10Feb14 - Linking SPA to Longevity - ILC-UKILC- UK
Speaking during the Autumn Statement in December 2013, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne MP, confirmed plans which would mean that people should spend a third of their adult lives in retirement.
The 2013 Draft Pensions Bill, currently going through the House of Lords, proposes five-year reviews of the State Pension Age (SPA) with the aim of maintaining the proportion of adult life spent in receipt of a state pension based on increasing life expectancy.
In the UK, reductions in mortality have been accompanied by increased life expectancies over the last century. Between 1911 to 2010, life expectancy in the UK has increased from 49.4 to 78.5 for men and from 53.1 to 82.4 for women. The Chancellor confirmed that the date when the state pension age rises to 68 will be brought forward to the mid-2030s - it had not been due to kick in until 2046 - and the state pension age could rise to 69 by the late 2040s.
A growing number of countries are beginning to link pension age with increases in life expectancy to address the financial impact of an ageing population. Across the OECD, countries are raising retirement ages as life expectancy increases. By 2050, the average state pension age will rise from 63 for men and 62 for women to almost 65 for both sexes. A number of countries in the European Union have linked pension benefits with life expectancy including Spain, Italy, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece and the Netherlands.
It has been estimated that, from 2007 to 2032, the public expenditure on pensions and related benefits will rise from 4.7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 6.2%.
But whilst increasing the State Pension Age appears to be a logical step to addressing the financial challenges of an ageing population, the complex interplay of factors impacting on retirement and workforce participation cannot be ignored.
Our event considered some of these challenges such as:
How can increasing the State Pension Age be fair when significant numbers of poorer citizens will reach this age in ill-health (or not at all)?
Which groups lose out most by an increase in state pension age?
How can we respond to the fairness challenge?
The appropriateness of different measures of life expectancy (cohort life expectancy; period life expectancy; healthy life expectancy; disability free life expectancy).
Will increasing the State Pension Age reduce the dependency ratio and extend working lives?
What will be the fiscal impact if an increasing number older people find themselves unable to work and needing to access working age benefits?
At the event, we heared from the Minister for Pensions, Steve Webb MP; ILC-UK Research Fellow, Ben Franklin; Dr Craig Berry, ILC-UK Fellow and Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield; Camilla Williamson, Age UK’s Development and Support Manager, Knowledge Transfer; Professor John MacInnes, a social demographer and Professor of Sociology at the University of Edinburgh.
This presentation includes the ILC-UK's Ben Franklin and Cesira Urzì Brancati presenting a summary of the Moved to Care report; a response from Dr Shereen Hussein, Senior Research Fellow at King's College London; and a response from Madeleine Sumption, Director of the Migration Observatory.
A presentation made to the Ottawa District School Board on June 16. Includes a summary of survey results from the Stittsville Public High School Now group.
Learn the role entrepreneurs play in our economy today and why young people are falling out of the system in droves. College is not the golden ticket it once was. With 80% of college graduates working in fields they didn't study and paying down an average of $30K in student debt, we are losing a generation before they have a chance to be innovative. We need problem solvers to clean up severe global issues. Supporting entrepreneurs while they are still in school with tools and mentoring to help them bypass the many pitfalls that prevent them from starting their own business is the topic of this slideshare.
Boomers are rethinking work as the workforce ages. People are living longer, and the extra 15 years are being added in the middle, with more active in healthy years. The question is how this "new stage" can be lived most fruitfully, and how employers can make most productive use of this pool of talent.
- April, 2011 - Godfrey & Schaefers. For more detail, email tgodfrey4630@msn.com
Workshop E Marta Szebehely Work Care Reconciliation in the Nordic CountriesCare Connect
Presentations by Prof Marta Szebehely, Professor of Social Work, Stockholm University, Sweden and
Dr Outi Jolanki, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Carers and Work-Care Reconciliation International Conference
University of Leeds, 13th August 2013
Earnings and Low Pay in the Republic of Ireland by Dr Micheál Collins presented at the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland - Cork, 14th April, 2016
10Feb14 - Linking SPA to Longevity - ILC-UKILC- UK
Speaking during the Autumn Statement in December 2013, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne MP, confirmed plans which would mean that people should spend a third of their adult lives in retirement.
The 2013 Draft Pensions Bill, currently going through the House of Lords, proposes five-year reviews of the State Pension Age (SPA) with the aim of maintaining the proportion of adult life spent in receipt of a state pension based on increasing life expectancy.
