4. “Not only has the number of women in the
labor force tripled in the last 40 years,
the proportion of working mothers of
young children has more than quadrupled
...
today, almost two-thirds of mothers
of preschoolers, and even more
strikingly, married mothers of children
under age 1, are in the work force”
(Moen, 2001, Para. 12).
5. Time Crunch
• “Parents of both sexes are spending
an average of ten or twelve hours
less per week with their children
than they did in 1960” (“Working family,” 1998).
• “Forty-two percent of working
parents are spending less time with
their spouses” (“Working family,” 1998).
10. Work Challenge Level & Parenting
Work Challenge
Level, Complexity
& Variation
Parenting Style
Low
Harsher
discipline
High
•
•
•
Greater parental warmth
More responsiveness
Higher quality
explanations provided to
children
*Note: Research differences exist by gender of parent and child.
*Time urgency at work does not correlate with parenting style.
(Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994)
12. References
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). Employment characteristics of
families summary. Retrieved from
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.nr0.htm
• Greenberger, E., O’Neil, R., & Nagel, S. (1994, November). Linking
workplace and homeplace: Relations between the nature of adults’
work and their parenting behaviors []. Developmental Psychology,
30(6), 990-1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.990
• Moen, P. (2001). The career quandary. Retrieved from
http://www.prb.org/Publications/ReportsOnAmerica/2001/TheCar
eerQuandary.aspx
• Sanders, M. R., Stallman, H. M., & McHale, M. (2011, August).
Workplace Triple P: A controlled evaluation of a parent intervention
for working parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 581-590.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024148
• Working family value factoids. (1998). Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/livelyhood/workingfamily/familytrends.html
Editor's Notes
All images from Microsoft Office Clip Art Gallery
“Less challenging and varied work appeared to lead to harsher discipline in part by increasing fathers’ level of psychological distress” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).“Work challenge exhibited both direct (positive) effects on the quality of parents’ explanations to their children and indirect (positive) effects on this dimension of parenting” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).“Time urgency at work and parental disciplinary style (e.g., harshness) were not accounted for by mood spillover…time urgency is not necessarily part of a “bad” work situation” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).
“Less challenging and varied work appeared to lead to harsher discipline in part by increasing fathers’ level of psychological distress” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).“Work challenge exhibited both direct (positive) effects on the quality of parents’ explanations to their children and indirect (positive) effects on this dimension of parenting” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).“Time urgency at work and parental disciplinary style (e.g., harshness) were not accounted for by mood spillover…time urgency is not necessarily part of a “bad” work situation” (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994, p. 999).
