This document provides vocabulary and grammar lessons in Spanish. It includes definitions and examples of using prepositions like "behind", "below" and "beyond". It also covers forming verbs with prefixes and suffixes, modal verbs like "have to" and "need to", and the difference between "must" and "can" for logical deductions. Overall, the document presents lessons on grammar structures and vocabulary words in Spanish through definitions and sample sentences.

1. Lección 30.0
Preposiciones: Behind, Below, Beyond
Behind
Your bag is behind that chair.
Tu bolsa está atrás de esa silla.
The doctor was behind schedule all day and my appointment was delayed.
El doctor estuvo atrasado todo el día y mi cita se demoró.
Ruth is behind you in math.
Ruth va atrás de ti en matemáticas.
There is a very beautiful painting behind the sofa in the living room.
Hay una pintura muy bonita atrás del sofá en el salón.
My brother is behind the curtains because we are playing Hide and Seek.
Mi hermano está atrás de las cortinas porque estamos jugando a Las Escondidillas.
Below
The temperature in New York is below zero during the winter time.
La temperatura en Nueva York es debajo de los cero grados durante el invierno.
There is a river below the bridge.
Hay un río debajo del puente.
The water level of the river is below normal because we had a drought this year.
El nivel del agua del río está por debajo de lo normal porque tuvimos una sequía este año.
Under versus Below
Ambas significan debajo de, pero:
Usamos below para referirnos a un nivel inferior.
Joan lives in the apartment below.
Joan vive en el departamento de abajo.
Usamos under para referirnos a un mismo nivel.
Beyond
The price of that car is beyond what I can afford.
El precio de ese carro está más allá de lo que puedo pagar.
The drugstore is located beyond the bridge on the right hand
side.
La farmacia se localiza más allá del puente, en tu lado
derecho.
Don't stay out beyond midnight tonight.
No te quedes fuera más allá de la media noche.
Beyond the mountain is a large forest.
Más allá de la montaña hay un extenso bosque.
Lección 30.1
Phrasal Verbs: Hold Up, Try On, Wait On, Pass Out
Hold up - delay
I don't want to hold up the family dinner, so please start eating before I arrive.
No quiero retrasar la cena familiar, así es que por favor comiencen a comer antes de que yo llegue.
The meeting was held up because the manager was late.
Lugar Tiempo Circunstancia
behind detrás de despúes de detrás de
below debajo de - debajo de
beyond más allá de más tarde de más allá de
Your shoes are under the bed.
Tus zapatos están debajo de la cama.

2. La junta se demoró porque el gerente llegó tarde.
The traffic was held up because of a car accident.
El tráfico se retrasó por el accidente automovilístico.
Try on - put clothes on to see how they look on someone
I tried several dresses on, but I didn't like any of them.
Me probé varios vestidos, pero no me gustó ninguno.
Come on! It's a lovely skirt. Try it on!
¡Vamos! Es una falda bonita. ¡Pruébatela!
You can try on some of my clothes. You may like something for the party.
Puedes probarte algo de mi ropa. Puede que te guste algo para la fiesta.
Wait on - serve
The waiter was waiting on tables very kindly.
El mesero servía las mesas muy amablemente.
I don't want to wait on tables anymore. I need to find a new job.
Ya no quiero servir mesas. Necesito encontrar un nuevo trabajo.
She is waiting on tables temporarily. She will go back to university next month.
Ella está sirviendo mesas temporalmente. Ella volverá a la universidad el próximo mes.
Pass out - faint
The girl passed out during the test because she hadn't eaten anything.
La muchacha se desmayó en el examen porque no había comido nada.
Her father passes out from time to time, so they must always go to the hospital.
Su padre se desmaya de vez en cuando, así es que siempre tienen que ir al hospital.
Ruth started sweating and suddenly she passed out. Now she is in bed resting.
Ruth empezó a sudar y de repente se desmayó. Está en la cama descansando.
Vocabulary
aerobics
aeróbic
canoeing
canotaje
dive
salto de trampolín
scuba-diver
submarinista
rugby
rugby
rowing
remo
karate
kárate
hunting
caza
race car
carro de carreras
tennis court
pista de tenis
tennis racket
raqueta de tenis
tennis player
tenista
weight lifting
halterofilia
weight training
musculación
wrestling
lucha libre
Lección 30.2
Word Formation XIII
-ing
train
entrenar
training
entrenamiento
read
leer
reading
lectura
write
escribir
writing
escritura
meet
reunirse
meeting
reunión

3. -ary
document
documento
documentary
documental
revolution
revolución
revolutionary
revolucionario
imagine
imaginar
imaginary
imaginario
-ling
spark
chispa
sparkling
espumoso
duck
pato
duckling
patito
-ian
optic
óptico
optician
oculista
physics
física
physician
médico
library
biblioteca
librarian
bibliotecario
electricity
electricidad
electrician
electricista
-or
donate
donar
donor
donante
direct
dirigir
director
director
Examples:
The director did great work.
El director hizo un trabajo fantástico.
A tailor made this custom-made suit for me.
Un sastre me hizo este traje a la medida.
I would like some sparkling water, please.
Me gustaría un poco de agua con gas, por favor.
We need to call an electrician today.
Necesitamos llamar a un electricista hoy.
I saw some ducklings in the lake.
Vi algunos patitos en el lago.
It was quite a revolutionary movie.
Fue una película bastante revolucionaria.
The Elegant Universe is a very interesting documentary.
El Universo Elegante es un documental muy interesante.
The librarian recommended some very interesting books to me.
El bibliotecario me recomendó algunos libros muy interesantes.
She says he has an imaginary friend.
Ella dice que él tiene un amigo imaginario.
Lección 30.3
Modal Verbs: Have To and Need To
Need to - tener que
It expresses an obligation. We can use this verb instead of have to as it has the same meaning.
This verb works as a modal verb. We use this verb as follows:
I need to leave. Tengo que irme.
The optician told me I need to wear glasses.
El oculista me dijo que necesito usar lentes.
My cousin is a physician.
Mi primo es doctor.

4. I needn't leave.
No tengo que irme.
Negative
We DON'T use to in the negative.
We will keep studying its use in future lessons.
Notice
When we use this verb as a regular verb, it's a different meaning. It means necesitar.
I need scissors.
Necesito unas tijeras.
Do I need scissors?
¿Necesito tijeras?
So be careful about the difference:
You need to be at work on time every day.
Tienes que llegar al trabajo puntual todos los días.
I need to finish my thesis by next Monday.
Tengo que terminar mi tesis para el próximo lunes.
My friends need to find a house in California, they are moving there next week.
Mis amigos tienen que encontrar una casa en California, se mudarán allí la próxima semana.
I need some bread, where can I buy it?
Necesito algo de pan, ¿dónde puedo comprarlo?
She needs a knife to peel the fruit, can you give her one?
Ella necesita un cuchillo para pelar la fruta, ¿puedes darle uno?
My friends need a car. Do you think they could rent one in town?
Mis amigos necesitan un carro. ¿Crees que pueden rentar uno en la ciudad?
It's important to know the verb need with the meaning necesitar can also follow the following structure:
subject verb infinitive complement
I need to have something to eat Necesito tener algo para comer
I didn't need to study Yo no necesitaba estudiar.
She needs to have a shower Ella tiene que darse un baño
subject verb I.O. infinitive complement
She doesn't need you to help her Ella no necesita que tú le ayudes
Mum needs me to go shopping Mamá necesita que vaya de compras
My friends need you to teach them Mis amigos necesitan que les enseñes.
Notice
The difference depends on the way you use the verb:
- When you use it as a regular verb, supported by an auxiliary verb (do, does, didn't, etc.), it means necesitar.
She doesn't need you to help her.
Ella no necesita que tú le ayudes.
- When you use the verb as a modal verb without an auxiliary verb, it means tener que.
She needs to take a shower.
Ella tiene que darse un baño.

5. Lección 30.4
Must Versus Can
Affirmative Negative
Logical Deduction must cannot
Must
We use must as a logical deduction. In other words, you think something happens in a certain way because it is logical
according to the information you have.
Example:
You know your father works from 8:30 am till 2:00pm and it's 10:00am. So, based on the information you have, you can say:
My father must be at work.
Mi padre debe estar en el trabajo.
You can also make a negative logical deduction:
When you do a negative logical deduction, you use cannot.
Example:
It's 15:00 and you know, according to your logical deduction, that he shouldn't be there anymore, so you say:
My father cannot be at work.
Mi padre no puede estar en el trabajo.
Examples:
Michael is travelling by plane today at 4:30pm and it's 3:30pm so:
He must be at the airport.
Él debe estar en el aeropuerto.
He cannot be in the plane.
Él no puede estar en el avión.
My friend is having a test at 10:00am and it's 9:30am so:
She must be at school.
Ella debe estar en el colegio.
She cannot make it to the test because her class starts in an hour.
Ella no puede llegar a su examen porque su clase comienza en una hora.
My father is meeting my grandma at 6:00pm and it's 5:45pm so:
He must be on the way.
Él debe estar de camino.
He cannot be with her.
Él no puede estar con ella.
Sheila will have a piano lesson at 2:00pm and after that she will have a tea with Mike. It's 4:00pm so:
She must be with Mike.
Ella debe estar con Mike.
She cannot be at her piano lesson.
Ella no puede estar en su clase de piano.
Angela is coming into town in the afternoon, but before she is cleaning her home. It's noon so:
She must be at home.
Ella debe estar en casa.
She cannot be in town.
Ella no puede estar en la ciudad.
Mary is having a picnic with Ruth at 12:00pm. It's 12:30pm so:
They must be together.
Ellas deben estar juntas.
Mary cannot be at home.
Mary no puede estar en casa.
Jonathan is playing a football match at 6:00pm and it's 6:30pm so:
He must be at the match.
Él debe estar en el partido.
He cannot be at school.
Él no puede estar en el colegio.

6. My friends are having a party at 10:30pm and it's 11:00pm so:
They must be at the party.
Ellos deben estar en la fiesta.
They cannot be in the movie theater.
Ellos no pueden estar en el cine.
Lección 30.5
Idioms and Proverbs XIII
Idioms
A wolf in sheep's clothing - somebody is not as pleasant as he/she appears to be
The thief looked nice, but he was a wolf in sheep's clothing.
El ladrón parecía agradable, pero era un lobo con piel de oveja.
I never thought Tom was so evil, but he is a wolf in sheep's clothing.
Nunca habría pensado que Tom fuese tan malo, es un lobo con piel de oveja.
To take someone under one's wing - to give somebody protection
He learned so much because the teacher took him under his wing.
Él aprendió tanto porque era el protegido del profesor.
John took the boy under his wing because he was in trouble.
John protegió al muchacho porque estaba en problemas.
To separate the wheat from the chaff - to separate good things from bad
You need to make your choice about staying abroad and separate the wheat from the chaff.
Tienes que elegir sobre quedarte en el extranjero y separar la paja del grano.
I have to make up my mind about my next step and separate the wheat from the chaff.
Tengo que decidir mi próximo paso y separar la paja del grano.
Dog days - the hottest days in summer
The weather was terrible when we went to Africa in June. We were in the dog days of summer.
El clima estuvo horrible cuando fuimos a África en junio. Estuvimos en los días más calurosos del verano.
It's a dog day today. I cannot believe we are at 40 degrees.
Es un día caluroso hoy. No puedo creer que estemos a 40 grados.
To have one's back to the wall - to be in a hard situation
Finally, his wife found out everything and he had his back to the wall.
Finalmente, su esposa lo averiguó todo y lo puso entre la espalda y la pared.
When his mother knew about the matter, she had her back to the wall.
Cuando su mamá se enteró del asunto, la puso entre la espalda y la pared.
Vocabulary
envy
envidiar
depress
deprimir
get depressed
deprimirse
astonishment
asombro
astonish
asombrar
astonished
asombrado
be satisfied
contentarse
dissatisfied with
descontento con
be surprised
sorprenderse
Lección 30.6
New In Many Ways
When something is new, it can actually mean several things:
Recently discovered or created:

7. advanced
The scientists are testing their most advanced invention.
Los científicos están probando su invento más avanzado.
current
This magazine always shows many current fashion trends.
Esta revista siempre muestra muchas tendencias de moda actuales.
fresh
The company hired me because they said my ideas were very fresh.
La compañía me contrató porque dijeron que mis ideas eran muy frescas.
ground-breaking
The M theory is actually a ground-breaking discovery.
La teoría M es realmente un descubrimiento rompedor.
latest
Let's go to the movie theater. I want to watch Hugh Jackman's latest movie.
Vamos al cine. Quiero ver una de la última película de Huge Jackman.
modern
She always wears quite modern clothes.
Ella siempre viste ropa bastante moderna.
recent
Jorge Bucay's most recent book is brilliant.
El libro más reciente de Jorge Bucay es fantástico.
ultra-modern
The place is an ultra-modern restaurant, it's interesting.
El lugar es un restaurante ultramoderno, es interesante.
up-to-date
They sell the most up-to-date computers on High Street.
Ellos venden las computadoras más modernas en la calle principal.
up-to-the-minute
You find the most up-to-the-minute information in the net.
Encuentras la información más actualizada en Internet.
Not used before:
brand new
I cannot afford a brand new car.
No me puedo permitir un carro de primera mano.
fresh
She wrote some notes on a fresh page in her diary.
Ella escribió algunas notas en una página nueva de su diario.
unused
You can wear this suit at the wedding, I bought it, but it's unused.
Puedes ponerte este traje en la boda, lo compré, pero está sin usar.
Unfamiliar:
different
They tried a completely different idea to attract tourists.
Ellos intentaron una idea completamente diferente para atraer a los turistas.
novel
Edgar Allan Poe's novels are his best work.
Las historias novelas de Edgar Allan Poe son lo mejor de su trabajo.
original

