The document discusses the history of women's participation in industry in India during the colonial period. It notes that women often worked alongside male family members. Women were predominantly employed in textile mills as spinners and weavers, as well as in bid rolling, pottery, and quarrying. However, their presence in mills declined after the 1922 Factory Act due to a lack of accommodations for women workers who were often married with children. The document also compares the treatment of women workers in India to those in Japan, where unmarried women were housed in dormitories and received very low wages.
The document discusses the 1913 Paterson Silk Strike, which was a pivotal labor movement led by women activists and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). New technologies in the silk industry threatened skilled workers' jobs and livelihoods, leading over 25,000 strikers, many led by influential women like Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Margaret Sanger, to protest low wages and demand better working conditions. Though the strike lasted six months and utilized various tactics, the mill owners outlasted the strikers, leading to the strike's failure despite gaining some publicity for labor issues.
This document contains a collection of passages on various topics related to developing a positive culture and effective teamwork. It discusses concepts like motivational approaches, attitude, team play, mentoring, accountability, and lean leadership. Specifically, it provides definitions and perspectives on these topics, such as defining mentoring as a way to achieve learning and connection. It also includes multiple short quotes and citations related to each section.
The document contains a collection of photographs and quotes from various women about their work and accomplishments. The photographs show women of different ages and backgrounds engaged in various activities like playing soccer, selling products, working in offices, participating in political processes, and more. The quotes are from women at the company CCS talking about what they are most proud of in their roles, such as helping the company get involved in charity work, maintaining efficiency, forging strong client relationships, and balancing career and family priorities.
This document provides an overview of India's economy and industries. It notes that India is a global leader in several industries such as truck manufacturing, motorcycles, pharmaceuticals, and engineering graduates. It also discusses India's significant natural resources like coal and bauxite reserves. The document outlines some of India's major states and their important industries such as IT in Bangalore, gold in Karnataka, spices and agriculture in Kerala, and biodiesel from jatropha in Andhra Pradesh. It concludes by comparing India's growing consumption market to China's export-driven economy.
The aim of this presentation is to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of challenges. In particular, work style , work balance life in construction field.
This document provides an overview of quality management in the construction industry and approaches of managers. It discusses the characteristics of the construction industry, including its complicated nature with many occupations and organizations involved in different project phases. It also notes issues like non-standardization of production processes and excessive design changes.
The document then examines a survey of over 2,500 managers in five countries that found Indian managers placed more emphasis on organizational stability and employee welfare than profit maximization, and were against values like change and innovation. It also discusses the impact of globalization and increased competition putting pressure on Indian firms to adopt more effective technology. Finally, the conclusion states that with concepts like CSR, TQM, ISO 9000, and small business development
The document discusses trade unions in India. It defines a trade union as an association of either employees or employers formed to secure economic and social benefits for its members. Trade unions aim to achieve higher wages, better working conditions, and safeguard the interests of workers and industries. Some key functions of trade unions include negotiating with employers, taking welfare measures for workers, and protecting workers from injustice and victimization. Reasons for joining unions include gaining greater bargaining power, minimizing discrimination, and providing a sense of security, participation and belonging. However, trade unions in India also face issues such as union rivalry, lack of funding, illiteracy, and being influenced by political parties.
This document provides an overview of training topics for steel fabricators and fitters, including:
- Designating and sketching structural steel shapes
- Compound sections and standard setups
- Linework, lettering, and projection techniques for detailing drawings
- Application of weld symbols and marking techniques
- Connections for beams, columns, and bolted joints
- Dimensioning techniques
- Geometry formulas and bolt types
- Clearances for welding and feedback questions
The document discusses the 1913 Paterson Silk Strike, which was a pivotal labor movement led by women activists and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). New technologies in the silk industry threatened skilled workers' jobs and livelihoods, leading over 25,000 strikers, many led by influential women like Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Margaret Sanger, to protest low wages and demand better working conditions. Though the strike lasted six months and utilized various tactics, the mill owners outlasted the strikers, leading to the strike's failure despite gaining some publicity for labor issues.
This document contains a collection of passages on various topics related to developing a positive culture and effective teamwork. It discusses concepts like motivational approaches, attitude, team play, mentoring, accountability, and lean leadership. Specifically, it provides definitions and perspectives on these topics, such as defining mentoring as a way to achieve learning and connection. It also includes multiple short quotes and citations related to each section.
The document contains a collection of photographs and quotes from various women about their work and accomplishments. The photographs show women of different ages and backgrounds engaged in various activities like playing soccer, selling products, working in offices, participating in political processes, and more. The quotes are from women at the company CCS talking about what they are most proud of in their roles, such as helping the company get involved in charity work, maintaining efficiency, forging strong client relationships, and balancing career and family priorities.
This document provides an overview of India's economy and industries. It notes that India is a global leader in several industries such as truck manufacturing, motorcycles, pharmaceuticals, and engineering graduates. It also discusses India's significant natural resources like coal and bauxite reserves. The document outlines some of India's major states and their important industries such as IT in Bangalore, gold in Karnataka, spices and agriculture in Kerala, and biodiesel from jatropha in Andhra Pradesh. It concludes by comparing India's growing consumption market to China's export-driven economy.
The aim of this presentation is to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of challenges. In particular, work style , work balance life in construction field.
This document provides an overview of quality management in the construction industry and approaches of managers. It discusses the characteristics of the construction industry, including its complicated nature with many occupations and organizations involved in different project phases. It also notes issues like non-standardization of production processes and excessive design changes.
The document then examines a survey of over 2,500 managers in five countries that found Indian managers placed more emphasis on organizational stability and employee welfare than profit maximization, and were against values like change and innovation. It also discusses the impact of globalization and increased competition putting pressure on Indian firms to adopt more effective technology. Finally, the conclusion states that with concepts like CSR, TQM, ISO 9000, and small business development
The document discusses trade unions in India. It defines a trade union as an association of either employees or employers formed to secure economic and social benefits for its members. Trade unions aim to achieve higher wages, better working conditions, and safeguard the interests of workers and industries. Some key functions of trade unions include negotiating with employers, taking welfare measures for workers, and protecting workers from injustice and victimization. Reasons for joining unions include gaining greater bargaining power, minimizing discrimination, and providing a sense of security, participation and belonging. However, trade unions in India also face issues such as union rivalry, lack of funding, illiteracy, and being influenced by political parties.
This document provides an overview of training topics for steel fabricators and fitters, including:
- Designating and sketching structural steel shapes
- Compound sections and standard setups
- Linework, lettering, and projection techniques for detailing drawings
- Application of weld symbols and marking techniques
- Connections for beams, columns, and bolted joints
- Dimensioning techniques
- Geometry formulas and bolt types
- Clearances for welding and feedback questions
This document discusses gender-based bias and laws combating violence against women in India. It begins by defining gender and distinguishing it from sex. Gender is a social construct that leads to stereotypes and biases, often against women in India's patriarchal society. Some examples of gender-based bias women face in India include female feticide, child marriage, domestic abuse, and discrimination in divorce and inheritance. The document then outlines constitutional provisions and various laws enacted to protect women, such as amendments to rape laws and acts preventing domestic violence, dowry prohibition, sexual harassment, and more. It provides examples of relevant case laws that have interpreted and strengthened these protections for women over time.
Promoting Women Economic Empowerment through Enterprise Development & Investm...Dr. Akansha Jain
- Women entrepreneurs in India face many challenges including lack of confidence, socio-cultural barriers, market risks, lack of business knowledge, and lack of awareness of financial assistance programs.
