mote Carlo)
• Detects the underlying genetic population among a set of individuals genotyped at multiple
markers
• Computes the proportion of the genome of an individual originating from each inferred
population (quantitative clustering method)
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14. Input data
• A matrix where the data for individuals are in rows, the loci
are in column
• n consecutive rows have the data for each individual of n-
ploid species
• Integer should be used for coding genotype
• Missingoccur should be indicated by(e.g. -1) which
doesn’t
data
elsewhere in the data
a number
• The dataSTRUCTUREbe a text file (.txt) not an excel (.xls) for
running
file should
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15. Input format
1 consecutive rows for alleles
MarkerName...
Label PopID Flag Location Genotype...
genotype (1,2,5)
AA = 11
AB = 12
BB = 22
missing = 55
Information of user-defined populations
Lable : 각 개인의 고유한 ID로 숫자 또는 문자 어떤것이든 상관없다.(예, CEPH1334.10)
PopID: 개인이 속한 민족의 고유한 번호 (예, 중국인(CHB)인 경우 5, 유럽인(CEU)인 경우 1과 같이 자신이 직접 부여)
Flag: 해당 PopID 정보를 STRUCTURE 프로그램 실행시 사용할 것인가?(1= 사용한다, 2= 사용하지 않는다.)
Location: 해당 개인의 위치정보(예, 동아시아(EAS)인경우 1번, 유럽(EURA)인 경우 2번과 같이 자신이 직접 부여)
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27. Configuring a parameter set (cont.)
Length of Burnin Period : how long to run the simulation before collecting data to minimize the
effect of the starting configuration, 목표함수로 수렴할 때까지의 반복 숫자
Number of MCMC Reps after Burnin : how long to run the simulation after burnin to get
accurate parameter estimates
Friday, August 12, 11
37. Analysis of genome-wide SNP data
• For very may become impractically slow
settings
large data sets, the runtime of structure using default
• reduced data sets (ex, pruned)
• get accurate resultsNUMREPS) shorter runs than default
(ex, small values of
using much
• download themachine) and compile it on your machine
(using 64-bit
source code
• use the command-line version of structure
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38. An example of MCMC convergence
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39. Inference of true K
(number of population)
• The log likelihood for each K, Ln P(D) = L(K)
• Two approaches to determine the best K
• Use of L(K) : When K is approaching a true value, L(K) plateaus
and has high variance between runs
• Use of an ad hod quantity (∆K) the likelihood (∆K).on the
second order rate of change of
: calculated based
The ∆K
shows a clear peak at the true value of K
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44. We may not always be able to know the TRUE value
K, but we should aim for the smallest value of K
that captures the major structure in the data
Pritchard et al. (2000)
Friday, August 12, 11