8. She is a creative and original girl, so she works as a designer.
Ella es una muchacha creativa y original, así que trabaja como diseñadora.
strange
I was alone in a strange country. I missed my family so much!
Estaba solo en un país extraño. ¡Extrañaba tanto a mi familia!
unaccustomed
The girl was unaccustomed to going shopping without her parents.
La muchacha no tenía la costumbre de ir de compras sin sus padres.
unfamiliar
He heard unfamiliar sounds and so he got up and checked the house.
Él escuchó sonidos poco familiares así que se levantó a revisar la casa.
unknown
That unknown boy was her cousin.
Aquel muchacho desconocido era su primo.
Lección 30.7
Semantic Field: To Say III
Natter - talking casually for a long time about unimportant things
I met Peter at the King's Inn last night, we were nattering for hours.
Me encontré con Peter en el King's Inn anoche, estuvimos charlando horas.
My older sister thinks nattering is a waste of time.
Mi hermana mayor piensa que charlar es una pérdida de tiempo.
Explain - make something clear
The teacher explained it to me again and again, but I haven't understood it yet.
El profesor me lo explicó una y otra vez, pero todavía no lo he entendido.
My friend explained the lesson to me yesterday.
Mi amigo me explicó el tema ayer.
Babble - talking in a confused or excited way
My sister was so nervous about her last test that she was babbling all day long.
Mi hermana estaba muy nerviosa por su último examen que estaba parloteando todo el día.
I couldn't stop babbling on about how much I loved my wedding dress.
No podía dejar de parlotear acerca de cuanto me encantó mi vestido de novia.
Mutter - speaking very quietly because you are complaining
I wish I looked like her - Greta muttered to herself.
Desearía verme como ella - Greta se murmuró a ella misma.
Can you be quiet, please? - the man muttered to the group.
¿Pueden guardar silencio, por favor? - murmuró el hombre al grupo.
Remark - saying something more about the topic of conversation
I am not going anywhere tonight - John remarked.
No voy a ningún lado esta noche - remarcó John.
You are not going to Daisy's, you're doing your homework - dad remarked.
Tú no vas a casa de Daisy, vas a hacer tu tarea - remarcó papá.
Note - bringing people's attention to something
Tom noted that his visa was only valid for two months.
Tom notó que su visado solo era válido para dos meses.

9. John noted that Sheila's tent is too small for four people.
John notó que la casa de campaña de Sheila es muy pequeña para cuatro personas.
Announce - saying something nobody knows
I am pregnant, but I am not getting married - my sister announced.
Estoy embarazada, pero no me voy a casar - anunció mi hermana.
I am going to study at Cambridge University next year - I announced.
Voy a estudiar en la Universidad de Cambridge el próximo año - anuncié.
Assert - saying something is true
She was really worried about you - my friend asserted.
Ella estaba realmente preocupada por ti - afirmó mi amigo.
We are at war - the Prime Minister asserted.
Estamos en guerra - afirmó el Primer Ministro.
Lección 30.8
Mustn't versus Don't Have to
Prohibition Lack of Obligation
mustn't don't have to
Mustn't
We translate it as está prohibido. It should not be translated as no deber. This verb means something is forbidden. It's
frequent to find it with the subject You. It implies a general view when in Spanish we usually use a sentence with no
subject.
You must not smoke.
Está prohibido fumar.
At a psycological level
Tú no debes fumar implies it's a moral level, but you can do it without an important consequence. It's just your choice.
Está prohibido fumar implies the law doesn't allow you to do it or it's a rule in the place you are, so the consequence
is an important one. It's a prohibition and not a moral choice.
Examples:
You mustn't go into this room.
Está prohibido entrar en este cuarto.
You mustn't use the telephone.
Está prohibido usar el teléfono.
You mustn't line up here.
Está prohibido hacer fila aquí.
You mustn't advertise on this wall.
Está prohibido pegar publicidad en esta pared.
You mustn't wait in this area, go to the waiting room.
Está prohibido esperar en esta zona, vaya a la sala de espera.
You mustn't play soccer in the park.
Está prohibido jugar fútbol en el parque.
Don't Have to
We translate the verb don't have to as No tener que + infinitivo. It means you don't have an obligation or there is a lack
of obligation.
You don't have to help me today at home, darling, you can play with your friends.
Tú no tienes que ayudarme hoy en casa, cariño, puedes jugar con tus amigos.
I don't have to work tomorrow; we can go to the swimming pool.
No tengo que trabajar mañana; podemos ir a la piscina.

10. At a psycological level
There's a lack of obligation, but it doesn't mean you cannot do it. You are free to do it.
At home:
- Mum: You don't have to clean anything, dear, it's fine.
- Child: I'll do it in anyway, Mum, I don't want you to work that much.
- Mum: As you like.
With friends:
- Henry: We are having a party at home next Saturday, are you coming?
- Oscar: Yes, brilliant. Shall I bring anything?
- Henry: No, don't worry. You don't have to. It's fine.
Note: Oscar could take some beers, chips, etc. It's not a prohibition; it's just a lack of obligation.
Vocabulary
herbalist
hierbería
foodstuffs
productos
alimenticios
flavour with
aromatizar con
simmer
cocer a fuego lento
sliced
en rebanadas
sour
ácido
sweet and sour
agridulce
sweeten
endulzar
vegetarian
vegetariano
ingredients
ingredientes
portion
pedazo
food mixer
batidora
mixture
mezcla
tinned food
comida en lata
bottled food
comida envasada
Lección 30.9
Must in the negative form
As you learnt before, the verb must has got different uses. There are different ways to make its negative form. Let's
learn them.
 Must Not or Mustn't
We use it when it involves a moral duty. As you already know, it means está prohibido.
 Don't have to
It is used when we want to say no tener que.
I don't have to buy any food for tomorrow's trip.
No tengo que comprar comida para el viaje de mañana.
I must buy some food for tomorrow's trip.
Debo comprar algo de comida para el viaje de mañana.
 Cannot
We use it when it involves a logical deduction. As you already know, it means es imposible, no puede ser.
This university cannot be hard.
Esta universidad no puede ser difícil.
This university must be really hard.
Esta universidad debe ser realmente difícil.
You mustn't take a shower before 8:00.
Está prohibido bañarse antes de las 8:00.
You must take a shower before 8:00.
Debes bañarte antes de las 8:00.

11. Examples:
I must work hard if I want to get that promotion.
Debo trabajar duro si quiero obtener ese ascenso.
I don't have to work hard tomorrow.
No tengo que trabajar duro mañana.
You must be in your room early at night.
Debes estar en tu cuarto temprano por la noche.
You mustn't be out late at night.
Está prohibido que estés fuera hasta tarde por la noche.
It must be an old car.
Debe ser un carro viejo.
It cannot be an old car.
No puede ser un carro viejo.
He has passed his test, he must be happy.
Él ha aprobado su examen, debe estar contento.
He has passed his test, he cannot be disappointed.
Él ha aprobado su examen, no puede estar decepcionado.
You must get up before 8:00 in the morning.
Debes levantarte antes de las 8:00 de la mañana.
You mustn't get up after 8:00 in the morning.
Está prohibido levantarse después de las 8:00 de la
mañana.
You must tidy your room every day.
Debes ordenar tu cuarto todos los días.
You don't have to tidy your room every day.
No tienes que ordenar tu cuarto todos los días.
Lección 31.0
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XII
Translate into - traducir a
I cannot translate this sentence into French. Can you help me?
No puedo traducir esta frase al francés. ¿Puedes ayudarme?
I am translating a very interesting book from Spanish into English.
Estoy traduciendo un libro muy interesante de español a inglés.
Worry about - preocuparse de
Stop worrying about me. I know what I am doing.
Deja de preocuparte por mí. Yo sé lo que hago.
I am not worrying about it. It makes no sense.
No me estoy preocupando de ello. No tiene sentido.
Pay for - pagar algo
I paid for the meal because I wanted to invite you.
Pagué la comida porque quería invitarte.
Liza is very responsible. She pays her rent every month.
Liza es muy responsable. Ella paga su alquiler cada mes.
Remind of - recordarte a algo/alguien
He reminded me of my brother. He speaks very similar to him.
Él me recordó a mi hermano. Habla muy parecido a él.
My mother reminded me of my duties. She is very strict.
Mi mamá me recordó mis obligaciones. Ella es muy estricta.
Happen to - ocurrir que, suceder que
My friend happened to be there when they were gossiping about me.
Pasó que mi amigo estaba allí cuando ellos estaban chismorreando sobre mí.
It happened to be true. I couldn't believe it.
Pasó que era verdad. Yo no podía creerlo.

12. Lección 31.1
British versus American English III: What Are You Wearing?
UK USA DEFINITION
anorak parka It protects you against rain and has got a hood
mackintosh raincoat It protects you against rain
windcheater windbreaker It protects you against wind
briefs, underpants (jockey) shorts It protects your genitals
nappy diaper Babies need this because they don't go to the toilet
vest undershirt You wear this shirt under your clothes when it's cold
shoelace shoestring You tie your shoes with it
gym shoes,
plimsolls, slippers
sneakers They are light and you use them in gymnastics
blue jeans dungerees People associate them with cowboys
plus-fours knickers golfers' trousers
tights panty hose Women use them for their legs when they are wearing a dress or a skirt
trousers pants, slacks You wear them on your legs
turn-ups cuffs Some trousers have one near your feet
zip zipper You close your trousers with it
dressing-gown bathrobe You wear it over your pyjamas when you are at home
dungaerees overalls It's a trouser with a part for your chest as well
jumper slipover It's an informal jacket
pyjamas pajamas You wear it to go to bed
lounge suit business suit You wear it in formal situations
waistcoat vest It's similar to a jacket, but sleeveless
braces suspenders You use them to hold your trousers instead of a belt
hair grip, kirby grip bobby pin Women use it in their hair
hair slide barrette Women use it to decorate their clothes or hair
handbag purse, pocket book Women always carry one, they have their make-up, tissues, wallet,… in it
suspender belt garter belt Women use it to hold their tights
suspenders garters Women use this type of tights with a garter belt
make-to-measure custom made A tailor makes clothes for you
clothes peg clothes pin You use it to hang your clothes after washing them
haberdashery notions You buy zips, ribbons, buttons,… here
label tag You see the size, price,… here
Lección 31.2
Take + Noun + Preposition
Take advantage of - tomar ventaja de algo
She took advantage of her beauty and got the job.
Ella sacó ventaja de su belleza y consiguió el trabajo.
She took advantage of her brother and got the car.
Ella se aprovechó de su hermano y consiguió el carro.
He took advantage of his co-worker and got the promotion.
Él sacó ventaja de su compañero de trabajo y consiguió el ascenso.
Take/ make profit of - sacar beneficios
When he made the business deal, he took a profit.
Cuando hizo ese trato, él obtuvo ganancias.
The world crisis didn't affect the company. They made a profit last year.
La crisis mundial no afectó la compañía. Ellos tuvieron ganancias el año pasado.