- The government and support institutions provide various programs to promote women's entrepreneurship such as financial support, training programs, and associations.
- Successful women-led businesses in India show that with the right support, women can overcome challenges and build thriving enterprises, as seen in the stories of organizations like Lijjat Papad and Sakthi Masala.
The document discusses gender biases and the status of women prior to and after Islam. It notes that before Islam, women were treated poorly and had no rights. The Prophet Muhammad elevated women's status and granted them rights over marriage, divorce, property and inheritance. However, gender biases still exist worldwide in areas like education, healthcare, political participation, and mobility. Causes include religion, laws, and physical factors. Solutions involve anti-discrimination laws and policies promoting diversity and inclusion. The document ends by highlighting some pioneering Pakistani women who have broken gender barriers.
Trade unions originated in India in response to the harsh conditions faced by workers after the introduction of industrialization in the 1850s. The first trade union was formed in 1875 led by Sorabjee Shahpurjee Bengali. From 1875 to 1918, several unions were established to advocate for workers' rights and better working conditions. After World War 1, larger national unions were formed like the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920. The period from 1924 to 1933 saw the emergence of left-wing unions and greater legal recognition of trade unions through the Trade Union Act of 1926.
International Women's Day celebrates the achievements of women in economic, political, and social spheres. Some of the women highlighted include American aviator Amelia Earhart, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, French fashion designer Coco Chanel, French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, American actress Marilyn Monroe, civil rights activist Rosa Parks, Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, Australian feminist Germaine Greer, American photographer Annie Leibovitz, American poet and activist Maya Angelou, Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai, and Guatemalan human rights activist Rigoberta Menchú. The document also mentions Princess Diana, singer Taylor Swift, tennis player Serena Williams, singer
This document discusses issues related to the status of women in India and provides suggestions to improve women's empowerment. It outlines that women historically had equal status but that has declined. It identifies problems like gender disparities, lack of education and healthcare access for women, dowry practices, and violence against women. It recommends empowering women economically through microcredit, supporting their role in agriculture and industry, and ensuring social empowerment through education, health, nutrition, housing, and ending violence against women. The goal is to advance women's development and equality through these legal, economic and social reforms.
International Women's Day is celebrated annually on March 8th to recognize women's achievements and call for greater gender equality. The day originated in 1909 when women in the United States protested against unfair working conditions. In 1910, the first International Women's Day was organized in Copenhagen to honor women's rights movements and demand universal suffrage. The date was established in 1911 when over one million women and men attended rallies in Europe demanding voting rights, access to public office, equal pay, and an end to job discrimination.
The Partition of India divided British India into two new independent countries - India and Pakistan. On August 14-15, 1947, as Britain withdrew from India, the subcontinent was divided along religious lines into a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan and Bangladesh. The partition displaced up to 12.5 million people and caused widespread violence, as riots broke out between Hindus and Muslims across the region. Over a million people died in the ensuing violence and chaos of partition.
This document provides an overview of trade unions in India, including their definition, objectives, functions, and legal framework. It notes that trade unions aim to secure economic and social benefits for their members by collectively bargaining with employers over issues like wages, working conditions, and personnel policies. The document also discusses some of the challenges faced by trade unions, such as multiple unions competing within the same industry and a lack of interest or participation from some workers. It concludes by acknowledging that while trade unions have helped improve workers' standard of living, some are now closely aligned with political parties.
Trade unions are permanent associations of workers or employers formed to secure economic and social benefits for workers. In India, the major phases of trade union development were from 1850-1900, 1900-1946, and post-1947 when four central trade union organizations were functioning. Trade unions have objectives like improving wages and working conditions for workers. They have functions like negotiating for higher pay and better treatment and providing welfare. However, they also face problems like uneven growth, limited membership, multiple competing unions, and financial issues.
This document discusses women entrepreneurs in India, including some of the major constraints they face such as lack of confidence and socio-cultural barriers. It provides examples of business opportunities for women including eco-friendly technology, IT, and tourism. It also lists prominent women entrepreneurs in India like Indra Nooyi and Kiran Mazumdar Shaw. The document seeks input from women entrepreneurs like Ameera Shah on their experiences and future plans. It concludes that women entrepreneurs play an important role in economic development.
This document provides an overview of women entrepreneurs in India. It defines women entrepreneurs and outlines their key qualities like ambition and hard work. It discusses the functions of women entrepreneurs in planning, organizing, innovating, and decision making. It also examines the general and specific problems faced by women entrepreneurs, as well as government programs and remedies to support them. Statistics are presented on the growth of women-owned businesses in India over time and by state. Several famous successful Indian women entrepreneurs are profiled. In conclusion, it notes that while Indian society has traditionally been male-dominated, the government is taking initiatives to promote greater women's participation in entrepreneurship.
The document discusses the concept, characteristics, and functions of trade unions. It states that trade unions emerged to protect workers from exploitation as industrial establishments grew larger. They are voluntary associations formed by workers to promote their economic, social, and vocational interests through collective action. Trade unions negotiate with management on issues like wages and working conditions and provide job security to employees. The document also outlines different theories on why trade unions formed and discusses their structures at national and industry levels in India.
Powerpoint Search Engine has collection of slides related to specific topics. Write the required keyword in the search box and it fetches you the related results.
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Uni.docxadkinspaige22
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
Author(s): E. Patricia Tsurumi
Source: History Workshop, No. 18 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 3-27
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288585
Accessed: 28-03-2020 22:22 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to History Workshop
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS
Female Textile WVorkers and the Failure
of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
by F Patricia Tsurumi
INTRODUCTION
Students of Japanese labour history all agree that attempts to organize factory
workers in Japan during the Meiji period (1868-1912) were largely unsuccessful.
During the first phase of Japan's industrialization after the Meiji Restoration of
1868,1 there were. spontaneous outbursts of protest from factory workers; and by
the late 1890s a few locally-based trade unions and support groups aimed at
encouraging trade unionism had been formed.2 Despite the harsh Public Peace
Police Law (Chian keisatsu h6 of 1900, pioneer socialists like Katayama Sen
(1859-1933) and K6toku Shtfisui (1871-1911) made strenuous attempts to develop
a class-conscious labour movement, but strong roots did not take firm hold during
this first phase of industrialization.3 As the Meiji period was drawing to a close,
large-scale arrests of suspected left-wing sympathizers and the execution of 24
anarchists falsely accused of high treason in 1910 dramatically ended organizing
attempts. Too weak to fight back, the labour movement went into a state of
suspended animation for almost a decade.4
As Stephen S Large rightly observed, 'The failure of the Meiji labor movement
is easier to chronicle than to explain.'15This, however, has never stopped historians
from explaining it. Explanations have to date involved discussion of all or some
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
4 History Workshop Journal
of the following five factors of Meiji labour history: 1) government repression; 2)
management hostility; 3) class backgrounds of labour leaders; 4) rural backgrounds
of factory workers; 5) high percentages of industrial workers who were female
(nearly all of these were textile workers in cotton spinning, silk reeling, cotton
weaving, and silk weaving trade.
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Uni.docxShiraPrater50
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
Author(s): E. Patricia Tsurumi
Source: History Workshop, No. 18 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 3-27
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288585
Accessed: 28-03-2020 22:22 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to History Workshop
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS
Female Textile WVorkers and the Failure
of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
by F Patricia Tsurumi
INTRODUCTION
Students of Japanese labour history all agree that attempts to organize factory
workers in Japan during the Meiji period (1868-1912) were largely unsuccessful.