In the UK, reductions in mortality have been accompanied by increased life expectancies over the last century. Between 1911 to 2010, life expectancy in the UK has increased from 49.4 to 78.5 for men and from 53.1 to 82.4 for women. The Chancellor confirmed that the date when the state pension age rises to 68 will be brought forward to the mid-2030s - it had not been due to kick in until 2046 - and the state pension age could rise to 69 by the late 2040s.
A growing number of countries are beginning to link pension age with increases in life expectancy to address the financial impact of an ageing population. Across the OECD, countries are raising retirement ages as life expectancy increases. By 2050, the average state pension age will rise from 63 for men and 62 for women to almost 65 for both sexes. A number of countries in the European Union have linked pension benefits with life expectancy including Spain, Italy, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece and the Netherlands.
It has been estimated that, from 2007 to 2032, the public expenditure on pensions and related benefits will rise from 4.7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 6.2%.
But whilst increasing the State Pension Age appears to be a logical step to addressing the financial challenges of an ageing population, the complex interplay of factors impacting on retirement and workforce participation cannot be ignored.
Our event considered some of these challenges such as:
How can increasing the State Pension Age be fair when significant numbers of poorer citizens will reach this age in ill-health (or not at all)?
Which groups lose out most by an increase in state pension age?
How can we respond to the fairness challenge?
The appropriateness of different measures of life expectancy (cohort life expectancy; period life expectancy; healthy life expectancy; disability free life expectancy).
Will increasing the State Pension Age reduce the dependency ratio and extend working lives?
What will be the fiscal impact if an increasing number older people find themselves unable to work and needing to access working age benefits?
At the event, we heared from the Minister for Pensions, Steve Webb MP; ILC-UK Research Fellow, Ben Franklin; Dr Craig Berry, ILC-UK Fellow and Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield; Camilla Williamson, Age UK’s Development and Support Manager, Knowledge Transfer; Professor John MacInnes, a social demographer and Professor of Sociology at the University of Edinburgh.
This presentation includes the ILC-UK's Ben Franklin and Cesira Urzì Brancati presenting a summary of the Moved to Care report; a response from Dr Shereen Hussein, Senior Research Fellow at King's College London; and a response from Madeleine Sumption, Director of the Migration Observatory.
A presentation made to the Ottawa District School Board on June 16. Includes a summary of survey results from the Stittsville Public High School Now group.
Learn the role entrepreneurs play in our economy today and why young people are falling out of the system in droves. College is not the golden ticket it once was. With 80% of college graduates working in fields they didn't study and paying down an average of $30K in student debt, we are losing a generation before they have a chance to be innovative. We need problem solvers to clean up severe global issues. Supporting entrepreneurs while they are still in school with tools and mentoring to help them bypass the many pitfalls that prevent them from starting their own business is the topic of this slideshare.
Boomers are rethinking work as the workforce ages. People are living longer, and the extra 15 years are being added in the middle, with more active in healthy years. The question is how this "new stage" can be lived most fruitfully, and how employers can make most productive use of this pool of talent.
- April, 2011 - Godfrey & Schaefers. For more detail, email tgodfrey4630@msn.com
Workshop E Marta Szebehely Work Care Reconciliation in the Nordic CountriesCare Connect
Presentations by Prof Marta Szebehely, Professor of Social Work, Stockholm University, Sweden and
Dr Outi Jolanki, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Carers and Work-Care Reconciliation International Conference
University of Leeds, 13th August 2013
Earnings and Low Pay in the Republic of Ireland by Dr Micheál Collins presented at the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland - Cork, 14th April, 2016
Gail Irvine, Carnegie UK Trust, Fulfilling work in Ireland presented at the 6th Annual NERI Labour Market Conference in association with the Whitaker Institute, NUI Galway, 22nd May, 2018.
Oregon's Stay-at-Home Parents. Detailing trends in recent decades by age of mother, age of child, educational attainment, income, number of children and sex of parent. 1 in 5 Oregon mothers between ages 25 and 54 are staying at home specifically to take care of home or family. 1 in 100 fathers are.