13. My friend took a profit when he sold his car.
Mi amigo tuvo ganancias cuando vendió su carro.
He had to close the firm because it didn't make any profits.
Él tuvo que cerrar la empresa porque no obtenía ganancias.
Take offence at - ofenderse
I had to apologize to Joan. She took offense at my comment last night.
Me tuve que disculpar con Joan. Ella se ofendió anoche con mi comentario.
I didn't take offense with you. I just wasn't happy that night.
Yo no me ofendí contigo. Simplemente no estaba feliz esa noche.
Mike took offense with you because you were rude to him.
Mike se ofendió contigo porque fuiste grosero con él.
Take part in - tomar parte en algo
Take place - transcurrir, ocurrir
The demonstration took place in front of the World Trade Center.
La manifestación ocurrió adelante del World Trade Center.
I didn't go with you because I didn't want to take part in the parade.
No fui contigo porque no quería tomar parte del desfile.
Terry didn't take part in the fight because he is a very peaceful person.
Terry no tomó parte en la pelea porque él es una persona muy pacífica.
Take care of - tener cuidado de, cuidar
She took care of me when I was sick.
Ella me cuidó cuando estaba enferma.
I'm taking care of my sister tonight.
Cuidaré a mi hermana esta noche.
You don't need anybody to take care of you. You are a grownup.
No necesitas que alguien cuide de ti. Tú eres un adulto.
Vocabulary
baggage allowance
equipaje permitido
baggage reclaim
recoger equipaje
holiday resort
centro turístico
package holiday
viaje organizado
ambassador
embajador
embassy
embajada
consulate
consulado
street map
callejero
ecotourism
ecoturismo
tourist information office
oficina de turismo
tour operator
operador turístico
tour around
visitar
tourism
turismo
tourist
turístico
Lección 31.3
Sentence Structure
Sentence Structure
We can find different sentence structures in English. You already know this structure:
Subject verb complements Traducción
I drink water Yo bebo agua
Mum cleans the house Mamá limpia la casa
Peter cooks every day Peter cocina todos los días

14. We can find more structures in English:
Subject intransitive verb Traducción
He has died El ha muerto
The box blew up La caja estalló
The man came in El hombre entró
Subject transitive verb direct object (D.O.) Traducción
I have bought some clothes He comprado algo de ropa
He is reading the newspaper El está leyendo el periódico
I am waiting for my friend Estoy esperando a mi amigo
Subject verb direct object complement of the D.O. Traducción
He made me cry El me hizo llorar
They painted the house green Ellos pintaron la casa de verde
They named the boy Oscar Ellos llamaron al niño Oscar
Subject verb I.O. D.O. traducción
I told him to phone you Le dije que te llamara
Mum asked me a lot of questions Mi mamá me preguntó muchas preguntas
Grace gave him a book Grace le dio un libro
Most of the verbs can also follow this structure:
Subject verb D.O. to I.O.
They showed the flat to me Ellos me mostraron el piso
Mike brought some presents to Jenny Mike le trajo algunos regalos a Jenny
Notice
These are the six basic sentence structures in English. We can add other elements after them as Time Complement,
Place Complement or other adverbs, but they always follow one of these structures.
Lección 31.4
Inversión del Sujeto
You know the normal sentence order in English is Subject + Verb + Complement. However, there are some
expressions that we can place at the beginning of the sentence. When we place these expressions at the beginning of the
sentence, we change the normal order (Subject + Verb) into Verb + Subject.
Hardly - apenas
Hardly had you phoned when she came in.
Apenas habías llamado cuando entró ella.
Hardly was he leaving when I arrived.
Apenas se estaba yendo él cuando yo llegué.
Hardly is he trying when you shout to him.
Apenas lo está intentando cuando le gritas.
No sooner ___ than - tan pronto como, no más que
No sooner had I finished work than you phoned me.
No había hecho más que terminar el trabajo cuando llamaste.
No sooner had he gone than we needed his help.
Tan pronto como se hubo ido, necesitamos su ayuda.

15. No sooner had he started working than his sister was bothering him.
Tan pronto como él estaba trabajando su hermana lo estaba molestando.
Simple Present or Simple Past
When the verbal tense is a Simple Present or Simple Past, we place the auxiliary verb before the subject:
No sooner had he called than you asked me for him.
Tan pronto como llamó, me preguntaste por él.
Hardly do you ask for the menu when the waiter is here.
Apenas preguntas por el menú cuando el mesero está aquí.
In vain - en vano
In vain do I try again and again.
En vano lo intento una y otra vez.
In vain did we study so much.
En vano estudiamos tanto.
In vain has he come today.
En vano ha venido él hoy.
In vain is Miriam helping that girl.
En vano está Miriam ayudando a esa muchacha.
Only – solamente
Only with some advice will he be able to do this task.
Solamente con algo de consejo será capaz él de hacer esta tarea.
Only with your effort can you improve your skills.
Solamente con esfuerzo puedes mejorar tus habilidades.
Only with my friends will I go to that party.
Solamente con mis amigos iré a esa fiesta.
Only working hard will he get good results.
Solamente trabajando duro conseguirá buenos resultados.
Under – bajo
Under no circumstances will I try that.
Bajo ninguna circunstancia probaré eso.
Under no pressure does he stop.
Bajo ninguna presión él para.
Under no excuse can you stay in today.
No puedes quedarte en casa hoy bajo ningún pretexto.
Under no problem must you worry.
Bajo ningún problema debes preocuparte.
Vocabulary
knuckle : nudillo
nipple : pezón
flesh : carne
calf : pantorrilla
breast : seno
thigh :muslo
gums :encías
lap :regazo
abdomen :abdomen
belly :vientre
groin : ingle
Lección 31.5
Suggestions : Let's, Why Don't?, What About?, Could?, Couldn't?
When we want to suggest something, we can use different forms:
 Let's
It's the contraction of the verb let + the pronoun us. The verb let means permitir. When we use it this way, we can
translate it as vamos. We use the structure: let's + infinitive (without to).
Let's watch a movie.
Vamos a ver una película.
Let's go to the beach tomorrow.
Vamos a la playa mañana.
Let's take a walk later.
Vamos a dar un paseo más tarde.
Let's make dinner, it's getting late.
Vamos a hacer la cena, se está haciendo tarde.

16.  Why don't...?
We translate it as ¿Por qué no...? As you can see, it's a negative question.
Why don't you try this?
¿Por qué no pruebas esto?
Why doesn't he buy a car?
¿Por qué no se compra él un carro?
 What about + verb -ing? / how about + verb -ing?
We translate it as ¿Qué tal si? We always add a verb + -ing after about.
What about having dinner out?
¿Qué tal si cenamos fuera?
How about going to a concert?
¿Qué tal si vamos a un concierto?
I need a plumber. What about the guy we used last year?
Necesito un plomero. ¿Qué tal si llamamos al tipo del año pasado?
How about helping Jane tonight?
¿Qué tal si ayudamos a Jane esta noche?
 Could?
We translate it as ¿Podría?, ¿Podrías?, ¿Podríamos?, etc. We can also use this verb to give suggestions.
We could have something to eat.
Podríamos tomarnos algo de comer.
She could go with her friend.
Ella podría ir con su amiga.
They could sleep at home.
Ellos podrían dormir en casa.
We could eat out tomorrow.
Podríamos comer fuera mañana.
 Couldn't?
We can also use it in a negative interrogative sentence.
Couldn't you go by bus?
¿No podrías ir en bus?
Couldn't she help you?
¿No podría ayudarte ella?
Couldn't you come home later?
¿No podrías venir a casa más tarde?
Couldn't we go to the movie theater?
¿No podríamos ir al cine?
Lección 31.6
False Friends III
Billion - mil millones
Trillion – billon
Last year McDonalds sold a billion hamburgers.
El año pasado McDonalds vendió mil millones de hamburguesas.
That old man is very wealthy. His company earns over a billion euros per year.
Ese hombre mayor es muy rico. Su compañía gana más de mil millones de euros al año.
Camp - campamento
Countryside – campo
The kids are spending one month in a camp next summer.
Los niños van a pasar un mes en un campamento el próximo verano.
I love walking in the field when I'm in the countryside.
Me encanta andar por el campo cuando estoy en el campo.
Why don't we go to the beach?
¿Por qué no vamos a la playa?
Why don't we look for a nicer apartment?
¿Por qué no buscamos un piso más bonito?

17. College - facultad
School - colegio
High School – instituto
My college is famous worldwide. There are many foreign students.
Mi facultad es famosa por todo el mundo. Hay muchos estudiantes extranjeros.
My younger sister is at school. She is eleven years old.
Mi hermana pequeña está en el colegio. Tiene 11 años.
I will be teaching in a high school when I finish university.
Estaré enseñando en un instituto cuando termine la universidad.
Content - satisfecho
Happy - contento
The coach was really content with the result of the match.
El entrenador estaba realmente satisfecho con el resultado del partido.
I'm always happy on weekends.
Siempre estoy contento los fines de semana.
Exigency - necesidad
Demand – exigencia
Having enough food was an exigency difficult to fulfill at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Tener suficiente comida era una necesidad difícil de cubrir a principios del siglo veinte.
I'm not going to pay attention to his demands.
No voy a prestarle atención a sus exigencias.
Familiar - familiar adj.
Relative - relativo noun
Do I know you? Your face is very familiar to me.
¿Te conozco? Tú cara me es muy familiar.
This is Francis. She's my relative. She's my cousin's daughter.
Esta es Francis. Es familiar mía. Es la hija de mi primo.
Notice - anuncio
News - noticia
Advertisement/ad – anuncio
Have you watched the news on TV? Something is happening in Italy.
¿Has visto las noticias en la tele? Algo está ocurriendo en Italia.
Don't you see the notice? You can read: Non-smoking Area.
¿No ves el anuncio? Puedes leer: Zona de No fumadores.
We should talk it over before making a decision.
Deberíamos discutirlo antes de tomar una decisión.
Have you seen this ad? You can get a new cell for free.
¿Has visto este anuncio? Puedes conseguir un nuevo teléfono gratis.
Fabric - tejido

18. Factory – fábrica
I love your sweater. It's very soft. Which fabric is it made of?
Me encanta tu suéter. Es muy suave. ¿De qué tejido está hecho?
My mom worked in a shoe factory, but she isn't working now.
Mi mamá trabajaba en una fábrica de zapatos, pero ella no está trabajando ahora.
Marmalade - mermelada de cítricos
Jam – mermelada
I don't really like orange marmalade. It tastes weird.
Realmente no me gusta la mermelada de naranja. Sabe raro.
I like having a toast with jam and butter in the morning.
Me gusta tomarme una tostada con mermelada y mantequilla por la mañana.
Lección 31.7
Collocations I
To be to – planear / tener que / haber de
He is to get married next week.
Él se va a casar la próxima semana.
They are to get up early.
Ellos se tienen que levantar temprano.
Mike was to live in that city.
Mike había de vivir en esa ciudad.
To get one's own back – vengarse
He made me cry, but I got my own back.
Él me hizo llorar, pero me vengué.
I don't want to get my own back because it's nonsense.
No quiero vengarme porque no tiene sentido.
Kate got her own back when she slept with that guy.
Kate se vengó cuando durmió con ese tipo.
To be about to – estar a punto de
Don't leave, please. Mr. Johnson is about to arrive.
No se vaya, por favor. El señor Johnson está a punto de llegar.
I'm waiting because I know Charles is about to call.
Estoy esperando porque sé que Charles está a punto de llamar.
I was about to leave when you phoned.
Estaba a punto de irme cuando llamaste.
Keep one's word – cumplir la palabra
You can trust him. He always keeps his word.
Puedes confiar en él. Siempre cumple su palabra.
I kept my word and took the children to the zoo.
Cumplí mi palabra y llevé a los niños al zoo.
You said you were helping me. Now you keep your
word.
Dijiste que ibas a ayudarme. Ahora cumples tu palabra.
To be in charge of – ser responsable de algo / estar a cargo
My father was in charge of the animals in the farm.
Mi padre estaba a cargo de los animales de la granja.
The teacher is in charge of the students in the class.
El profesor está a cargo de los estudiantes de la clase.
I'm in charge of my younger sister when we are alone.
Estoy a cargo de mi hermana menor cuando estamos solas.

19. Vocabulary
anorak :chamarra
gym shoes : tenis
high heels : tacones
tracksuit : pants
waistcoat : chaleco
outfit : traje
nightdress : camisón
tights: leotardos
sleeve : manga
sleeveless : sin mangas
tasteful : de buen
gusto
well dressed : bien
vestido
raincoat :
impermeable
waterproof :
impermeable
Lección 31.8
Linkers I
Linkers are words that join two sentences together. You have already studied some of them before: but, and,
because... They can join different sentence structures at a syntactic level. They can be independent sentences that
complete their meaning to each other. These are the ones we use in a simple sentence.
However, sometimes, one of the sentences could depend on the other one. They not only complete their meaning to
each other, but one of them fulfills a syntactic function in the main sentence. It can be a Subject or any Complement.
We call these sentences Subordinate Clauses. We are studying the most important ones in this level of the course.
 Place subordinate clauses:
Where - donde
I went where you told me, but nobody was there.
Fui donde me dijiste, pero no había nadie allí.
I don't know where to sleep tonight. I need to book a hotel.
No sé dónde dormir esta noche. Necesito un hotel.
Wherever – dondequiera que
You can go wherever you feel like. It doesn't matter to me.
Puedes ir a donde quieras. No me importa.
I want to go wherever there's something to eat.
Quiero ir a donde quiera que haya algo de comer.
Wherever there's a party, Jane is there.
Donde quiera que hay una fiesta, Jane está allí.
 Time subordinate clauses:
Once – una vez que
Once you arrive at the train station, take a taxi to McLonge Gate.
Una vez que llegues a la estación de tren, toma un taxi a McLonge Gate.
I called once I had finished my duties.
Te llamé una vez que hube terminado mis obligaciones.
Once you left, he didn't talk to me anymore.
Una vez que te fuiste, él no me habló más.
Whilst – mientras
I am cutting the ingredients whilst Michael is making the sauce.
Estoy cortando los ingredientes mientras Michael está haciendo la salsa.
They were listening whilst you were talking about your job.
Ellos estaban escuchando mientras tú estabas hablando sobre tu trabajo.
When - cuando
He made up his mind when you talked to him.
Él tomó su decisión cuando tú hablaste con él.