During the first phase of Japan's industrialization after the Meiji Restoration of
1868,1 there were. spontaneous outbursts of protest from factory workers; and by
the late 1890s a few locally-based trade unions and support groups aimed at
encouraging trade unionism had been formed.2 Despite the harsh Public Peace
Police Law (Chian keisatsu h6 of 1900, pioneer socialists like Katayama Sen
(1859-1933) and K6toku Shtfisui (1871-1911) made strenuous attempts to develop
a class-conscious labour movement, but strong roots did not take firm hold during
this first phase of industrialization.3 As the Meiji period was drawing to a close,
large-scale arrests of suspected left-wing sympathizers and the execution of 24
anarchists falsely accused of high treason in 1910 dramatically ended organizing
attempts. Too weak to fight back, the labour movement went into a state of
suspended animation for almost a decade.4
As Stephen S Large rightly observed, 'The failure of the Meiji labor movement
is easier to chronicle than to explain.'15This, however, has never stopped historians
from explaining it. Explanations have to date involved discussion of all or some
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
4 History Workshop Journal
of the following five factors of Meiji labour history: 1) government repression; 2)
management hostility; 3) class backgrounds of labour leaders; 4) rural backgrounds
of factory workers; 5) high percentages of industrial workers who were female
(nearly all of these were textile workers in cotton spinning, silk reeling, cotton
weaving, and silk weaving trade ...
An overview of Cotton Textile Industry at Dhaniakhali Block of Hooghly Districtiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Part 2 Age of Industrialisation Ch 5 Historykanikagera
The document discusses the impact of industrialization on workers and weavers in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hundreds of workers migrated to cities in search of jobs but faced miserable conditions, unemployment, and hostility to new technologies. Weavers began protesting and then refusing loans and closing workshops as machine-made British textiles flooded markets and made hand-woven textiles uncompetitive. The document also describes how early Indian entrepreneurs accumulated wealth through trade and then invested in industries, though European managing agencies still controlled much of the industry.
Industrialization began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of the world including India. In Britain, the cotton industry was an early leader followed by iron and steel. Factories consolidated production processes under one roof. In India, the East India Company disrupted traditional textile production networks and exerted greater control over weavers. The establishment of cotton mills in India in the mid-19th century competed with local handloom weavers and led many to abandon weaving. Advertising played a role in expanding markets for industrial goods and shaping new consumer cultures. Throughout the industrialization process, small-scale production remained important.
This document discusses gender-based bias and laws combating violence against women in India. It begins by defining gender and distinguishing it from sex. Gender is a social construct that leads to stereotypes and biases, often against women in India's patriarchal society. Some examples of gender-based bias women face in India include female feticide, child marriage, domestic abuse, and discrimination in divorce and inheritance. The document then outlines constitutional provisions and various laws enacted to protect women, such as amendments to rape laws and acts preventing domestic violence, dowry prohibition, sexual harassment, and more. It provides examples of relevant case laws that have interpreted and strengthened these protections for women over time.
Promoting Women Economic Empowerment through Enterprise Development & Investm...Dr. Akansha Jain
- Women entrepreneurs in India face many challenges including lack of confidence, socio-cultural barriers, market risks, lack of business knowledge, and lack of awareness of financial assistance programs.
- The government and support institutions provide various programs to promote women's entrepreneurship such as financial support, training programs, and associations.
- Successful women-led businesses in India show that with the right support, women can overcome challenges and build thriving enterprises, as seen in the stories of organizations like Lijjat Papad and Sakthi Masala.
The document discusses gender biases and the status of women prior to and after Islam. It notes that before Islam, women were treated poorly and had no rights. The Prophet Muhammad elevated women's status and granted them rights over marriage, divorce, property and inheritance. However, gender biases still exist worldwide in areas like education, healthcare, political participation, and mobility. Causes include religion, laws, and physical factors. Solutions involve anti-discrimination laws and policies promoting diversity and inclusion. The document ends by highlighting some pioneering Pakistani women who have broken gender barriers.
Trade unions originated in India in response to the harsh conditions faced by workers after the introduction of industrialization in the 1850s. The first trade union was formed in 1875 led by Sorabjee Shahpurjee Bengali. From 1875 to 1918, several unions were established to advocate for workers' rights and better working conditions. After World War 1, larger national unions were formed like the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920. The period from 1924 to 1933 saw the emergence of left-wing unions and greater legal recognition of trade unions through the Trade Union Act of 1926.
International Women's Day celebrates the achievements of women in economic, political, and social spheres. Some of the women highlighted include American aviator Amelia Earhart, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, French fashion designer Coco Chanel, French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, American actress Marilyn Monroe, civil rights activist Rosa Parks, Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, Australian feminist Germaine Greer, American photographer Annie Leibovitz, American poet and activist Maya Angelou, Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai, and Guatemalan human rights activist Rigoberta Menchú. The document also mentions Princess Diana, singer Taylor Swift, tennis player Serena Williams, singer
This document discusses issues related to the status of women in India and provides suggestions to improve women's empowerment. It outlines that women historically had equal status but that has declined. It identifies problems like gender disparities, lack of education and healthcare access for women, dowry practices, and violence against women. It recommends empowering women economically through microcredit, supporting their role in agriculture and industry, and ensuring social empowerment through education, health, nutrition, housing, and ending violence against women. The goal is to advance women's development and equality through these legal, economic and social reforms.
International Women's Day is celebrated annually on March 8th to recognize women's achievements and call for greater gender equality. The day originated in 1909 when women in the United States protested against unfair working conditions. In 1910, the first International Women's Day was organized in Copenhagen to honor women's rights movements and demand universal suffrage. The date was established in 1911 when over one million women and men attended rallies in Europe demanding voting rights, access to public office, equal pay, and an end to job discrimination.
The Partition of India divided British India into two new independent countries - India and Pakistan. On August 14-15, 1947, as Britain withdrew from India, the subcontinent was divided along religious lines into a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan and Bangladesh. The partition displaced up to 12.5 million people and caused widespread violence, as riots broke out between Hindus and Muslims across the region. Over a million people died in the ensuing violence and chaos of partition.
This document provides an overview of trade unions in India, including their definition, objectives, functions, and legal framework. It notes that trade unions aim to secure economic and social benefits for their members by collectively bargaining with employers over issues like wages, working conditions, and personnel policies. The document also discusses some of the challenges faced by trade unions, such as multiple unions competing within the same industry and a lack of interest or participation from some workers. It concludes by acknowledging that while trade unions have helped improve workers' standard of living, some are now closely aligned with political parties.
Trade unions are permanent associations of workers or employers formed to secure economic and social benefits for workers. In India, the major phases of trade union development were from 1850-1900, 1900-1946, and post-1947 when four central trade union organizations were functioning. Trade unions have objectives like improving wages and working conditions for workers. They have functions like negotiating for higher pay and better treatment and providing welfare. However, they also face problems like uneven growth, limited membership, multiple competing unions, and financial issues.
This document discusses women entrepreneurs in India, including some of the major constraints they face such as lack of confidence and socio-cultural barriers. It provides examples of business opportunities for women including eco-friendly technology, IT, and tourism. It also lists prominent women entrepreneurs in India like Indra Nooyi and Kiran Mazumdar Shaw. The document seeks input from women entrepreneurs like Ameera Shah on their experiences and future plans. It concludes that women entrepreneurs play an important role in economic development.
This document provides an overview of women entrepreneurs in India. It defines women entrepreneurs and outlines their key qualities like ambition and hard work. It discusses the functions of women entrepreneurs in planning, organizing, innovating, and decision making. It also examines the general and specific problems faced by women entrepreneurs, as well as government programs and remedies to support them. Statistics are presented on the growth of women-owned businesses in India over time and by state. Several famous successful Indian women entrepreneurs are profiled. In conclusion, it notes that while Indian society has traditionally been male-dominated, the government is taking initiatives to promote greater women's participation in entrepreneurship.