Basic income and women in an established gender-equal welfare state: Results ...BEYOND4.0
Olli Kangas & Minna Ylikännö
Debates on gendered effects of universal basic income (UBI) bifurcate into two opposing views. On one hand, UBI is seen as a strong incentive for women to stay at home and be permanently locked in their care responsibilities. On the other hand, UBI is seen as a device to increase women’s autonomy, fortify their capacity to act, and guarantee them individual income and income security. Put differently, UBI would either cement the traditional division of labour between genders and trap women at home, or it would be an empowering option for women. This type of discussion is relevant in countries with significant gender inequalities. In Finland, as in other Nordic countries, gender equality in both labour markets and families is better achieved than in most other countries. From this perspective, it is difficult to establish that the implementation of basic income would have a major impact on the position of women in these established gender-equal societies. In this study, we use survey data compiled in the context of the Finnish basic income experiment (2017–2018) to analyse the effects of basic income on employment and empowerment, with the focus on its gender effects. Our results indicate that while UBI did not affect employment in the two-year experiment and, it was positively associated with individual capacities and confidence in various aspects of life. However, the effects were universal and they did not differ between women and men. UBI is not a gender equality-related issue in the Nordic welfare states.
Interesting presentation as prepared by the Association of University Women (AAUW). Addresses the facts about the pay gaps between men and women in the United States.
This joint event by NCVO and the ONS took place on Friday 2 June 2017.
Chaired by Karl Wilding, director of public policy and volunteering at NCVO
Speakers:
- Chris Payne, senior research officer economic wellbeing at ONS
- Matt Hill, senior researcher at NCVO
- Kristen Stephenson, volunteering development manager at NCVO
- Alex Peace-Gadsby, chief commissioner for England at the Scout Association
Helen Russell presented the key findings from "Caring and unpaid work" at an event to launch the study on 9 July 2019. The report was published by the ESRI and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/caring-and-unpaid-work-in-ireland
This report is the second in the Khazanah Research Institute’s (KRI’s) publication series on the State of
Households. This publication series generally seeks to outline some of the pressing issues of the nation,
particularly those revolving around households. In this edition, we focus on developments in household
wellbeing between the 2012 and 2014 Household Income and Basic Amenities Surveys published by the
Malaysian Department of Statistics (DOS). This edition also features three topics of discussion: households and
food, women in the workforce, and population ageing.
2. Outline
• In work poverty and poverty pay
• Key points about ASHE data
• Gender pay gaps
• Poverty: Results for the South West
• Geographical variations
• Changes since 2009
• Some thoughts on causes – what women say
• Conclusions
3. In work Poverty
• More than 50% of children in poverty live in
households with at least one wage earner
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation and others
• “Poverty” based on income = pay + Benefits
• low pay is subsidised by benefits
• but benefits are not usually enough to lift someone out of poverty
• “Poverty” based on household income
• so hides the poverty of women in households where income is not
distributed evenly
• This analysis looks only at individual pay in the
context of individual poverty
4. Official “Poverty” Income Threshold
• Relative Poverty Threshold
• Defined as a household income of 60% of the
median household income
• The benefits cap will be set at the
average net earned income of working households
• £350 per week for single adult, no children
• £500 per week for couple or lone parent with children
• Deduced value of defined relative poverty threshold
• £210 per week for single adult, no children
• £300 per week for couple or lone parent with children
5. Minimum Income Standard and Living Wage
• MIS Established in 2008 by Joseph Rowntree Foundation
• Varies by family type, for example
• £474 per week for couple with one child (cf official poverty £300)
• £461 per week for lone parent with two children (cf 300)
• £243 per week for single pensioner (cf £210)
• Living Wage of £7.45 per hour would mean:
• £400 per week in a household with one full time (37.5 hours) and one
part time (16 hours) earner
• £223.5 per week for “full time” single earner (30 hours a week)
• £279.4 per week for 37.5 hours a week
• The “living wage” is a good proxy for poverty pay!
6. Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings
• Hours and earnings data from employers
• Based on 1% survey of jobs in PAYE records
• Corrected for bias in types of respondent
• Does not include self-employed
• Refers to a specified “window” of time
• Supplemented by Labour Force Survey
• Based on a person’s recollection
• May be filled in by a proxy
• Gives useful information about personal characteristics
• Very time consuming to analyse!
7. Gender Pay Gap (s)
• Confusion of definition!
• Mean = difference between average pay of women and men
• Median = difference between the pay of 50% of men compared with
50% of women
• Confusion of working pattern!