20. He was shouting when I saw him.
Estaba gritando cuando lo vi.
Whenever – siempre que
I travel whenever I can do it.
Viajo siempre que puedo.
You can call me whenever you like.
Puedes llamarme siempre que quieras.
She lies whenever she has the chance to do it.
Ella miente siempre que tiene la oportunidad de hacerlo.
Lección 31.9
Sound
Sound - sonido
I heard sounds outside and I opened the window to have a look.
Escuché sonidos fuera y abrí la ventana para echar un vistazo.
I thought it was a strange sound, but it was my brother playing guitar.
Pensé que era un ruido extraño, pero era mi hermano tocando la guitarra.
I sat and listened to the sound of the river all day.
Me senté y escuché el sonido del río todo el día.
I can hear the sound of the sea from my window.
Puedo escuchar el sonido del mar desde mi ventana.
Noise - ruido
I heard some noises downstairs so I got up to see what was happening.
Escuché algunos ruidos en la parte de abajo y me levanté para ver qué pasaba.
The kids are making a lot of noise. Can you tell them to be quiet, please?
Los niños están haciendo mucho ruido. ¿Puedes decirles que se calmen, por favor?
Don't make noise, please. I'm trying to study in my room.
No hagas ruido, por favor. Estoy intentando estudiar en mi cuarto.
Noise - estruendo
Oh, gosh! What an awful noise! I think the violin is not for you.
¡Oh, dios! ¡Qué horrible ruido! Creo que el violín no es para ti.
The cars are making a terrible noise this morning and I have a headache.
Los carros están haciendo un horrible ruido esta mañana y tengo dolor de cabeza.
What's this noise? Sorry, mom, I broke some plates.
¿Qué es este ruido? Lo lamento, mamá, rompí algunos platos.
There was a terrible noise, so I went outside and saw a car had crashed.
Hubo un ruido horrible, así que salí afuera y vi que un carro se había estrellado.
Racket - jaleo
There was an amazing racket yesterday because we had won the match.
Hubo un jaleo sorprendente ayer porque habíamos ganado el partido.
What's this racket? I think the neighbors are having a party.
¿Qué es este jaleo? Creo que los vecinos están haciendo una fiesta.
Your friends are making a terrible racket with their instruments.

21. Tus amigos están haciendo un horrible jaleo con sus instrumentos.
There is a terrible racket in the street because this pub is playing a concert.
Hay un horrible jaleo en la calle porque este pub está haciendo un concierto.
Bang - estrepito, explosión
We heard a bang because the door had closed in the wind.
Oímos un estrépito porque la puerta se había cerrado con el viento.
I heard some bangs when I finished the experiment.
Escuché algunas explosiones cuando terminé el experimento.
There was a bang when they tested the bomb.
Hubo un estrépito cuando ellos probaron la bomba.
We heard a bang and went outside; there had been an accident.
Oímos un estrépito y fuimos fuera; había habido un accidente.
Rustle - susurro , crujido
I heard the rustle of the leaves while I was walking in the forest.
Escuchaba el crujido de las hojas mientras andaba por el bosque.
We didn't hear the movie because this guy was making a rustle with some bags.
No escuchábamos la película porque este tipo estaba haciendo un crujido con algunas bolsas.
I heard the rustle of some papers while I was taking my test.
Escuché el crujido de algunos papeles mientras hacía mi examen.
Didn't you hear a rustle? Perhaps the window is open.
¿No escuchaste un susurro? A lo mejor la ventana está abierta.
Lección 32.0
Should versus Ought To
Should - debería
Ought to – debería
They are the conditional form of the verb must. They work as every modal verb does:
You should go home.
Deberías irte a casa.
You shouldn't go home.
No deberías irte a casa.
Should you go home?
¿Deberías irte a casa?
He should look for a job.
Él debería buscar un trabajo.
He shouldn't look for a job.
Él no debería buscar un trabajo.
Should he look for a job?
¿Debería él buscar un trabajo?
I ought to find a new house.
Yo debería encontrar una nueva casa.
I oughtn't to find a new house.
Yo no debería encontrar una nueva casa.
Ought I to find a new house?
¿Debería encontrar una nueva casa?
Mike ought to study harder.
Mike debería estudiar más.
Mike oughtn't to study harder.
Mike no debería estudiar más.
Ought Mike to study harder?
¿Debería Mike estudiar más?
Notice
As you can see they both work in the same way and have the same meaning. However, should is more common than
ought to.

22. Must, Should and Ought To:
Must has the strongest meaning. Should and ought to are weaker. In other words, when you give an advice, if you use
the word should, it won't be as strong as must.
You must study harder.
Debes estudiar más.
You should study harder.
Deberías estudiar más.
Examples:
He should get up earlier.
Él debería levantarse más temprano.
I ought to go to bed.
Yo debería irme a la cama.
My sister should be careful.
Mi hermana debería tener cuidado.
My friend oughtn't to worry.
Mi amigo no debería preocuparse.
Lección 32.1
Will, Would and Shall
You already know will and would. However, we are studying them deeper in this lesson.
Will and Would
Will - we use it to express the future.
Would - we use it as a conditional. Remember that the conditional expresses a theory.
However, these are not their only uses and translations. We can also translate these verbs as querer when we want to
ask something in a formal way or make an invitation:
Will you have a cup of tea?
¿Te apetece un té?
Would you give me an application form, please?
¿Querría darme una solicitud, por favor?
Will you come to the party?
¿Quieres venir a la fiesta?
Would you share our meal?
¿Querrías comer con nosotros?
Will you hand me a paper, please?
¿Quiere pasarme un periódico, por favor?
Would you come to the movie theater?
¿Querrías venir al cine?
Shall
It is an old form for will. Most of its forms disappeared during the language evolution and nowadays it's not very
common to use it. It works exactly as will:
I shall go with you.
Iré contigo.
I shall not go with you.
No iré contigo.
Shall I go with you?
¿Iré contigo?
Notice
The negative form of shall is: shan't.
I shan't help you.
Yo no te ayudaré.
Its most typical use is in the first person. We use it to make suggestions or offerings and to ask for instructions and
permission.
I shall help you.
Te ayudaré. Shall I go with him?
¿Debo ir con él?
I shall try it.
Yo lo intentaría.

23. Examples:
I shall open the window.
Abriré la ventana.
Will you come to the concert?
¿Te quieres venir al concierto?
Shall I help you with dinner?
¿Te ayudo con la cena?
Would you join the gym?
¿Te querrías apuntar al gimnasio?
Shall I walk her home?
¿La acompaño a casa?
Will you help me with my math test?
¿Quieres ayudarme con mi examen de Matemáticas?
Shall I turn on the heating?
¿Enciendo la calefacción?
Will you have a milkshake?
¿Quieres una malteada?
Lección 32.2
Preposiciones: Beside, Besides, Toward
Lugar Tiempo Circunstancia
beside junto a - al lado de
besides - - además
toward(s) hacia hacia hacia
Beside
The church is beside High Park. It's opposite the school.
La iglesia está al lado de High Park. Está frente al colegio.
When he stands beside you, he looks so short.
Cuando él está parado a tu lado, se ve bajo.
She sits beside Frank because she likes him.
Ella se sienta al lado de Frank porque le gusta.
The cat is beside the main door.
El gato está al lado de la puerta principal.
Besides
He is studying languages. Besides, he wants to travel.
Él está estudiando idiomas. Además, él quiere viajar.
Besides Lucy, you are the fastest runner.
Además de Lucy, tú eres la corredora más rápida.
He was a good student. Besides, he liked to teach.
Él era un buen estudiante. Además, le gustaba enseñar.
He works as a waiter. Besides, he is studying at university.
Él trabaja de mesero. Además, está estudiando en la universidad.
Toward(s)
UK vs US
toward - En inglés americano.
towards - En inglés británico.
His interest toward this subject is high.
Su interés hacia esta materia es alto.
He was driving towards the tree because he wasn't paying attention.
Él estaba manejando hacia el árbol porque él no estaba poniendo atención.

24. I was walking towards the church when I found a little lost dog.
Yo estaba andando hacia la iglesia cuando me encontré un pequeño perro perdido.
His opinion toward the matter is quite different from mine.
Su opinión sobre el asunto es bastante diferente a la mía.
I walked towards the bridge because I thought we were going home.
Andé hacia el puente porque pensé que íbamos a casa.
Vocabulary
blood test
análisis de sangre
blood donor
donante de sangre
blood pressure
tensión arterial
isolate a patient
aislar a un enfermo
outpatients'
servicio de consulta externa
therapist
terapeuta
physiotherapist
fisioterapeuta
psychiatrist
psiquiatra
psychologist
psicólogo
psychiatric hospital
psiquiátrico
mental hospital
hospital psiquiátrico
intensive care
cuidados intensivos
Lección 32.3
Phrasal Verbs: Make Out, Put Off, Use Up, Turn Off
Make out - understand
After his speech, I made out his true feelings.
Después de su discurso, entendí sus verdaderos sentimientos.
I've made out the unit because you have helped me.
He comprendido el tema porque tú me has ayudado.
When he saw her behavior at work, he made out her problem.
Cuando él vio su comportamiento en el trabajo, comprendió su problema.
Put off - postpone
My boss has put the meeting off. He says we aren't ready.
Mi jefe ha pospuesto la reunión. Dice que no estamos preparados.
The theater company has put the show off because the main actress is ill.
La compañía de teatro ha pospuesto el espectáculo porque la actriz principal está enferma.
The teacher has put the test off because he thinks that we need more time to study.
El profesor ha pospuesto el examen porque él cree que necesitamos más tiempo para estudiar.
Use up - completely used
I have bought new pens because I used mine up.
He comprado plumas nuevas porque gasté los míos.
My sister is buying sugar because we used it all up in the cake.
Mi hermana está comprando azúcar porque la gastamos toda en el pastel.
Tom needs some paper because he has used it up.
Tom necesita papel porque lo ha gastado.
Turn off - repulse
I was enjoying my dinner, but the staff's behavior turned me off.
Estaba disfrutando mi cena, pero el comportamiento de la plantilla me echó para atrás.
The guy seemed nice, but his comments on abortion turned me off.
El tipo parecía simpático, pero sus comentarios sobre el aborto me echaron para atrás.
Wendy went back home because your manners turned her off.
Wendy se fue a casa porque tus modales la echaron para atrás.

25. Lección 32.4
Word Formation XIV
-ant
assist
atender
assistant
ayudante
count
contar
accountant
contador
protest
protestar
protestant
protestante
-ee
employ
emplear
employee
empleado
train
entrenar
trainee
aprendiz
refuge
refugio
refugee
refugiado
interview
entrevista
interviewee
entrevistado
-ive
intense
intenso
intensive
intensivo
talk
platicar, hablar
talkative
platicador
relate
relacionar
relative
familiar
attract
atraer
attractive
atractivo
-ess
tiger
tigre
tigress
tigresa
-age
advance
avanzar
advantage
ventaja
mail
correo
postage
franqueo
cover
cubrir
coverage
cobertura
-al
arrive
llegar
arrival
llegada
nature
naturaleza
natural
natural
survive
sobrevivir
survival
supervivencia
Examples:
He called me at his arrival.
Él me llamó a su llegada.
That insurance doesn't give you much coverage.
Ese seguro no te da mucha cobertura.
Don't eat food that contains a lot of chemicals. It's better to eat natural foods.
No comas comida que contenga muchos sustancias químicos. Es mejor comer comida natural.
host
anfitrión
hostess
anfitriona
god
dios
goddess
diosa

26. All the interviewees should wait in this room.
Todos los entrevistados deberían esperar en este cuarto.
The sales assistant showed me a lot of scarves, but I didn't like them.
La asistente de ventas me enseñó muchas bufandas, pero no me gustaban.
Lección 32.5
Used To
When we talk about repeated actions in our lives, habits, we usually use the Simple Present tense with adverbs of
frequency:
I usually play chess in the evening.
Yo normalmente juego al ajedrez por la noche.
My sister sometimes makes lunch for the family.
Mi hermana a veces hace el almuerzo para la familia.
Henry doesn't go to the movie theater very often.
Henry no va al cine muy frecuentemente.
Amelie always gets up earlier than me.
Amelie siempre se levanta antes que yo.
When we want to talk about past habits in our lives, we use the modal verb used to + infinitive verb. We translate it
as soler.
Elaine used to ask me a lot of questions.
Elaine solía preguntarme muchas preguntas.
Terry used to come home every weekend.
Terry solía venir a casa cada fin de semana.
My cousin used to call me once a week.
Mi primo solía llamarme una vez a la semana.
I used to go to a concert every Saturday night.
Yo solía ir a un concierto cada sábado por las noches.
This verb works as a normal verb and not as a modal verb, so use it in Simple Past tense:
I used to play with dolls when I was a child.
Solía jugar con muñecas cuando era niña.
I didn't use to play with dolls when I was a child.
No solía jugar con muñecas cuando era niña.
Did you use to play with dolls when you were a child?
¿Solías jugar con muñecas cuando eras niña?
We also express the idea of a repeated action in a past time:
My father used to go fishing when we lived in the countryside.
Mi padre solía ir a pescar cuando vivíamos en el campo.
I didn't use to get up early in summer when I was a student.
No solía levantarme temprano en verano cuando era estudiante.
Did you use to have breakfast at home when you were at university?
¿Solías desayunar en casa cuando estabas en la universidad?
When we use this verb, we imply that we don't do the action anymore:
I used to walk to school with my brothers.