The document discusses the concept, characteristics, and functions of trade unions. It states that trade unions emerged to protect workers from exploitation as industrial establishments grew larger. They are voluntary associations formed by workers to promote their economic, social, and vocational interests through collective action. Trade unions negotiate with management on issues like wages and working conditions and provide job security to employees. The document also outlines different theories on why trade unions formed and discusses their structures at national and industry levels in India.
Powerpoint Search Engine has collection of slides related to specific topics. Write the required keyword in the search box and it fetches you the related results.
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Uni.docxadkinspaige22
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
Author(s): E. Patricia Tsurumi
Source: History Workshop, No. 18 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 3-27
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288585
Accessed: 28-03-2020 22:22 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to History Workshop
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS
Female Textile WVorkers and the Failure
of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
by F Patricia Tsurumi
INTRODUCTION
Students of Japanese labour history all agree that attempts to organize factory
workers in Japan during the Meiji period (1868-1912) were largely unsuccessful.
During the first phase of Japan's industrialization after the Meiji Restoration of
1868,1 there were. spontaneous outbursts of protest from factory workers; and by
the late 1890s a few locally-based trade unions and support groups aimed at
encouraging trade unionism had been formed.2 Despite the harsh Public Peace
Police Law (Chian keisatsu h6 of 1900, pioneer socialists like Katayama Sen
(1859-1933) and K6toku Shtfisui (1871-1911) made strenuous attempts to develop
a class-conscious labour movement, but strong roots did not take firm hold during
this first phase of industrialization.3 As the Meiji period was drawing to a close,
large-scale arrests of suspected left-wing sympathizers and the execution of 24
anarchists falsely accused of high treason in 1910 dramatically ended organizing
attempts. Too weak to fight back, the labour movement went into a state of
suspended animation for almost a decade.4
As Stephen S Large rightly observed, 'The failure of the Meiji labor movement
is easier to chronicle than to explain.'15This, however, has never stopped historians
from explaining it. Explanations have to date involved discussion of all or some
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
4 History Workshop Journal
of the following five factors of Meiji labour history: 1) government repression; 2)
management hostility; 3) class backgrounds of labour leaders; 4) rural backgrounds
of factory workers; 5) high percentages of industrial workers who were female
(nearly all of these were textile workers in cotton spinning, silk reeling, cotton
weaving, and silk weaving trade.
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Uni.docxShiraPrater50
Female Textile Workers and the Failure of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
Author(s): E. Patricia Tsurumi
Source: History Workshop, No. 18 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 3-27
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288585
Accessed: 28-03-2020 22:22 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to History Workshop
This content downloaded from 128.195.78.54 on Sat, 28 Mar 2020 22:22:11 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS
Female Textile WVorkers and the Failure
of Early Trade Unionism in Japan
by F Patricia Tsurumi
INTRODUCTION
Students of Japanese labour history all agree that attempts to organize factory
workers in Japan during the Meiji period (1868-1912) were largely unsuccessful.
During the first phase of Japan's industrialization after the Meiji Restoration of
1868,1 there were. spontaneous outbursts of protest from factory workers; and by
the late 1890s a few locally-based trade unions and support groups aimed at
encouraging trade unionism had been formed.2 Despite the harsh Public Peace
Police Law (Chian keisatsu h6 of 1900, pioneer socialists like Katayama Sen
(1859-1933) and K6toku Shtfisui (1871-1911) made strenuous attempts to develop
a class-conscious labour movement, but strong roots did not take firm hold during
this first phase of industrialization.3 As the Meiji period was drawing to a close,
large-scale arrests of suspected left-wing sympathizers and the execution of 24
anarchists falsely accused of high treason in 1910 dramatically ended organizing
attempts. Too weak to fight back, the labour movement went into a state of
suspended animation for almost a decade.4
As Stephen S Large rightly observed, 'The failure of the Meiji labor movement
is easier to chronicle than to explain.'15This, however, has never stopped historians
from explaining it. Explanations have to date involved discussion of all or some
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4 History Workshop Journal
of the following five factors of Meiji labour history: 1) government repression; 2)
management hostility; 3) class backgrounds of labour leaders; 4) rural backgrounds
of factory workers; 5) high percentages of industrial workers who were female
(nearly all of these were textile workers in cotton spinning, silk reeling, cotton
weaving, and silk weaving trade ...
An overview of Cotton Textile Industry at Dhaniakhali Block of Hooghly Districtiosrjce
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Part 2 Age of Industrialisation Ch 5 Historykanikagera
The document discusses the impact of industrialization on workers and weavers in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hundreds of workers migrated to cities in search of jobs but faced miserable conditions, unemployment, and hostility to new technologies. Weavers began protesting and then refusing loans and closing workshops as machine-made British textiles flooded markets and made hand-woven textiles uncompetitive. The document also describes how early Indian entrepreneurs accumulated wealth through trade and then invested in industries, though European managing agencies still controlled much of the industry.
Industrialization began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of the world including India. In Britain, the cotton industry was an early leader followed by iron and steel. Factories consolidated production processes under one roof. In India, the East India Company disrupted traditional textile production networks and exerted greater control over weavers. The establishment of cotton mills in India in the mid-19th century competed with local handloom weavers and led many to abandon weaving. Advertising played a role in expanding markets for industrial goods and shaping new consumer cultures. Throughout the industrialization process, small-scale production remained important.
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The document discusses the socio-economic conditions of female workers in brick kilns in Khejuri CD Blocks in West Bengal, India. It finds that most of the female workers are from scheduled caste backgrounds, married at a young age (39% below age 16), and have low levels of education and income. The work environment for female workers lacks benefits and protections. Improving socio-economic conditions for female workers could help motivate them and improve development of the brick kiln industry.
Do you not see rapid industrialization as a time of progress and modernity ? D you think that the spread of railways and factories, and construction of high-rise building and bridges is a sign of society's development ? Is industrialization always based on rapid technological development ? Can we today continue to glorify continuous mechanization of all work ? What has industrialization meant to people's lives ? To answer such questions we need to tun to the history of Industrialization. In this chapter we will look at this history by focusing first on Britain, the first industrial nation, and the India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule.
This document summarizes the transition from pre-industrial to industrial production in Europe and its impact in India. It describes how merchants in Europe first turned to the countryside to produce goods due to guild restrictions in towns. Rural artisans agreed to work for merchants. This led to the development of relationships between towns and countryside. Eventually, factories began to consolidate all stages of production under one roof, driven by inventions that increased efficiency. The growth of factories had mixed impacts - it provided jobs but also unemployment and poor working conditions. The rise of European industries like cotton had negative effects in India, undermining weavers and the export trade they relied upon.
The Children Who Built Victorian BritainJennifer York
The document discusses the role of children during the British Industrial Revolution. It describes how children worked in cotton mills and faced abuse both physically and financially. Doctors who examined the children found injuries from machinery and described the mills as unhealthy. Overall, the document argues that children were mistreated and their health was put at risk during this period.
This document provides an overview of industries in India. It discusses how India's main early industry was handicrafts and textiles. Under colonial rule, India struggled to develop other industries. After independence in 1947, India pursued initiatives to promote industrialization. Key requirements for industrialization included machines, electricity, raw materials, transportation facilities, and basic industries producing these necessities. The document then examines several major industries in India like textiles, sugar, iron and steel, chemicals, and automobiles. It provides details on the location, production processes, and importance of these industries.