• Full time women compared with full time men
• Part time women compared with part time men
• Part time women compared with full time men
• All women compared with all men
• Current government is headlining full time median
hourly pay, (excluding overtime) - very misleading
• Few working men are part time, (15% in the SW in 2012)
• Many working women are part time, (49% in the SW in 2012)
8. 2012 hourly gender pay gaps, median
• Full time women to full time men
• Government’s head line gap (UK)
• 9.6%
• Gap from my analysis of full time ONS data is
• 11% England,
• 13% SW
• All employees (full and part time)
• 21% England
• 19% SW
• Part time women to full time men
• 40% England
• 34% SW
9. In the SW, 28% of women and 16% of men
earn less than the Living Wage per hour
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90
2012 Hourly Pay by percentile -
all employees SW
men's hourly pay
women's hourly pay
Living wage
10. In the SW, 47% of Women and 19% of Men
earn less than the Living Wage per week
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90
2012 Gross weekly wage percentiles
Men's Pay
Women's Pay
Living wage
11. The proportion of women earning less than the living wage per
week is higher in the SW than across England (47% cf 42%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90
SW Men
England Men
SW Women
England Women
Living wage
12. There are bigger geographical variations across the region
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
% people earning less than living wage per week
Men
Women
13. Comparisons 2009 to 2012 – South West
• Number of employees
• Women up 2%, men up 5%
• Number of part time employees
• Women up 7%,
• Median hourly pay
• Women up 5%, men up 2%
• Part time women up 5.6%
• Median weekly pay
• Women up 2.3%, men up 1.9%
• Median pay gap (all women to all men)
• Hourly, down from 22% to 19%
• Weekly, unchanged at 38%
14. Slightly more women were earning less than the living
wage per week in 2009 (48.5% cf 47%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90
Gross weekly pay percentiles
2009 and 2012
Men's pay 2009
Women's pay 2009
Living wage
Men's Pay 2012
Women's Pay 2012
15. Issues which push women into low paid, often
low skilled, work – from FPSW events
• Unavailability of conveniently located, conveniently timed, high
quality, affordable childcare
• Government policy has increased demand but not supply (Women’s Budget Group)
• Public transport not tailored to women’s needs
• Women with no access to private car are forced to work near home or school
• Uneven geographical availability of well-paid jobs
• Local jobs in rural or urban residential areas are usually low paid
• Unavailability of the option of part-time or flexible working in
high quality, well-paid jobs
• Large numbers of women “downsize” their pay and position when returning to work
• Undervaluing of work traditionally done by women
• Inadequacy of information, advice and guidance to both girls at
school and adult women about career and study options
16. Conclusions
• Paid employment is not a secure route out of poverty or off benefits
• 47% of working women earn less than a living wage per week
• Women’s low weekly earnings are due to both low hourly pay and
part time working
• 28% of working women earn less than a living wage per hour
• 49% of working women work part time (less than 30 hours a week)
• Compared with 2009, in 2012 women worked fewer hours per week
• Full time women moving to part time (total up 2%, part time up 7%)
• Median hourly pay up 5%, median weekly pay up 2.3%
• Cutting women’s benefits is not going to lift them out of poverty!
• Government policy should focus on:
• Subsidising and providing more good quality flexible childcare
• Growth of well paid flexible jobs in accessible places for women
• Raising the minimum wage to at least the living wage
• Reducing stereotyping in IAG services
17. Contact Details
• Fair Play South West
• http://www.equalitysouthwest.org.uk/gender
• C/o Equality Southwest
• Somerset College, Wellington Road, Taunton TA1 5AX
• Lou Maddocks
Administration Officer
Equality South West
Tel: 01823 240260
E-mail: Louise.maddocks@equalitysouthwest.org.uk
Editor's Notes
37.5 hours a week is typical for most full time jobs and is what most full time men work.30 hours per week is what is classed as “full time” for the purposes of the ASHE data.
But the median (50th percentile) doesn’t tell you how many people are receiving “poverty pay”For that you need the full distribution as illustrated in the next slide.
What this picture shows is that nearly 30% of women would be dependent on benefits to lift them out of poverty even if they worked full time.But actually the hourly pay doesn’t tell you all about poverty either.For that you need weekly pay, which of course gives a different picture because it takes into account the number of hours worked.
Living wage per week based on 37.5 hours at £7.25 per hour(These numbers for England as a whole are 42% of women and 18% of men.)It is this picture which explains why so many women (nearly 50%) are dependent on benefits to supplement their earned income.
The main difference between England and the SW is the higher proportion of men who earn more than 3 times the living wage per week There are bigger variations within the SW than between the SW and England as a whole
Even though the proportion working part time has gone up slightly from 47% to 49%