27. Solía ir caminando al colegio con mis hermanos.
He used to go to the fields every afternoon.
Él solía ir al campo cada tarde.
Examples:
I used to go to school in the mornings.
Solía ir al colegio por las mañanas.
My grandma didn't use to walk properly.
Mi abuela no solía andar correctamente.
He used to have headaches every day.
Él solía tener dolor de cabeza diario.
She used to obey her parents.
Ella solía obedecer a sus padres.
I used to be back home early every weekend.
Yo solía volver temprano a casa cada fin de semana.
Jane didn't use to pay attention in class.
Jane no solía prestar atención en clase.
Did Moira use to tell you everything?
¿Solía Moira contártelo todo?
Vocabulary
crow
cacarear
beak
pico
peacock
pavo real
pigeon
paloma
young pigeon
pichón
swallow
golondrina
sparrow
gorrión
seagull
gaviota
pheasant
faisán
Lección 32.6
Clauses: An Introduction to Relative Clauses - That
We sometimes have two sentences as the following ones:
I saw a woman yesterday. She is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer. Ella es tu vecina.
We can join these two sentences by using the word that (que) between them. Look:
I saw a woman yesterday that is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer que es tu vecina.
Notice
We always place the relative pronoun that instead of another person, an animal or a thing.
I saw a woman yesterday that is your neighbor.
Vi a una mujer ayer que es tu vecina.
In our example we substitute the subject (she) of the second sentence for the relative pronoun (that), which is working
as the subject of the second sentence.
We can use this word that after some verbs to introduce a new sentence:
I said that it was a lie.
Dije que era una mentira.
I knew that this would happen.
Sabía que esto ocurriría.
They told me that you were coming.
Ellos me dijeron que tú venías.
Mike understood that it had been a misunderstanding.
Mike comprendió que había sido un malentendido.
My friends believed that they were right.

28. Mis amigos creían que ellos tenían razón.
It means that you'd rather wait here.
Quiere decir que mejor esperes aquí.
Notice
If there is a person or subject after the word that, it means it is not working as the subject. It is working as an object.
When the word that does not function as the subject, we can take it out:
I said it was a lie.
Dije que era una mentira.
He thinks you are very clever.
Él piensa que tú eres muy lista.
I knew this would happen.
Sabía que esto ocurriría.
They told me you were coming.
Ellos me dijeron que tú venías.
Mike understood it had been a misunderstanding.
Mike comprendió que había sido un malentendido.
My mom decided this was her best choice.
Mi mamá decidió que esa era su mejor opción.
My friends believed they were right.
Mis amigos creían que ellos tenían razón.
It means you'd rather wait here.
Quiere decir que mejor esperes aquí.
Remember this is just an introduction for you to be able to use the relative clauses and get used to them. It may be
difficult for you to understand at the beginning, but we are studying them again in further lessons. Just keep these basic
rules in mind.
Lección 32.7
Idioms and Proverbs XIV
Proverbs
When you look at the teapot, the water never boils - Cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve. Es decir, no por
querer que algo se cumpla, se hará antes.
I am waiting for Mike to call me, but I can't wait any longer.
Estoy esperando que Mike me llame, pero ya no puedo esperar.
You know, when you look at the teapot, the water never boils.
Ya sabes, cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve.
I'm looking forward to going on vacation, but my boss doesn't say anything.
Estoy deseando irme de vacaciones, pero mi jefe no dice nada.
Girl, when you look at the teapot, the water never boils.
Nena, cuando miras la tetera, el agua nunca hierve.
To rain cats and dogs - Llover a cántaros
We stayed in last night because it was raining cats and dogs.
Nos quedamos en casa anoche porque estaba lloviendo a cántaros.
I am taking my umbrella because it's raining cats and dogs.
Estoy tomando el paraguas porque está lloviendo a cántaros.
Rome was not built in a day - Roma no se hizo en un día
I want to become a lawyer, but I need to study for many years.
Quiero ser abogada, pero tengo que estudiar muchos años.
Well, Rome wasn't built in a day.
Bueno, Roma no se hizo en un día.
My friend wants his relationship to be perfect from the beginning, but Rome wasn't built in a day.
Mi amigo quiere que su relación sea perfecta desde el principio, pero Roma no se hizo en un día.
Enough is as good as a feast - Lo breve si bueno, dos veces bueno
We really enjoyed the dinner, it was a kind of short, but enough is as good as a feast.

29. Realmente disfrutamos la cena, fue un poco corta, pero lo bueno si breve dos veces bueno.
It was a brilliant evening with him, I thought about staying longer, but enough is as good as a feast.
Fue una noche fantástica con él, pensé en quedarme más rato, pero lo bueno si breve dos veces bueno.
Better late than never - Mejor tarde que nunca
My father decided to go back to school this year. Better late than never.
Mi papá decidió regresar al colegio este año. Mejor tarde que nunca.
I have never learned English; I want to do it, better late than never.
Nunca he aprendido inglés; quiero hacerlo, mejor tarde que nunca.
As quick as lightning - Rápido como el viento, rápido como un rayo
I told him I wanted tea and he made it as quick as lightning.
Le dije que quería un té y lo hizo rápido como el viento.
I called her and she came as quick as lightning.
La llamé y vino rápida como el viento.
Vocabulary
bark
corteza
branch
rama
bud
brote
twig
ramita
willow
sauce
oak
roble
elm
olmo
ash tree
fresno
moss
musgo
daisy
margarita
carnation
clavel
sunflower
girasol
weed
mala hierba
pollen
polen
petal
pétalo
rose bush
rosal
thorn
espina
stem
tallo
Lección 32.8
Good in Many Ways
We can use the word good in many different ways:
We can say something is good in quality:
 acceptable (aceptable)
The company's standards of quality are acceptable.
Los estándares de la compañía son aceptables.
 awesome (impresionante)
It's an informal word
The movie has some awesome special effects.
La película tiene algunos efectos especiales guays.
 first-class (primera clase)
Kingfisher's is a first-class airline, you'll enjoy it.
Kingfisher's es una aerolínea de primera clase, lo disfrutarás.
 first-rate (de primera)
The hotel offers first-rate accommodation.
El hotel ofrece un alojamiento de primera clase.
 splendid (espléndido)
You have such a splendid view from your apartment's balcony. It's breathtaking.
Tienes una espléndida vista desde el balcón de tu piso. Es impresionante.

30.  superb (magnífico)
He has a superb selection of wines, you'll see it.
Él tiene una selección de vinos extraordinaria, lo verás.
 brilliant (brillante, fenomenal)
It was a brilliant party, everybody was there.
Fue una fiesta fantástica, todo el mundo estaba allí.
We can say we had a good experience:
 agreeable (agradable)
We had an agreeable evening with our neighbors.
Tuvimos una noche agradable con nuestros vecinos.
 delightful (delicioso, encantador)
We spent a delightful few hours in the waterfall.
Pasamos unas cuantas horas deliciosas en la catarata.
 lovely (encantador, adorable)
It was a lovely summer in the countryside.
Fue un verano encantador en el campo.
 pleasant (simpático, agradable)
I had a very pleasant weekend at that hotel.
Tuve un fin de semana agradable en ese hotel.
 satisfactory (satisfactorio)
The results of my final exam were satisfactory.
El resultado de mi examen final fue satisfactorio.
We can say something has a beneficial effect:
 advantageous (ventajoso)
The agreement will be advantageous to all of us.
El acuerdo será ventajoso para todos nosotros.
 beneficial (beneficioso)
The new law will be beneficial to the poor people.
La nueva ley será beneficiosa para la gente pobre.
 favourable (favorable)
This business opportunity will be favorable for us.
Esta oportunidad de negocio será favorable para nosotros.
 healthy (saludable)
I drink a lot of water because it's very healthy.
Tomo mucha agua porque es muy saludable.
 positive (positivo)
She always has a positive attitude.
Ella siempre tiene una actitud positiva.

31. We can say something is morally virtuous:
commendable (encomiable)
She shows a commendable attitude towards her life.
Ella muestra una actitud recomendable hacia su vida.
decent (decente)
No decent person would have done that.
Ninguna persona decente habría hecho eso.
ethical (ético)
He prides himself of his ethical attitude.
Él se enorgullece de su actitud ética.
honest (honesto)
John is not being honest with himself if he believes he can get that job.
John no está siendo honesto consigo mismo si cree que puede obtener ese trabajo.
honourable (honorable)
He was awarded as an honorable citizen for his work.
Él fue premiado como un ciudadano honorable por su trabajo.
righteous (honrado, correcto)
He is a very righteous person and is always polite.
Él es una persona honrada y siempre es educado.
upright (recto)
My granddad is a morally upright man.
Mi abuelo es un hombre moralmente correcto.
worthy (digno)
Your idea is worthy of consideration. Thank you!
Tu idea es digna de considerarse. ¡Gracias!
virtuous (virtuoso)
The Monks live a virtuous life that involves a lot of meditation.
Los monjes viven una vida virtuosa que involucra mucha meditación.
Lección 32.9
Semantic Field: To Walk I
Step - when you step, you move your feet to change your location
I stepped carefully over the stones because I didn't want to fall down.
Di pasos cuidadosamente sobre las piedras porque no quería caerme.
He stepped into the house slowly because everybody was sleeping.
Él entró a pasos en la casa despacio porque todo el mundo estaba dormido.
Wander - you walk with no specific direction
I wandered around the park for a while because I wanted to relax.
Paseé un rato por el parque porque quería relajarme.
He wandered around the neighborhood to get used to the places.
Él paseo por la vecindad para acostumbrarse a los sitios.

32. Tiptoe - you walk without putting your heels on the ground
Sandra tiptoed around the room because she was practicing ballet.
Sandra andaba de puntillas por el cuarto porque estaba practicando ballet.
William tiptoed because he didn't want to wake his parents up.
William anduvo de puntillas porque no quería despertar a sus padres.
Toddle - you walk with quick, short steps. This is a word to describe children
My daughter toddles towards me all the time.
Mi hija camina a tropezones hacia mí todo el tiempo.
My sister can toddle now. She still falls down. It's very cute.
Mi hermana está dando ahora sus primeros pasos. Ella todavía se cae. Es muy tierno.
Pace - you walk up and down a small area when you are usually anxious or impatient
My father paced up and down because he was nervous.
Mi padre daba vueltas de un lado para el otro porque estaba nervioso.
If you stopped pacing, you would feel better.
Si dejaras de dar vueltas de un lado para el otro, te sentirías mejor.
March - you walk quickly and in a determined way. It sometimes means the person is angry
She marched into the office and asked to see the manager.
Ella entró decidida en la oficina y pidió ver al manager.
My brother marched into my room and shouted at me.
Mi hermano entró decidido en mi cuarto y me gritó.
Lección 33.0
To be used to versus To get used to
To be used to - estar acostumbrado
It isn't a modal verb, it works as a regular verb. It works the same way as to be able to.
subject verb to be used to verb -ing complement
I am used to getting up early Estoy acostumbrado a levantarme temprano
She was used to studying at home.
Ella estaba acostumbrada a estudiar en casa.
To get used to – acostumbrarse
It works the same way as to be used to.
subject verb to get used to verb -ing complement
I got used to studying for my exams
I got used to studying for my tests.
Me acostumbré a estudiar para mis exámenes.
She will get used to cooking.
Ella se acostumbrará a cocinar.
I got used to watching a movie every evening before going to bed.
Me he acostumbrado a ver una película cada noche antes de irme a
dormir.
I will never get used to eating English meals.
Nunca me acostumbraré a comer las comidas inglesas.
My parents will be used to surfing the net.
Mis padres estarán acostumbrados a surfear el Internet.
My friends have never been used to chatting.
Mis amigos nunca han estado acostumbrados a charlar.