This document provides an overview of industries in India. It discusses how India's main early industry was handicrafts and textiles. Under colonial rule, India struggled to develop other industries. After independence in 1947, India pursued initiatives to promote industrialization. Key requirements for industrialization included machines, electricity, raw materials, transportation facilities, and basic industries producing these necessities. The document then examines several major industries in India like textiles, sugar, iron and steel, chemicals, and automobiles. It provides details on the location, production processes, and importance of these industries.
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SHGs are member based microfinance intermediaries inspired by external technical support that lie between informal financial market actors like moneylenders, collectors, and ROSCAs on the one...show more content...It is a fascinating journey of jute stamping it as one of the oldest surviving agro industries of the world.
There had been a rapid expansion of the jute industry in India around Calcutta particularly during certain boom periods. From one mill in 1855 with no looms and another mill established four years later with only 192 looms, towards the end of the first decade of the 20th Century there were 59 mills with 30,685 looms. In the year 1918, the loom strength was 39,401. During the period after the First World War, there was a further advance in the productive capacity of the industry and in 1919 20 the number of mills had increased to 76 with 41,000 looms. There had also come into existence three mills in Andhra Pradesh part of the then Madres Presidency, and one in Uttar Pradesh (formally United province). During 1919 20 fourteen mills ware registered in India showing a great development in jute industry in Be
This document provides a report on the exports analysis of the Indian textile industry. It begins with an acknowledgement and table of contents. It then discusses the history and growth of the textile industry in India and various other countries. It provides details on the structure of the Indian textile industry and its role in the Indian economy. It also discusses government initiatives to support the industry and analyzes the current scenario and future prospects. In the end, it provides export data analysis and interpretations along with recommendations and conclusions.
During the Industrial Revolution, workers faced difficult conditions but began organizing to improve their situations. Children as young as 6 worked long hours in dangerous conditions for little or no pay in factories, mines, and other industrial jobs. Women also often worked outside the home in industries like textiles. Workplaces could be hot, physically demanding, and unsafe, with long hours over 12 hours a day and few breaks or safety protections. Workers eventually realized they deserved better treatment and started unions to fight for improved wages, hours, and working conditions.
The document discusses issues with the production of imported Indian sandstone, which is a growing market for landscaping materials in the UK. It notes that nearly 20% of Indian quarry workers are children, and many quarries use bonded labour and exploit migrant workers. Additionally, illegal quarries are openly flouting safety and environmental laws. The document advocates for choosing stone from verified sources to avoid supporting unethical and environmentally damaging practices.
- India's economy was transformed under British colonial rule from an independent economy focused on agriculture and handicrafts to a colonial economy focused on exporting raw materials and importing British manufactured goods.
- Key policies like deindustrialization, lack of infrastructure investment in India, and restricting India's foreign trade weakened India's economic development and caused per capita income to decline relative to Britain.
- At independence, India adopted a mixed economy, combining socialist policies like economic planning with private enterprise, in order to promote equitable growth while maintaining economic freedom.
Similar to Women in indian Industry-Overview 2014 (19)
Quality circles are small groups of employees that voluntarily meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve technical and manual problems in their work. This technique aims to increase productive problem solving among employees from all levels of an organization's hierarchy. While quality circles have been successful in Japanese companies, their implementation in construction companies faces some challenges due to the unique nature of each construction project, variable workforces, long durations, influence of subcontractors and owners, and typical hierarchical structures. However, Japanese construction companies have implemented quality circles successfully by overcoming these challenges.
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This document discusses various aspects of organizational culture and quality management. It covers 1) customer relationship in quality management, 2) the nature of work attitudes, 3) organizational citizenship behavior, 4) terminal and instrumental values that shape organizational culture, and 5) how organizational climate is based on member perceptions and operates between culture and behavior. The document examines factors like job satisfaction, work design, moods and emotions, and how an organization's culture is transmitted through socialization, symbols and stories.
The document discusses leadership qualities and virtues through passages from the Thirukkural text. It highlights the importance of good conduct, avoiding envy, practicing charity, and self-control. An effective leader possesses courage, utilizes resources efficiently, provides knowledge, and has passion for excellence. Key leadership qualities include courage, generosity, wisdom, and energy.
This document discusses the history of women's roles in industry in India. It includes images and descriptions of girls at school, child marriage, and women training with Gandhi. It also discusses the Factory Act of 1891 which regulated child and women labor. Several paragraphs discuss the types of industries that employed women, such as cotton and jute mills, mining, pottery, and hand spinning. Women often worked alongside family members. The document also examines the migration of labor to jute mills in Bengal and its impact on the proportion of female workers. Mill managers manipulated ideas of women's domestic roles to meet labor needs.
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7. 06-01-2015
7
In training to join
Gandhiji: Bhrat
Scouts,Allahabad
,1929
Source: The
New
Cambridge
History of India
IV.2
Women in
Mother India-
Geraldine
Forbes
8. 06-01-2015
8
Source: The New Cambridge History of India IV.2 Women in Mother India-Geraldine
Forbes
Missionaries in India
9. 06-01-2015
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Source: The New Cambridge History of India IV.2 Women in Mother India-Geraldine
Forbes
Education to Daughter is Father’s Religious Duty
11. 06-01-2015
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………. For the British cotton industry had begun to suffer from indian competition.
Indian yarn exports exceeded imports from the early 1880's, and a few years later
British exports of cheap cottons started to decline.
Almost to destroy an infant industry in India……………….. The Factory Act of 1891
raised the minimum age for the employment of children from 7 to 9 years and
reduced their working time from 9 to 7 hours, limited the hours of employment of
women to 11 hours a day, insisted on proper intervals for food and rest during the
day and provided for at least four holidays in every month for both women and
children. This did not satisfy opinion in Britain where employment of children and
women was restricted to 10 hours during the day. The Dundee Chamber of
Commerce, for example, falsely complained that as a result of the want of adequate
inspection by officials in India, machinery was worked for 22 hours by women and
for 15 hours by children………………….. Much of the work in the mines was done on
the family system, the wife and children helping the father; explosions and
accidents were relatively unknown; and a needlessly stringent Act might smother a
promising national industry.
India in British rule
Source: CAMBRIDGE SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES
BRITISH POLICY IN INDIA 1858-1905, CAMBRIDGE SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES by S.GOPAL
12. 06-01-2015
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Rural labourers quite often took children to the field. Universally in the cotton
and jute mills in the nineteenth century, especially the jute mills, women took
infants into the factory. Inside such a jute mill near Calcutta, infants
can be found lying on sacking, in bobbin boxes and other unsuitable places,
exposed to the noise and danger of moving machinery and a dustladen
atmosphere, and no year passes without a certain number of serious
and minor accidents, and sometimes even deaths, among such children.
(India, 1928–31:65)
India in British rule.....
(Source: Rethinking Economic Change in
India, Labour and livelihood,Tirthankar Roy-
Routledge)
13. 06-01-2015
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The principal difficulty in classification of women workers was that women often took
part both in the occupation of the adult men of their families and in the wage labour
unconnected with what the men did. Where the former work occupied them to a greater
extent, the difficulty arose as to whether they should be treated as primarily dependents
or primarily workers. While there was diversification at this level, in wage work, there
was a great deal of gender segmentation. Some work only women did, some work only
men. And women entered mainly those jobs that hired only women. There was hardly a
hint of competition in historical sources. To the contrary, there were many references to a
great deal of compatibility between men and women in respect of their mode of entry
into
the same work-site. In the cotton mills, women worked usually in the mills where their
husbands worked. In the mines, ‘they of course work with or near the male members’
(India, 1921a: 170–1).
why women were prone to leaving industry
14. 06-01-2015
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why women were prone to leaving industry......
