Women's rights in Egypt have faced many challenges throughout history, from discrimination in previous constitutions to sexual harassment and violence that is still prevalent today due to a culture of impunity. While laws have improved to guarantee equal rights, women still face significant barriers to equality and representation in practice due to conservative social values and a lack of enforcement against ongoing discrimination and violence.

1. AL-DEEN DOSTALLY

2. What isWomen Rights?
•The term “women’s rights” encompasses many different areas, making it among the most
difficult areas of law to define.
•Women’s rights are most often associated with reproductive rights, sexual and domestic
violence, and employment discrimination.
“Today, women at all income levels are still
facing barriers to advancement, and in some
ways these challenges are harder than
ever because there are some people who think
that discrimination against women no longer
exists. Sadly, that’s just not true.”
–Lenora Lapidus

3.  Geographical location
 Trade in the region
 Economic pillars
 Population
 Refugees
 Culture and values
 Globalisation

5. Women rights thoughout history in Egypt
Pharaonic era
• Women enjoy equal
status same as men.
• She contributed a lots
in the economy in
terms of trade, social
and cultural activities
In the 1900s
• First NGO for the
intellectual league of
egytian women.
• 1923 constitution was
drafted without giving
women their political
rights.
• After the 1952 revolution,
the admended
constitution gave women
their political rights.
2Oth century
• Islam emerged in
egypt
• Islamic feminist
moverment had been
introduced.
• They wanted the return
of the authentic islam.

6. President Since
1981
• Hosni Mubarak
• Very unpopular ,his son was about to replace him.
Elected through
election
• President Mohamed Morsy
• The government failed to set up a fact-finding committee to
look into the mass killing of protesters.
Coup D’etat
• General Abdel Fattah al-Sissi
• Actual president and the people see a great hope in him to get
out of this nightmare.

7. Internatioanl bill of Human
Rights
Ratification Entry in force
International covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights
14 January 1982
International Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of racial
discrimination
1 May 1967
Convention on the elimination of
all forms of discrimination against
women
18 September 1981
Rome statue of the International
Criminal Court
26 December 2000
African(Banjul) Charter on
Human and People’s Rights
2o March 1984
Protocol to the African Charter on
Human and People Rights on the Rights
of Women in Africa
Protocol to the African Charter on
Human and People Rights on the
9 May 2001

8. Human Rights in Egypt

9.  What factors could explain why
egyptian did not respect women
rights ?
 Dr Heba Kobt explained that
poverty and poor standard of living
are the major causes of vialotion of
human rights.
 It has becomes a culture among
young in Egypt.
 Islamic fundamentalism
 Women human rights violation was
something laissez-faire aller

10. Islamic Fundamentalism
o Rised in Islamic Fundamentalism after the winning election
by the Muslim Brotherhood.
o The Muslim Brotherhood assassinated president Sadat of
Egypt and other political leaders.
o Introduced shari’a law which limits the rights of women
o It is an extreme manifestation of Islam because the Prophet
Muhammad describe ‘ greater jihad’ is the struggle to make
ourselves to become a better person.
o They had conversative values.

13.  A volunteer with OpAntiSH/A, who was
assaulted on 25 January in Tahrir Square, was
alsoattacked while trying to prevent an assault.
She published her testimony of Facebook
describing, how she and a female friend had
rushed to intervene in a reported sexual assault
on a woman, and were themselves attacked.

14.  Egypt witnessed sever deterioration on the level of
political rights of women.
 Retreating to level 125 out of 133 countries all over the
world, as clarified in a report by the world economic
forum 2012. Egypt also reached level 128 out of
131countries regarding women presence in the
parliaments as the percentage of female
parliamentarians in Egypt decreased to 2% in 2011
parliament, after reaching12.5% in 2010.
 In what is called "revolution parliament" female
members were 5 out of 180 in the Shura council, 2.7%.

15.  Structural violence in the form of discriminatory
laws and enforcement practices continue to be a
problem.
 In Egypt, despite a constitutional guarantee of
equality. Perpetuating this condition, women
have little access to or influence on the political
sphere. Extremely low representation of women
and their interests leads to a lack of change in
discriminatory legislation and new laws that are
against the interests of women.

16. Gangs rape
 According to Foxnews, the Muslim
Brotherhood regime had payed gangs
to rape women in the Tahrir Square.
 The Daily Mail reported that most
attacks take place at night when Men
form a human chain around women,
then move in for the assault. Two
men told the newspaper they were
paid to attack women
 A protestor named Yasmine reported
about 5O men surrounded her and
sexually assauting her.

17. • The weapons used in
such assaults,
including knives and
sticks, were also used
to fight off individuals
trying to help the
women.
Anarchy in Egypt
•Dr Rawya AbdelRahman, a 67-
year-old grandmother, a well-
known figure and leading
member of a network of
women's rights activists,
recounted to Amnesty
International how shewas
assaulted during a women’s
march and protest on 25 January
2013.
Sexual harrasment is
considered to be a
culture in Egypt.
• Since it is considered to
be a culture, it leads to
impunity as the
government there did not
considered women rights
as a priority.
How can be justice
existed if the
government encourae
impunity?
•They were encircled by the
mob and then countless
hands groped their bodies,
including their breasts
genitals and buttocks; pulled
their hair; tugged their
bodies in different directions.
Excessive used of
violence.
In the united nations in
2012, the president
Mohammed Morsi
answered those
questions and worries
declaring that "Egyptian
woman has the same
equal rights as men;
there are even some men
who ask to be
guaranteed
the same rights as
women".

18. A CULTURE OF
IMPUNITY
The armed forces have
subjected women
protesters to torture or
other inhuman or
degrading treatment on a
number of occasions,
apparently on the basis of
their gender. One of the
most egregious examples
was the forced “virginity
testing” of 17 women
protesters by army
personnel on 9 March
2011.To date, no one has
been brought to justice
for the forced “virginity
tests” and in March 2012
a military court dismissed
a case brought by one of
the women.
 In the small minority of cases where
women and girls do file complaints, they
face numerous obstacles in their fight for
justice.
 Other obstacles cited by lawyers include
the unavailability or unwillingness of
witnesses to testify.

19.  FGM in Egypt is reported to affect 90-97% of
women from 15-49 years old
 According to the french Media in 2008, 82%
of women are victims of sexual harrassement.
 In 2013, Thomas Reuters conducted a survey
and concluded that Egypt is the worst country
among the 22 Arabs League States in term of
violations of women rights.

20. In 2013, the United Nations entity for gender equality
and the empowerment of women published a report
showing that 99.3% of egyptian women have
experienced some form of sexual harrassement.
28% of women are victimes from domestic violence in
Egypt.

23. Foxnews-Published on 05 december, 2012
An introduction to political Ideologies by Andrew Heywood- Page 305-308
Le harcèlement sexuel en Egypte - Envoyé spécial du 16 fév 2012
W’SHR APP- Developed by Swen Dorning
The Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights (ECWR) Report on Egyptian
woman conditions in 2012.. Women get out to the streets.
The Egyptian Center for Women's Rights report.
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AROUND TAHRIR
SQUARE- Amnesty International Publications 2013

24. University of Minnesota-Human Rights Treaties.
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ratification-egypt.html
Women’s Rights Guide- Bernard Koteen Office of Public Interest advising.
Havard Law School
On women in Egypt: Equality doesn’t mean justice.
Daily news Egypt- February 24 2014- http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/02/24/women-
egypt-equality-doesnt-mean-justice