33. Notice
The most important difference among these verbs is the verb after them. Pay attention:
Solía
used to infinitive
I used to work very hard
Estar acostumbrado
be used to -ing
I am used to getting up early
Acostumbrarse
get used to -ing
She will get used to cooking
Examples:
I used to work very hard.
Solía trabajar muy duro.
She is used to working hard.
Ella está acostumbrada a trabajar duro.
He is getting used to working hard.
Él se está acostumbrando a trabajar duro.
My sister used to be late.
Mi hermana solía llegar tarde.
Helen is used to being late.
Helen está acostumbrada a llegar tarde.
I'm not getting used to being late.
Yo no me estoy acostumbrando a llegar tarde.
Tony used to drive carefully.
Tonny solía manejar cuidadosamente.
My friend is used to driving carefully.
Mi amigo está acostumbrado a manejar cuidadosamente.
I have gotten used to driving carefully.
Me he acostumbrado a manejar cuidadosamente.
Vocabulary
realtor
agente inmobiliario
real estate agency
inmobiliaria
resident
residente
residents' association
comunidad de vecinos
settle
instalarse
tenant
inquilino
mortgage
hipoteca
owner
propietario
for sale
se vende
Lección 33.1
Modal Verbs in The Past Tense
You already know some modal verbs have a Past Tense:
I had to study harder.
Tuve que estudiar más.
She didn't use to play with her brothers.
Ella no solía jugar con sus hermanos.
Meg didn't have to help me, I did it myself.
Meg no tuvo que ayudarme, lo hice sola.
The modal verbs that don't have a Past Tense can also express a past event. They do it by using a Perfect Infinitive, that
is, they add a form using the Present Perfect after:
I could have done it.
Yo podía haberlo hecho.
She must have worked a lot.
Ella debe haber trabajado mucho.
We always choose a modal verb in the past tense when it's available:
Present ability
I can sing.
Yo puedo cantar.
Past ability
I could sing.
Yo podía cantar.
Past perfect ability
I could have sung.
Yo podía haber cantando.

34. It expresses something that is already done or undone, a past event that cannot change now.
Moral duty in the present
I must go now.
Debo irme ahora.
Moral duty in the past
I must have gone.
Debí haber ido.
It expresses the same uses the modal verb has, but in a past time.
Notice
You SHOULD NEVER use has in these cases. Remember you can only change the first verb in a verbal tense. The
first verb in this verbal tense is always the modal verb. Modal verbs NEVER add an -s for the third person. You cannot
use it in the second verb:
WRONG: Paul must has phoned you
CORRECT: Paul must HAVE phoned you
Paul must have phoned you.
Paul debió haberte llamado.
WRONG: Laura must has cleaned the house
CORRECT: Laura must HAVE cleaned the house
Laura must have cleaned the house.
Laura debió haber limpiado la casa.
Remember you are using a Perfect Infinitive and not a Present Perfect. You cannot add an -s to a Perfect Infinitive as
you cannot add an -s to an to infinitive.
When the verb doesn't have a Past Tense as it's the case in must, you translate it in the Past:
I must make dinner now.
Debo hacer la cena ahora.
I must have woken you up last night. I apologize.
Debí haberle despertado anoche. Discúlpame.
Examples:
I should have worried less. I knew everything would work out well.
Debería haberme preocupado menos. Yo sabía que todo saldría bien.
You could have washed-up.
Tú podías haber lavado los platos.
He might have hurt himself when he fell down.
Él podía haberse lastimado cuando se cayó.
The girl could have fallen down.
La niña podía haberse caído.
William ought to have paid more attention.
William debería haber prestado más atención.
You must have helped your sister.
Tú debías haber ayudado a tu hermana.
They could have had an accident.
Ellos podían haber tenido un accidente.
Lección 33.2
Preposiciones: Despite, Unlike, But for, Close to
Lugar Tiempo Circunstancia
despite - - a pesar de
unlike - - diferente a
but for - - a no ser por, excepto
close to cerca de cerca de cerca de
Despite - a pesar de
They decided to go ahead with the plan despite their requests to stop.
Ellos decidieron seguir adelante con el proyecto a pesar de sus solicitudes de parar.

35. He is a good cook despite his bad manners.
Él es un buen cocinero a pesar de sus malos modales.
He loves her despite her changing mood.
Él la ama a pesar de su humor cambiante.
I went to work despite my illness.
Fui a trabajar a pesar de mi enfermedad.
Unlike- diferente a, a diferencia de, poco característico
It's unlike him to be late.
Es poco característico de él llegar tarde.
Their worldwide success is unlike any other.
Su éxito por todo el mundo es muy diferente a cualquier otro.
But for - a no ser por, except
We would have arrived on time but for Frank. He got lost trying to find your house.
Nosotros habríamos llegado a tiempo de no ser por Frank. Él se perdió intentando encontrar tu casa.
I wouldn't have passed that test but for Julie. She explained everything to me.
Yo no habría aprobado ese examen a no ser por July. Ella me lo explicó todo.
I wouldn't have known the answers but for my friend. He told me what to write.
Yo no habría sabido las respuestas a no ser por mi amigo. Él me dijo que escribir.
Close to - cerca de
I finish classes around six. We can meet close to half past six if you want.
Termino las clases sobre las seis. Podemos quedar cerca de las seis y media si quieres.
My house is close to the park, so I usually walk there in the afternoon.
Mi casa está cerca del parque, así que normalmente ando allí por la tarde.
I am close to making a decision, but I need to meditate about it a bit longer.
Estoy cerca de tomar una decisión, pero necesito meditarlo un poco más.
Lección 33.3
British versus American English IV: Telephoning
U.K. U.S.A. DEFINITION
ring up call,
phone
To use the phone to talk to a person
give someone a call, a ring, a bell give someone a buzz Make a quick phone call
blower horn A telephone
to call the speaking clock to call time You phone to know the time
directory enquiries information You want to know a phone number
reverse charge call collect You phone a person and this person gets charged
telegram wire A message with just a few words
personal call person-to-person You ask the operator to let you speak
dialling codes area codes International and national codes
to put through to connect A secretary may do this
phone,
call box
pay station A public coin-operated telephone
trunk call long distance To call somebody that is outside your city
answer phone answering machine A machine to record voice messages
Your glasses are close to the dictionary, don't you see them?
Tus lentes están cerca del diccionario, ¿No las ves?

36. Lección 33.4
Take + Noun + Preposition II
Take an interest in - interesarse por algo
She took an interest in history when she had already taken her test.
Ella se interesó por la historia cuando ya había hecho su examen.
I have taken an interest in tennis because I like sports.
Me he interesado por el tenis porque me gustan los deportes.
My mother has taken an interest in my studies and keeps asking questions about it.
Mi mamá se ha interesado por mis estudios y me hace muchas preguntas.
Take advice on - seguir el consejo de alguien en algo
Mike took my advice on his choice of a career because he trusts me.
Mike siguió mi consejo en su elección de una profesión porque confía en mí.
I have taken John's advice on my travel because he is an experienced traveler.
He seguido el consejo de John en mi viaje porque él es un viajero experto.
I always took my friends' advice because they know me well.
Siempre sigo el consejo de mis amigos porque me conocen bien.
Take responsibility for - responsabilizarse por algo
The firm took responsibility for their illegal actions.
La empresa tomo responsabilidad por sus acciones ilegales.
Ruth didn't want to take responsibility for her rude behavior.
Ruth no quería responsabilizarse de su comportamiento grosero.
Take pity on someone - apiadarse de alguien
I can't take pity on someone who is rude to everyone.
No puedo apiadarme por una persona que siempre es grosera con todos.
Samuel has taken pity on her because she is alone.
A Samuel le ha dado lástima porque ella está sola.
I took pity on the girl because she had no mother.
Me dio lástima la niña porque no tenía mamá.
Take a page out of someone's book - pasar página
I was worrying for nothing when I should have taken a page out of my own book.
Me estaba preocupando por nada cuando debería haber pasado página.
I took a page out of my own book when I did that job.
Pasé de página cuando realicé ese trabajo.
You should take a page out of your own book when it comes to relationships.
Deberías pasar la página en cuanto a relaciones se refiere.
Vocabulary
designer
diseñador
factory worker
obrero
technician
técnico
security guard
vigilante
steward
auxiliar de vuelo
receptionist
recepcionista
salesman
vendedor
laborer
obrero
interpreter
intérprete

37. Lección 33.5
Modal Verbs: A Revision
Now you know all the modal verbs. Let's see them altogether:
Past deduction
John must have called me but my cell ran out of battery.
John debió haberme llamado pero mi móvil se quedó sin batería.
Present ability
I can speak English fluently because I have lived in Dublin for two years.
Sé hablar inglés fluidamente porque he vivido en Dublín dos años.
Past ability
I could run faster last year because I didn't train this year at all.
Podía correr más rápido el año pasado por que este año no entrené nada.
Past event
I could have gone to the concert, but you didn't invite me.
Podía haber ido al concierto, pero no me invitaste.
Present possibility
I may go to the beach on Sunday, but I'm not sure. It depends on the weather.
Puede que vaya a la playa el domingo, pero no estoy seguro. Depende del clima.
Distant possibility-obligation
I might call Jenny, but I need to finish my work first.
Podría llamar a Jenny, pero tengo que terminar mi trabajo primero.
Obligation
I cannot go to the party because I have to look after my sister.
No puedo ir a la fiesta porque tengo que cuidar a mi hermana.
Challenge
Do you dare to tell your parents?
¿Te atreves a contárselo a tus padres?
Weak advice
You should talk to your boyfriend about your worries.
Deberías hablar con tu novio de tus preocupaciones.
Strong advice/suggestion
He must be telling the truth because he is always honest.
Él debe estar diciendo la verdad porque siempre es honesto.
Habit
Mike got used to listening to Sandra's complaints.
Mike se acostumbró a escuchar las quejas de Sandra.
Negative deduction
Esther cannot be at school, she is sick today.
Esther no puede estar en el colegio, está enferma hoy.
Habit

38. I am not used to walking without shoes at home.
No estoy acostumbrado a andar descalzo en casa.
Lack of obligation
Terry doesn't have to clean anything, she is a guest.
Terry no tiene que limpiar nada, ella es un huésped.
Past habit
Ruth used to chat with her friend after school while they were having tea.
Ruth solía charlar con su amiga después del colegio mientras se tomaban un té.
Past habit
Inma would get up early when she was in university.
Inma solía levantarse temprano cuando estaba en la universidad.
Offering
Would you like something to eat? I'm making lunch.
¿Quieres algo de comer? Estoy preparando el almuerzo.
Prohibition
You mustn't smoke inside the building.
Está prohibido fumar dentro del edificio.
Permission / informal
Can I sleep at Sheila's tonight?
¿Puedo dormir en casa de Sheila esta noche?
Permission / formal
May I use your pen, madam?
¿Podría usar su pluma, señora?
Lección 33.6
Impersonal Verbs I
You already know there are some verbs with no subject in Spanish, but these verbs need a subject in English. These
verbs always have an impersonal subject (it), they cannot have a personal one.
Some of these verbs are related to the weather:
- snow = it snows
- rain = it rains
- hail = it hails
- lighten = it lightnings
- freeze = it freezes
- thunder = it thunders
- drizzle = it drizzles
- thaw = it thaws
- dawn = it dawns
- get dark = it gets dark
We can also use some of these verbs as nouns with the same form:
- snow = the snow
- rain = the rain
- hail = the hail
- thunder = the thunder
- thunder = a thunderbolt
- thunder = a thunderclap
- drizzle = the drizzle
- thaw = the thaw
- dawn = the dawn
Some of them change their form to become nouns:
- to get dark = the darkness - to freeze = the frost - to lighten = the lightning
Remember these phrases using the word lightning:
- a flash of lightning - the flashes of lightning

39. There are some other verbs we can use with a personal and an impersonal subject:
look
It looks dangerous.
Parece peligroso.
They look happy.
Parecen felices.
grow
It grows quickly.
Crece rápido.
That child is growing very fast.
Ese niño está creciendo muy rápido.
happen
It happened to me last year.
Me ocurrió el año pasado.
They happen to be near.
Aconteció que estaban cerca.
seem
It seemed funny to me.
Me pareció divertido.
They seem to be right.
Parece que tienen razón.
begin
It began at half past five.
Empezó a las 17:30.
I began a new lesson.
Empecé una nueva clase.
become
It became true.
Se convirtió en realidad.
I became a lawyer.
Me convertí en abogado.
Vocabulary
drought
sequía
haze
neblina
heat wave
ola de calor
breeze
brisa
breezy
ventoso
close
cerrar
dull
apagado
humid
húmedo
icy
glacial
mild
templado
misty
con niebla
overcast
cubierto
sleet
agua nieve
blizzard
ventisca
cyclone
ciclón
gale
vendaval
gust
ráfaga de viento
hurricane
huracán
tornado
tornado
whirlwind
torbellino
Lección 33.7
What Do You Think About...?
When we need to give our opinion, our point of view, we can use several structures. Let's study them:
I think / I believe this is...
I think this is a very important issue to consider regarding the topic.
Creo que este es un asunto muy importante a considerar dado el tema.
I believe this is a good idea because we could go out tonight.
Creo que es una buena idea porque podríamos salir esta noche.
It seems to me...
It seems to me that this tradition does not exist in my country.
Me parece que esta tradición no existe en mi país.