Hand-spinning of cotton, basket weaving, grain processing by hand and stone cutting were
some of the traditional manual processes in which women far outnumbered men. Of the
more modern sectors, metal processing, chemicals or machinery manufacture and printing
presses rarely hired women. Mines hired many women, not in extraction but as headload
carriers. Cotton mills hired women as reelers and winders in the spinning department. In
cotton gins, women fed cotton into the gin. As that task required a large number of workers,
nearly half the workers in a gin were often women. In hand-loom factories, women
performed yarn processing tasks again as they did at home. In bid rolling, women alone
were employed. There was also near-monopoly of women in certain activities allied to the
processing or use of minerals. Quarries of hard rock, for example, employed women as
small stone breakers. Pottery, brick and tile factories, and cement factories hired women
too. If there were changes and shifts within these spheres, we cannot capture them for
want of sufficient research. However, we do know that in the spinning department of the
cotton and jute mills women tended to be replaced by men after the 1922 Factories Act.
18. 06-01-2015
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In several cases from comparative history, the percentage of women in manufacturing
work and the female labour-force participation rates seem to be correlated. Both are
relatively low in India, both high in East Asia.
(Source: Rethinking Economic Change in India, Labour and livelihood,Tirthankar Roy-Routledge)
19. 06-01-2015
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Another large example in the gender-independence scenario is hand-spinning. This
example has occupied, not unjustly, an overwhelming part of the discourse on women’s
work in industry. However, a great deal of this discourse is impressionistic. The first thing
we need to note about hand-spinning is that it was quintessentially women’s work: very
small pay, very labour-intensive and usage of the most unemployable of the rural
workforce. Such labour was easily a prey to mechanization because it was much too
labour-intensive to be economical for the weaver, and because the income-loss was
negligible for the community as soon as an alternative became available. The peak
period of the decline of hand-spinning was not well-served by documentation, official or
other. However, spinning was faintly remembered at the end of the century. Based on
these reports, we know that spinning labour came from across the social spectrum.
Women of Brahman households took part as much as poor widows such as the ones
described in the matka example above. As one respondent remembered the routine:
‘Females in every household would get up early in the morning and sit in small parties of
five or six and go on spinning’ (Slater, 1918:66). The mention of caste is significant, for
team-work was not likely to form in too mixed a company.
(Source: page 11 to 18 .Rethinking Economic Change in India, Labour and
livelihood,Tirthankar Roy-Routledge)
20. 06-01-2015
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Bengal's own factories and mills became major consumers of raw jute. By the early
twentieth century, more than half of the 9 million bales of raw jute produced were
processed, spun, woven and manufactured into bags in Bengal.9 By the 1930s there were
more than
100 factories within 25 miles north and south of Calcutta.
The factory production of jute and its importance as packaging for the world's expanding
commodity trade brought it into prominence in the nineteenth century. Jute had, however,
been known in Bengal for many centuries. Two castes, the Kapalis and the Jogis, grew,
spun and wove jute. As in many other low-paid and low-status jobs Hindu widows of even
the higher castes were allowed to engage in this poorly rewarded occupation. The coarse
yarn was used for cordage and for making paper........ From 1795 Bengal began to export
raw jute and jute cloth, mainly to south-east Asia.Around this time manufacturers ........ in
1835 when they applied whale oil to sufficiently strengthen and soften the fibre. Mechanical
spinning started and power weaving followed immediately. The real impetus for the growth
of the industry came with the outbreak of the Crimean War when the supply of Russian
hemp became uncertain. Jute was now substituted for hemp. The shift required no
significant replacement of existing machinery and with a little additional investment the
packaging industry in Dundee continued to prosper. Scottish jute mills also derived an
enormous cost advantage from the easy and almost exclusive access to colonised
Bengal's raw jute. The hessian and the gunny sack were to hold the field for the next
hundred years.
Lessons from Bengal
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The migration of labour to the jute mill belt of Bengal and, particularly, its implications for
the employment of women. The Bengali women in the mills - primarily widows and
deserted or
deserting wives - were quickly overwhelmed by the migrant men. Bihar and UP women
did not come to the mills in large enough numbers to preserve the gender composition of
the workforce. There was a greater proportion of women among those who came from
northern Andhra Pradesh than among those who came from Bihar and UP, but in
absolute terms the Andhra women were a small minority. The women who did migrate to
the city, alone or with their families, did so when rural resources were exhausted. They
rarely retained a rural base to protect them against the uncertainties of the urban labour
market. Consequently, their labour was less desirable from the mill owners‘ point of view.
Lessons from Bengal
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Mill managers also deployed notions of domesticity according to their labour requirements.
Thus, when they wished to employ women they emphasized the importance of their contribution
to the household budget; when they wished to reduce labour, they found it easier to retrench
women, rather than men, on the grounds that women's earnings were `supplementary' and
that their primary task lay in housewifery and childcare. In general, managers advanced these
arguments to explain women's lower wages and the poorer conditions provided for them in the
mills. During the crisis of the 1930s, mill owners formulated concrete policies to increase
their direct control over women's activities and to systematically replace women by men. Together,
these various policies led to women's marginalisation in the industry.
The gendering of the workforce affected social and cultural attitudes to women's work and
negatively affected the status of urban women. The poor conditions of women's work and the
lower wages they were paid affirmed the ideology of domesticity and seclusion and further
devalued women's contribution towards family sustenance.
The child-bearing and rearing practices of poor women received enormous public attention in the
1920s and 1930s. The state and the mill owners, prodded by the International Labour Organisation,
discovered the `problem' of the woman factory worker's `motherhood'.
Lessons from Bengal
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Women workers themselves rarely perceived a stark opposition between wage
work and their family roles. Their family responsibilities usually included and
overlapped with their role as workers. An elitist definition of womanhood, which
celebrated the exclusively domestic, never applied to these women. However,
such elitist perceptions did also accord primacy to poor women's family roles
and they affected, through state and entrepreneurial policies, poor women's
position in the
workplace. Working women had to negotiate and contest these perceptions
and they had to resist both class and sexual oppression. As a result, their
protest gained a remarkably militant edge. They became reputed for their
militancy in strikes and in violent confrontation with managers and the police.
Their participation in strikes, however, often derived from criteria of self-worth
and notions of honour that were not part of the organised structure of elite-led
trade union politics.
Source : 19 to 22 page in ppt.-Women and Labour in Late Colonial India-The
Bengal Jute Industry by Samita Sen, Cambridge University Press 1999
Lessons from Bengal
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The Japanese mills drove out the cotton mills of Bombay from the China market
within a few years in the 1890s. They had an advantage, as the Bombay mill-owners
noted, with a sense of despair because they could not hope to match that particular
advantage. This was low-wage female labour. Young unmarried women from
farming families moved to cotton-spinning mills in Japan. Cotton mills elsewhere in
the world employed farm girls too.Their wages were very low, though in order to
employ them the mills needed to create special systems such as all-women
dormitories. They were employed only for a few years, and the pay covered little
more than subsistence. And yet, through this transfer of population, ‘the industries in
Japan secured cheap labor, the farmers secured some cash income, the girls
secured dowries—and the contracts were completed by the age then regarded as
appropriate for marriage’ (Taeuber, 1958:115–16).
While the Japanese employer created conditions enabling women’s entry into the
factory, the Indian mill-owner was stubbornly indifferent to the most elementary
enabling conditions. Most women workers were married with small children. Until
the late-1920s most mills did not have child-care facilities, and yet had begun to
prohibit entry of small children into the space where their mothers worked. The
women were left at the mercy of
Driving the employments
25. 06-01-2015
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the sardars (the contractors-cum-foremen) for breaks from the shop-floor, or
dependent
on older children, and were compelled to use what tree-shade they could find outside
the
mill to nurse small children. There were many other, less glaring, cases of neglect
and
indifference. Not surprisingly, the presence of women in the mills began to decline
quickly after the 1922 Factories Act. No less powerful barrier than employer
indifference
were the social and cultural attitudes of the workers themselves. A group of women
complained before the Royal Commission on Labour that ‘the chastity of the female
employee working in the factory is always in danger’ (India, 1928–31:65). On the
point
of patriarchal prejudices, Indian trade unions were partners and collaborators of the
mill owners.
One mill union, for example, stoutly resisted ‘the scandalous system of men and
women working jointly on the same machine’, which an innovative South Indian mill
tried to implement in the 1920s. Many other unions shared the sentiment.
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The sardar was typically a labour supervisor ± and there were three or
more sardars in every department of a mill. The line sardars, supervising a
small group of workers were under a head sardar. The sardars were
always men. The jute mills, in not pursuing a strict horizontal segregation
of genders on the shopfloor, rigidified the vertical segregation of women
into the lower echelons of jute mill work. Since men could and often did
work in the departments where women also worked, and since male
workers would not be amenable to supervision by women, there were no
women sardars in jute mills. In contrast, in the cotton mills where women
had their own departments, they were headed by women supervisors.
Source: Women and Labour in Late Colonial India-The Bengal Jute Industry by
Samita Sen, Cambridge University Press 1999
27. 06-01-2015
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This difference between Japan and India had probably more to do with economics
than prejudice. The critical question is: why did the Indian employer not want to spend
more on welfare or accept the cost of special legislation, considering that women
usually received smaller wages than men for the same work? Underlying the
difference between them in the status of women inside the factory, there was a
calculation of how valuable or indispensable the women workers were. Both societies
were patriarchal and neither
allowed women freedom to work or live as they wished. The crucial difference, I
believe, was in the fact that the women workers in the Japanese mills were
unmarried. Being unmarried and young, they were more suited to training than
married women might have been. The Indian women workers were married and thus
seen as not reliable material to be trained and put to the skilled tasks. Women were
part of the core workforce in Japan, whereas the Indian women workers were usually
a marginal part of the factory. The Japanese women worked the ring spindle while the
Indian ones were set to unskilled tasks. The Japanese women were part of the steady
workforce, at least for a few years until they were married, the Indian women were
casual workers. If culture does enter this story of marginalization of women, it enters
via marriage norms, and not via employers’ biases.
India Vs Japan
28. 06-01-2015
28
The second objection to ‘barriers to entry’ is that government regulation did not
touch more than a small fraction of the workforce in the developing countries.
Using South Asia as an illustration, between 1911 and 1961, more than one-and-
a-half million women notionally exited manufacturing in this region.In the mills
covered by the Factory Act, Disputes Act and other regulations, the extent of the
notional decline was only a few thousands. The real sites of the decline were
small factories and workshops that employed wage-labour, showed a strong
preference for male labour, but were not
subjected to any regulation worth the name. The gender-bias of mill-owners or the
legal safeguards do not really matter, in a quantitative sense, to explaining why
women’s presence in manufacturing fell in India. To explain why we find few
women working in these units, we need to consider the hypothesis that perhaps
women could not seek these jobs. We consider supply of labour again, in the form
of what I call barriers to exit from the family.
India Vs Japan.....
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Numerous reports point to a deep-rooted and universal feeling of uneasiness
and
unwillingness on the part of the Indian woman to work in a factory alongside
men. How do we account for such a feeling?
Married women faced a singular barrier to exit the household: children,
especially
young children and infants. Even in the presence of adequate institutional
safeguards at the factory site, it was not easy to go round this barrier, for the
traditional society would not easily accept these institutions to be adequate
substitutes for maternal care. A consideration such as this would tend to bias
married women’s work towards household industry, part-time or casual work
rather than permanent contractual work, and bias it towards agriculture and
services, rather than manufacturing. For, manufacturing by contrast with farming,
would require steadier commitment and possibly staying away from children for
longer periods during the day.
Barriers to exit: marriage
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How wide or narrow was the window of opportunity during early stages of
industrialization? It was relatively wide in Japan, about 4–5 years—the maximum
length an unmarried girl would spend in a spinning mill at the turn of the century. On
the other side, the window was probably a negative range in South Asia. The mean
age at marriage in South Asia has been historically the lowest in the world and rose
rather slowly in the twentieth century. The mean age at marriage for women in India
was thirteen in the
decade 1891–1901, and sixteen in the decade 1951–61. The age was lowest by far by
any contemporary standard. In 1920, the mean age for women in Japan was twenty-
three. In Europe, the age was twenty-five or more even at the beginning of
industrialization. In neighbouring Burma and Ceylon, the average age for women in
the first decade of the twentieth century was 18–20. The mean age did not necessarily
increase in the long run in regions where it was high to begin with. However, if it fell, it
fell marginally.
Barriers to exit: marriage
(Source: page 26to 29 .Rethinking Economic Change in India, Labour and
livelihood,Tirthankar Roy-Routledge)
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Indian employment............Despite the fact that the highest levels of protection were
provided to the import-competing industries that were most capital-, technology-, and
skilled labor–intensive, India experienced a considerable widening of the skill wage gap.
Trade in manufacturing benefited skilled men and trade in services benefited skilled
women. Overall, the male-female wage gap narrowed for high school and college
graduates.
Cadot and Nasir (2001) report that the monthly wage for an unskilled textiles industry
machine operator is less than one-third of the equivalent wage in Mauritius, around half
that in China, and only about 60 percent of the average wage in India. Although labor
productivity is apparently much lower in Madagascar than in Mauritius or China (and
equal to that in India), unit production costs are among the lowest in the world and lower
than in the other three countries.
(Source: Globalization, Wages, and the Quality of Jobs- FIVE COUNTRY STUDIES -Raymond Robertson, Drusilla Brown, Gaëlle
Pierre, and María Laura ,Sanchez-Puerta- www.worldbank.org)
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India provides a good example of the way in which export orientation changes labour
management practices so that they raise productivity and product quality. Beginning in the
mid-1980s, India’s automobile industry grew rapidly and attracted significant FDI flows. As a
consequence of domestic-content requirements, local components producers were
required to significantly increase quality and productivity. Okada (2004) reports that firms
responded by hiring more educated and qualified workers for production and managerial
positions. Firms also emphasized cognitive skills and behavioural traits in recruitment and
increased formal training in quality control and line management.
(Source: Globalization, Wages, and the Quality of Jobs- FIVE COUNTRY STUDIES,Raymond Robertson, Drusilla Brown,
Gaëlle Pierre, and María Laura ,Sanchez-Puerta-www.worldbank.org)
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Conclusio
n
The remarkable spiral between ‘information’ and ‘knowledge’ Cohn depicted in the
first citation above could leave the information theorist at a loss. Modern technical
usage
of both these terms keeps these two concepts strictly distinct, defines these differently,
and in such a way as to be able to understand their interconnection. The classical
communication theory, for example, defines information not with respect to its
functions
but to a state of uncertainty, information is reduction in uncertainty. The theory also
implies that the one who possesses or controls information does not have full control
over
its communication to others because of the ‘noise’ that necessarily enters all
communication channels. Knowledge differs from information in a number of ways, by
an element of intentionality for example, or by the fact that knowledge is constructed
through a process of recognition of information to be correct or useful (Lehrer, 2000).