40. It seems to me that you are studying an interesting subject.
Me parece que estás estudiando una materia interesante.
For me...
It's fine for me to have a drink because I don't have to work tomorrow.
Para mí está bien tomarnos una copa porque no tengo que trabajar mañana.
It's quite strange for me to not be able to smoke in a pub. I am not used to it yet.
Es bastante extraño para mí el no poder fumar en un bar. No estoy acostumbrado todavía.
I (definitely) (don't) think/feel...
I definitively don't think we should go by car.
Yo definitivamente no creo que deberíamos ir en carro.
She didn't feel like going home.
Ella no tenía ganas de irse a casa.
I (completely) disagree with...
I disagree with you about abortion. I don't think it's the only choice.
Yo estoy en desacuerdo contigo sobre el aborto. No creo que sea la única elección.
He completely disagrees with me. He thinks New York is the best place to live.
Él está completamente en desacuerdo conmigo. Él cree que Nueva York es el mejor lugar para vivir.
I (strongly) agree with...
I strongly agree with Sarah about her decision to leave.
Yo estoy completamente de acuerdo con Sarah en su decisión de irse.
My sister agrees with me about getting a new apartment.
Mi hermana está de acuerdo conmigo en conseguir un nuevo piso.
I must say...
I must say I don't think this is a good idea.
Debo decir que no creo que esto sea una buena idea.
I must say I think your point is wrong.
Debo decir que creo que tu punto de vista es erróneo.
In my opinion…
In my opinion, we should go back to the hotel.
En mi opinión, deberíamos volver al hotel.
In my opinion, they are good guys.
En mi opinión, ellos son buenos tipos.
From my point of view...
From my point of view, it doesn't make much sense.
Desde mi punto de vista, eso no tiene mucho sentido.
From my point of view, we should just enjoy it.
Desde mi punto de vista, simplemente deberíamos disfrutarlo.
As I see it...
As I see it, we can do it.
Como yo lo veo, podemos hacerlo.
As I see it, there is no reason for you to get angry.
Como yo lo veo, no hay razón para que te enfades.
I see your point...
I see your point, but that doesn't mean that I agree with it.
Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero eso no significa que esté de acuerdo.
I see your point, but I also see hers.
Entiendo tu punto de vista, pero también el de ella.

41. Vocabulary
the arts
artes
exhibition
exposición
showroom
sala de exposición
arts centre
centro cultural
fine arts
bellas artes
plastic arts
artes plásticas
contemporary
contemporáneo
modern
moderno
traditional
tradicional
masterpiece
obra maestra
work of art
obra de arte
sculpture
escultura
Lección 33.8
False Friends IV
Actual – real
Present – actual
Her present work implies speaking several languages.
Su trabajo actual implica hablar varios idiomas.
This is her actual name. She is lying.
Este es su nombre real. Ella está mintiendo.
Carbon – carbono
Coal – carbón
We have run out of coal for the fireplace. Can you get some?
Nos hemos quedado sin carbón para la chimenea. ¿Puedes conseguir un poco?
I made a carbon copy of your drawing.
Hice una copia con papel carbón de tu dibujo.
Argument – discusión
Plot – argumento
My friends had an argument last week and now they don't talk to each other.
Mis amigos tuvieron una discusión la semana pasada y ahora no se hablan.
The plot of A Midsummer's Night Dream is very funny. It's a fairy tale.
El argumento de Sueño de una Noche de Verano es muy divertido. Es un cuento de hadas.
Conductor – revisor, cobrador, director de orquesta
Driver - conductor
The conductor is coming. Where is your ticket?
El revisor viene. ¿Dónde está tu boleto?
The bus driver was driving very fast. I was frightened.
El chofer del autobús estaba conduciendo muy rápido. Yo estaba asustada.
Deception – engaño
Disappointment – decepción
I don't like people that use deception to get their aim.
No me gusta la gente que usa el engaño para conseguir su objetivo.
It was a terrible disappointment to him not to get any news from her.
Fue una terrible decepción para él no tener ninguna noticia de ella.
Firm – empresa
Signature – firma
I changed my signature because the other one was very childish.
Cambié mi firma porque la otra era muy infantil.

42. I'm working for a new firm next month in Berlin.
Voy a trabajar para una empresa nueva el próximo mes en Berlín.
Idiom– modismo
Language– idioma
I love learning new languages. It's very interesting to me.
Me encanta aprender nuevos idiomas. Es muy interesante para mí.
The verb To Make has a lot of idioms.
El verbo Hacer tiene muchos modismos.
Sensible– sensato
Sensitive – sensible
My older brother is very sensible and responsible.
Mi hermano mayor es muy sensato y responsable.
My friend is very sensitive. She always cries in the movies.
Mi amiga es muy sensible. Siempre llora en el cine.
Genial– afable
Ingenious – genial
Mark is a genial and caring boy. He's lovely.
Mark es un muchacho afable y cariñoso. Es encantador.
The principal's speech was really ingenious.
El discurso del director fue genial.
Lección 33.9
Collocations II
Lose one's temper – perder los nervios
I lost my temper when he told me such a big lie.
Perdí los nervios cuando me contó esa mentira tan grande.
She lost her temper because she is nervous.
Ella perdió los nervios porque está nerviosa.
I'm not losing my temper. I'm calm.
No estoy perdiendo los nervios. Estoy tranquila.
Get away with it – escaparse impunemente
The thief broke into the house, and he got away with it.
El ladrón entró en la casa, y se escapó impunemente.
I fought with my brother last night. I'm punished, but he got away with it.
Me peleé con mi hermano anoche. Estoy castigada, pero él se escapó impunemente.
I have failed five subjects; but my father is very busy and I've gotten away with it.
He suspendido cinco materias, pero mi padre está muy ocupado y me he escapado impunemente.
Pay attention (to someone or something) – prestar atención
Pay attention to the man you see on the screen.
Presten atención al hombre que ven en la pantalla.
Pay attention to me, please. I'm talking seriously.
Préstame atención, por favor. Estoy hablando en serio.

43. You never pay attention to the teacher, so you fail all the time.
Nunca le prestas atención al profesor, así que suspendes todo el tiempo.
Make sure – asegurarse
Make sure you have all your stuff before we leave.
Asegúrate de que tienes todas tus cosas antes de irnos.
I made sure I had my driver's license, but I cannot find it now.
Me aseguré de que tenía mi licencia de conducir, pero no puedo encontrarla ahora.
Have you made sure the door is closed?
¿Te has asegurado de que la puerta esté cerrada?
Get into trouble – meterse en líos
My brother got into trouble with the police because he was too drunk.
Mi hermano se metió en un lío con la policía porque estaba muy borracho.
I fulfill my duties because I don't want to get into trouble.
Cumplo mis obligaciones porque no quiero meterme en líos.
She got into trouble because she was on drugs.
Ella se metió en un lío porque se drogaba.
Vocabulary
apprentice
aprendiz
administrative assistant
administrativo
sales assistant
vendedor
employers' organization
patronal
self-employed
independiente
be self-employed
trabajar por cuenta propia
skilled
cualificado
unskilled
no cualificado
operate
manejar maquinaria
casual labor
trabajo eventual
casual laborer
jornalero
manage
gestionar
assistant manager
subdirector
office worker
oficinista
shoddy worker
chapucero
Lección 34.0
Linkers II
Now that – ahora que
Now that I have finished my course, I can rest a couple of weeks.
Ahora que he terminado mi curso, puedo descansar un par de semanas.
Now that Paul is here, we can leave.
Ahora que Paul está aquí, nos podemos ir.
I'm going to the beach now that it is sunny.
Voy a la playa ahora que está soleado.
Directly / immediately - encuanto que / enseguida
I called him because I was feeling blue and he came immediately.
Lo llamé porque estaba triste y vino inmediatamente.
Immediately after the party, they went home.
En cuanto la fiesta terminó, ellos se fueron a casa.
This road goes directly to Jane's house.
Esta carretera va directamente a la casa de Jane.

44. As long as – mientras que, todo el tiempo
As long as you are living here, you need to help keep the kitchen clean.
Mientras que vivas aquí, tú necesitas ayudar a mantener la cocina limpia.
I will stay with him as long as he needs to be in the hospital.
Me quedaré con él todo el tiempo que él necesite estar en el hospital.
You can watch television as long as you do your homework later.
Puedes ver la tele siempre y cuando hagas tu tarea después.
As – cuando, al mismo tiempo que
As you were watching the movie, we were playing chess.
Cuando tú estabas viendo la película, nosotros estábamos jugando al ajedrez.
They were chatting as you came into the room.
Ellos estaban conversando cuando entraste en el cuarto.
I'm reading a book as I'm baking an orange cake.
Estoy leyendo al mismo tiempo que horneo un pastel de naranja.
Mode subordinate clauses:
They are usually placed in a final position.
As – como si, del mismo modo
You look as if you have worked a lot today.
Te ves como si hubieses trabajado mucho hoy.
He meant it as an apology but he didn't actually say: I'm sorry.
Él quiso disculparse pero él no dijo literalmente: Lo lamento.
Do it as I'm telling you and you'll get a good result.
Hazlo como te estoy diciendo y conseguirás buenos resultados.
Vocabulary
hammer
martillo
hammer something into
clavar
nail
clavo
fix
reparar
glue
encolar
drill
taladro
electric drill
taladro eléctrico
needle
aguja
pin
alfiler
thumbtack
tachuela
safety pin
alfiler de seguridad
repair
reparación
screw
tornillo
screwdriver
desarmador
unscrew
desenroscar
saw
sierra
sawdust
serrín
tape
cinta adhesiva
tape measure
cinta métrica
spanner
llave de tuercas
Lección 34.1
Time II
To pass – pasar To elapse – transcurrir
To elapse es más formal y se usa normalmente en Presente Perfecto o Pasado Simple y sin adverbios :
Two years have elapsed since I finished my degree.
Dos años han transcurrido desde que terminé mi licenciatura.

45. Three weeks have elapsed since I left my job.
Tres semanas han transcurrido desde que dejé mi trabajo.
Two weeks have elapsed since I sent them my resume. I'm looking forward to knowing an answer.
Dos semanas han pasado desde que les envié mi CV. Estoy deseando saber una respuesta.
Five days have elapsed since I presented my project, but I don't know anything yet.
Cinco días han pasado desde que presenté mi proyecto, pero no sé nada todavía.
To pass es más informal y se utiliza con todas las formas verbales y adverbios :
Two years have passed since I had a relationship with him.
Dos años han pasado desde que tuve una relación con él.
Four weeks passed before we met again.
Cuatro semanas pasaron antes de que nos encontrásemos de nuevo.
Five days have passed since I talked to her, but she hasn't said anything to me yet.
Cinco días han pasado desde que hablé con ella, pero ella no me ha dicho nada todavía.
To take - tomar, llevar
It takes four hours to go to Galway from Dublin.
Te toma cuatro horas ir a Galway desde Dublín.
Take your time, we aren't in a hurry.
Tómate tu tiempo, no tenemos prisa.
It takes me one hour and a half to get ready for work every morning.
Me toma una hora y media prepararme para el trabajo cada mañana.
We don't have time to take a rest. We need to finish work in half an hour.
No tenemos tiempo para tomarnos un descanso. Necesitamos terminar el trabajo en media hora.
To last - tardar , durar
The batteries in my camera usually last about three months.
Las pilas de mi cámara normalmente duran tres meses.
The washing machine cycle lasts one hour and a half, so we can have coffee.
La lavadora tarda una hora y media, así que podemos tomarnos un café.
I'm waiting for my sister. She always lasts one hour to get ready to go out.
Estoy esperando a mi hermana. Siempre tarda una hora en prepararse para salir.
The oven lasts half an hour to cook chicken, so we are preparing some vegetables.
El horno tarda media hora en cocinar el pollo, así que estamos preparando las verduras.
To run - tardar, durar
That movie runs for three hours, so we are having dinner first.
Esa película dura tres horas, así que estamos tomando la cena primero.
My English lesson runs for two hours, I always get bored in the middle.
Mi clase de inglés dura dos horas, yo siempre me aburro en mitad.
My Saturday meeting runs for two hours, but I really enjoy it.
Mi reunión de los sábados dura dos horas, pero realmente la disfruto.
Her yoga classes run for two and a half hours, but she says she isn't tired of it.
Su clase de yoga dura dos horas y media, pero ella dice que no está cansada de ello.
To go on - durar (normalmente más de lo deseado o esperado)
Our meeting went on for three hours. It was too long for me.
Nuestra reunión duró tres horas. Fue demasiado larga para mí.