….. Colonialism had to create an information base on the people of India before it
could
filter it into knowledge about colonial subjects.
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First, systems of governance operate at different levels, principally, administration and
ideology, and the fit between the two is not necessarily very close, as one might imagine
from reading Cohn or the subaltern studies treatment of colonial sources. Administration
in a colonial society took on a life and dynamics of its own. Indeed, some of the most
valuable descriptions of life and livelihood of the poor in colonial India arose out of the
autonomous uncoordinated research by officials whose connection with governance
went no further than using the government press to publish their findings. A great deal
of the work done for the census, the craft monographs, the caste surveys and the village
studies belonged in such research efforts without plausible political roots.
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In the cotton mills, women’s work inside the factory depended on a support system
outside to look after young children and bring them to their mothers at certain times
and places. Not all mothers could access or create such a system. And those that
could needed to have large families. For, older siblings played a crucial role in this
scheme.
My second hypothesis is that men, being in control of capital and marketing and
having undergone more rigorous training, faced greater opportunity cost of outright
exit from manufacturing than did women. They persisted with industry much more, if
necessary, leaving the family and resettling in a different town. Women as merchants
were probably not unknown, but the rare instances in which we see them involved
odd personalities and odd domestic circumstances.
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My third hypothesis is that it is precisely these constraints that made it more difficult for
certain products to survive commercialization. The outcome of distinctively women’s
labour such as waste silk yarn, carpets, embroidery, or a sari meant for display of its
maker might be distinctive and might have potential market, but these products were
not backed by a strong commercial organization. When a market did grow for such
products, only in rare instances did women artisans supply that market. In carpets, they
were almost wholly displaced, in sari and embroidery partially displaced. Commercial
organization
evolved in some of these cases to utilize the particular craft skills that only women
could
supply, but usually, involved men in trade and women in production.
The distinction between gender-integration and gender-independence matters in this
context. When a product moved from the household to the factory, we are talking about
a gender-integrated scenario weakening. The decline in women’s work in such a case
implicated (a) technological change that made the factory a superior organization, and
(b) differential gender endowments in production skills that made men better able to
join the factory. When a product earlier made by women, but not by the whole
household, began to be made in a factory or by men, we are talking about a gender-
independent scenario
breaking up. That kind of change implicated not differential skill-endowment, but
differential endowment of capital. Women might be able to make that item better than
men, but could they market it? Not usually, unless there were certain institutional
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IDEALS AND REALITIES
India’s secular, democratic constitution is formulated on the principle of social justice for all.
Its laws give women equal rights to property (1956) and prohibit dowry (1984), child labor
(1987), and female feticide (1984), and its press is vigilant and relatively free. Indian women
made notable strides in literacy by 2001 (53.7%) from the abysmal 7.30 percent at the end
of colonial rule. This is especially significant as the population tripled, thus raising the
number of literate women from 11.7 million (1951) to 255 million (2001).Other achievements
include the appreciable drop in the fertility rate (1990: 4 children per woman; 2007: 2.7), as
women wait longer to marry and to have children. Women of the expanding middle class
have garnered high professional honors at home and abroad, although these benefits have
not yet accrued fully to the lowest-caste and tribal women. A growing number contest and
win elections to village councils (panchayats), provincial councils, and Parliament, while
dissident women challenge corrupt officials and multinational corporations to change the
power structure. Despite poverty and patriarchal traditions, women juggle family duties and
work to be their own agents. They care for children and seniors at home, while bringing in
an income as farmers, herders, weavers, craftswomen, teachers, doctors, scientists,
pharmacists, lawyers, judges, administrators, bankers, businesswomen, nurses, soldiers,
policewomen, computer technicians, tailors, artists, performers, shop assistants, and
construction labourers.
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I do not have specific bias for women engineers. I do agree that they are more
competent, intelligent, possess more integrity, and are more efficient than men
engineers, but they are helpless. In spite of their full willingness to perform
their duty perfectly they are not able to meet with the requirement of the organization
in which they are employed due to family responsibilities like their responsibilities towards
their children, in-laws, parents, and other social obligations towards family, illness, etc. In
Indian culture men expect everything from women.
Source:Parikh and Sukhatme, “Women in the Engineering Profession in India,
Everything from Women
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Crime has been graded as the fourth risk in India. The increase in crime rate in India is
a
cause of worry for the Indian economy. Crime against women has seen a rise in the
last
one year. India remains as one of the violence prone nations with violent crimes
registering a 65 per cent increase. Foreign respondents to the survey have also
recognised the increasing percentage of crime as one of the major dampeners that
inhibit prospects of business in India. The fall in tourist traffic in India can also be
attributed to the rise in the level of crime in the country.
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Another important thing that the corporate world is working on is maintaining gender
diversity. Even today the number of women employees across industries is very low. To
achieve this balance, a constant supply of employable female candidates is needed. It is
important to know if the source or the reservoir has enough females to help balance the
number of women employees in corporate. When the scores of the test takers were
analyzed based on Gender It was found that the quality of female candidates is better
than the males. As per the data collected, out of the female test takers about 42% are
employable; however this number for male test takers is a bit low around 30%. With
such quality of female talent pool available the companies have a great opportunity in
hand to improve the gender ratio in their organisations. To facilitate this process further,
along with the “Employability” status of The data and the analysis in the above pages
capture a comprehensive picture of the Skill Landscape of India. The information
captured does indicate a challenging way ahead, but it also brings with it opportunities to
come up with innovative solutions. Respective Governments and Institutes with active
support from the Employers; would need to come up with strategies to improve this
situation. Doors are also open for individual agencies and consultants to come up with
inventive solutions to improve the skill levels; that can help both the corporate and
academia.
The detailed analysis of the skill supply side provided in this section can be used as the
base to chart out the future course of action to implement an efficient Supply
Chain of Talent. https://wheebox.com/logo/FullVersion.pd
f
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Some acts which have special provisions to safeguard women and their
interests are:
•The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
•The Plantation Labour Act, 1951
•The Family Courts Act, 1954
•The Special Marriage Act, 1954
•The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
•The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 with amendment in 2005
•Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
•The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Amended in 1995)
•Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
•The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
•The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1976
•The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
•The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
•The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983
•The Factories (Amendment) Act, 1986
•Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
•Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987
•The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
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In January 1992, the Government set-up this statutory body with a specific
mandate to study and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and legal
safeguards provided for women, review the existing legislation to suggest
amendments wherever necessary, etc.
• Reservation for Women in Local Self -Government
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Acts passed in 1992 by Parliament ensure
one-third of the total seats for women in all elected offices in local bodies whether in
rural areas or urban areas.
• The National Plan of Action for the Girl Child (1991-2000)
The plan of Action is to ensure survival, protection and development of the girl
child with the ultimate objective of building up a better future for the girl child.
(iv) National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, 2001
The Department of Women & Child Development in the Ministry of Human
Resource Development has prepared a “National Policy for the Empowerment of
Women” in the year 2001. The goal of this policy is to bring about the advancement,
development and empowerment of women.
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_
man_p_2010/Rights.doc
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70% of women committee To be Recommendation:
Compulsory project work about women's positions in home,
in local area, school district levels, in state, in National at
higher secondary first year, College in first year with in front
of committee 70% of women members
Recommendatio
n