46. The test went on for two and a half hours, I was very tired when I finished.
El examen duró dos horas y media, yo estaba muy cansada cuando terminé.
The birthday party went on for ten hours, I forgot about the meeting.
La fiesta de cumpleaños duró diez horas, me olvidé de la reunión.
My father's talk went on for three hours. He didn't want me to leave.
La charla de mi padre duró tres horas. Él no quería que yo me fuese.
Lección 34.2
Conditional Sentences: An Introduction
A Conditional Sentence is a sentence with a condition. We use two sentences: one sentence establishes the condition
and the other one states the result of this condition.
Notice
- In Spanish we join these two sentences by using the
word si.
EXAMPLE: Si vienes conmigo, lo verás.
- In English we can use several words such as: if and
whether.
EXAMPLE: If you come with me, you will see it.
We can also use all these words:
providing - con tal que
providing that - con tal que
as long as - siempre y cuando
on condition that - a condición
de que
in case - por si
assuming that - asumiendo que
supposing that - suponiendo que
There are four if-type clauses, each of them refers to a moment in time (present, past,...) and each of them uses an
specific verbal tense. We always use a fixed verbal tense after the word if, but we have several choices for the other
sentence:
Examples in Spanish:
- Si vienes conmigo, lo verás - Si vienes conmigo, lo podrás ver - Lo verás si vienes conmigo
Let's start studying these sentences
Type O: True Statements
These sentences establish things that are always true. They don't change. They always happen in the same way.
Structure:
if simple present simple present
If it rains , the floor gets wet Si llueve, el suelo se moja
If you don't water a plant , it dies
If you mix yellow and blue , you get green
Notice
The word unless is used as well. We translate it as a menos que, si no.
It's the opposite of the word if. If we want to change an if-sentence into an unless-sentence, we would need to change
one verb from the affirmative into the negative or the other way round.
We are studying this word deeper in a following lesson.

47. Lección 34.3
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XIII
To be biased against/towards something/somebody - estar predispuesto a favor/en contra de algo
She was biased for Mark because she likes him.
Ella estaba predispuesta para Mark por que le gusta.
Her father is too biased for a fair competition.
Su papá está predispuesto para una competencia justa.
To boast about - alardear de
My brother always boasts about his intelligence.
Mi hermano siempre alardea de su inteligencia.
I don't like boasting about money. It's a foolish thing.
No me gusta alardear del dinero. Es una tontería.
To boss around/about – mangonear
My sister is always bossing me around, so I don't pay attention to her.
Mi hermana siempre me está mangoneando, por lo tanto no le presto atención.
My co-worker bosses everybody about. She thinks she does the best work.
Mi compañera de trabajo mangonea a todo el mundo. Piensa que hace el mejor trabajo.
To nose about/around in – fisgonear
I cannot stand Julie because she is always nosing about in my life.
No puedo aguantar a Julie porque siempre está fisgoneando en mi vida.
My mom was nosing around my room when I arrived home yesterday.
Mi mamá estaba fisgoneando mi cuarto cuando llegué a casa ayer.
To take notice of - hacer caso de
To take no notice of - no hacer caso de
I took no notice of his words because it was only his anger speaking.
No hice caso de sus palabras porque lo que hablaba era solo su enojo.
Take notice of your sister. She needs you to help her.
Hazle caso a tu hermana. Necesita que le ayudes.
To be engaged to someone - estar comprometido con alguien
My friend is engaged to a very handsome guy.
Mi amiga está comprometida con un tipo muy guapo.
Esther is engaged to Ralph. They are getting married next year.
Esther está comprometida con Ralph. Se van a casar el próximo año.
Lección 34.4
The Modal Verbs In The Progressive Tense
We can use some of the modal verbs in the Progressive Tense. We add a Progressive Infinitive after the modal verb. A
Progressive Infinitive is the verb to be without to + a verb in -ing: be drinking - estar bebiendo
Examples:
It may be happening now.
Puede estar ocurriendo ahora.
They must be studying.
Ellos deben estar estudiando.

48. Notice
We can only do it with some modal verbs:
- Can and May meaning poder
- Must meaning deber in an affirmative deduction
- Should and Ought to meaning debería as an advice or moral duty
- Needn't meaning no tener que
Examples:
You needn't be working that much.
Tú no tienes que estar trabajando tanto.
I should be cleaning the house.
Yo debería estar limpiando la casa.
My friends ought to be having a party.
Mis amigos deberían estar haciendo una fiesta.
They could be looking for some information about the travel.
Ellos podrían estar buscando algo de información sobre el viaje.
My mom must be chatting with my aunt.
Mi mamá debe estar charlando con mi tita.
They may be taking the test now.
Ellos pueden estar haciendo el examen ahora.
As in every Progressive Tense we use this form to emphasize something is happening at the moment. We add different
shades of meaning with the modal verbs:
My sister must be watching her favorite soap-opera.
Mi hermana debe estar viendo su telenovela favorita.
He can be playing chess or something similar.
Él puede estar jugando al ajedrez o algo parecido.
Tom needn't be studying so hard. He is very good at history.
Tom no tiene que estar estudiando tanto. Él es muy bueno en historia.
Esther may be eating out. There's a celebration today.
Esther puede estar comiendo fuera. Hay una celebración hoy.
My brother ought to be helping my dad.
Mi hermano debería estar ayudando a mi papá.
Ruth must be having a good time. She seems to be happy.
Ruth debe estar pasándosela bien. Ella parece feliz.
I needn't be waiting for anybody. I can go on my own.
No tengo que estar esperando a nadie. Puedo ir sola.
The kids shouldn't be playing outside. It's raining.
Los niños no deberían estar jugando fuera. Está lloviendo.
You can be walking in the jungle and see wild animals.
Puedes estar andando en la selva y viendo animales salvajes.
They needn't be gossiping about anybody. They don't like it.
Ellos no tienen que estar chismorreando de nadie. No les gusta.
She may be getting ready. She is leaving tomorrow.
Ella puede estar preparándose. Se va mañana.
The girl ought to be learning at school.
La niña debería estar aprendiendo en el colegio.
Lección 34.5
Phrasal Verbs: Put Away, Break In On, Look Down On, Come Over
Put away – store
I am putting some money away for my vacation.
Estoy ahorrando algo de dinero para mis vacaciones.

49. My mother puts some food away for Sunday.
Mi mamá almacena algo de comida para el domingo.
The owner is putting some stuff away right now.
El propietario está almacenando algunas cosas ahora mismo.
Break in on – interrupt
I don't like talking to your friend because she always breaks in on me.
No me gusta conversar con tu amiga porque ella siempre me interrumpe.
You shouldn't break in on people when they are talking. It's bad manners.
No deberías interrumpir a la gente cuando están hablando. Son malos modales.
Don't break in on me. You should listen to me to be able to give me an answer.
No me interrumpas. Deberías escucharme para poder darme una respuesta.
Look down on – despise
I am uncomfortable at her house because I think her father looks down on me.
Me siento incómoda en su casa porque creo que su papá me desprecia.
Don't look down on people. Who do you think you are?
No desprecies a la gente. ¿Quién te crees que eres?
You mustn't look down on anybody. They could do the same to you.
No debes despreciar a nadie. Ellos podrían hacerte lo mismo.
Come over – visit
Ralph came over yesterday because he wanted to see me.
Ralph me visitó ayer porque quería verme.
We are coming over to Sarah's in a while. She is ill and in bed.
Vamos a visitar a Sarah dentro de un rato. Está enferma y en la cama.
My friend always comes over to my house when she gets bored.
Mi amiga siempre me visita cuando se aburre.
Vocabulary
greenhouse
invernadero
dig
cavar
dig something up
desenterrar
digger
excavadora
trowel
pala de jardinería
shears
podaderas
overgrown
cubierto de maleza
flower
florecer
flowerpot
maceta; tiesto
mow the lawn
segar el pasto
shovel
pala
hoe
azadón
Lección 34.6
Word Formation XV
-ion
communicate
comunicar
communication
comunicación
converse
conversar
conversation
conversación
invite
invitar
invitation
invitación
direct
dirigir
direction
dirección
-ment
invest
invertir
investment
inversión
develop
desarrollar
development
desarrollo

50. improve
mejorar
improvement
mejora
measure
medir
measurement
medición
-ery
bake
hornear
bakery
panadería
rob
robar; un banco o una tienda
robbery
robo
pot
olla
pottery
alfarería
deliver
repartir
delivery
entrega
-ty
safe
seguro
safety
seguridad (contra accidentes)
responsible
responsable
responsibility
responsabilidad
royal
real (realeza)
royalty
realeza
-ory
access
acceder
accessory
accesorio
contradict
contradecir
contradictory
contradictorio
direct
dirigir
directory
directorio; guía
-esque
picture
foto
picturesque
pintoresco
Roman
romano
Romanesque
románico
Examples:
Bath is a quite picturesque city, we were there last Sunday.
Bath es una ciudad bastante pintoresca, estuvimos allí el domingo pasado.
Were you looking for the directory? It's under the television.
¿Estabas buscando la guía? Está debajo de la tele.
It's your responsibility to use the seatbelt.
Es tu responsabilidad usar el cinturón de seguridad.
I am going to the bakery to buy some cakes. Would you like one?
Voy a la panadería a comprar algunos pasteles. ¿Quieres uno?
He talked nonsense, he said contradictory ideas.
Él hablaba sin sentido, él decía ideas contradictorias.
The police are here because there has been a robbery in the neighborhood.
La policía está aquí porque ha habido un robo en la vecindad.
I am taking pottery lessons.
Estoy tomando clases de cerámica.
Lección 34.7
I Would Like To + Infinitive Versus I Like + Ing
The structure would like to (me gustaría) and like (me gusta) are very similar, be careful not to mistake them as this is
a commom mistake:

51. Would like + to + infinitive:
I would like to have a drink tonight.
Me gustaría tomarme una copa esta noche.
Like + -ing verb:
I like swimming at the beach.
Me gusta nadar en la playa.
When we use would like, we talk about something we want to do now:
I would like to watch a movie.
Me gustaría ver una película.
When we use like, we talk about something we usually enjoy:
I like swimming in the sea.
Me gusta nadar en el mar.
Nota
Remember we explained some verbs can have a to + infinitive, verb -ing or infinitive (without to).
There are five different groups of verbs:
1-Verbs that can have a to + infinitive verb
2-Verbs that can have an -ing verb
3-Verbs that can have an infinitive without to
4-Verbs that can have a to + infinitive or an -ing verb without changing its meaning
5-Verbs that can have a to + infinitive or an -ing verb with a change in its meaning
Examples:
I like taking a walk in the afternoon.
Me gusta dar un paseo por la tarde.
She didn't like eating out, she liked cooking.
A ella no le gusta comer fuera, le gustaba cocinar.
I would like to meet Francis, but I don't have time this week.
Me gustaría quedar con Francis, pero no tengo tiempo esta semana.
Dave will like working with you, you are very easy-going.
A Dave le gustará trabajar contigo, eres fácil de llevar.
She would like to go out every night, but she would be quite tired every morning.
A ella le gustaría salir todas las noches, pero se sentiría muy cansada cada mañana.
I would have liked meeting Penny, but I wasn't in town.
Me hubiese gustado quedar con Penny, pero no estaba en el pueblo.
Rachel liked playing computer games, but she is fed up now.
A Rachel le gustaba jugar a video juegos, pero ella está harta ahora.
Mike would have liked coming to the party, but he is sick.
A Mike le hubiese gustado venir a la fiesta, pero está enfermo.
I like walking to school; I wouldn't like to go by subway.
A mí me gusta andar al colegio; no me gustaría ir en metro.
She would have liked travelling with us, but she is working a lot at the moment.
A ella le habría gustado viajar con nosotros, pero está trabajando mucho en este momento.
Vocabulary
bread knife
cuchillo de pan
paper knife
abrecartas
penknife
navaja

52. Lección 34.8
Difference Between What and Which
 What
We usually use it in an interrogative sentence:
Or we can use What + a noun:
What time...? - ¿Qué hora...?
What kind...? - ¿De qué tipo...?
What colour...? - ¿De qué color...?
What size...? - ¿De qué talla...?
What day...? - ¿Qué día...?
 Which
We usually use it in an interrogative sentence (the same way as what):
Which is your notebook: the big or the small one?
¿Cuál es tu libreta: la grande o la pequeña?
Or we can use Which + a noun:
Which train...? - ¿Qué tren...? Which plumber...? - ¿Qué fontanero...?
Notice
But they aren't the same, there's a difference between them:
- We use What in a general sense when we think about all the possible choices.
- We use Which when we think only of two or three choices, we limit the choices.
Examples:
There are three laptops here. Which one is yours?
Hay tres portátiles aquí. ¿Cuál es el tuyo?
Which party do you prefer, Sheila's or Oscar's?
¿Qué fiesta prefieres, la de Sheila o la de Oscar?
What is your favorite color?
¿Cuál es tu color favorito?
Which color do you prefer: pink or orange?
¿Qué color prefieres: rosa o naranja?
What is the tallest mountain in the world?
¿Cuál es la montaña más alta del mundo?
Which is taller, Mount Everest or Mount K2?
¿Cuál es más alta, el Everest o el K2?
What sort of music do you like?
¿Qué tipo de música te gusta?
Which do you like more: blues or rock-and-roll?
¿Qué te gusta más: blues o rock-and-roll?
What size is this t-shirt?
¿De qué talla es esta camiseta?
Which size is it, large or small?
¿De qué talla es, grande o pequeña?
There are two movies on TV tonight. Which one do you
want to watch?
Hay dos películas en la tele esta noche. ¿Cuál quieres ver?
Let's go to the movie theater. What movie do you want
to watch?
Vamos al cine. ¿Qué película quieres ver?
What bus goes to downtown?
¿Qué autobús va al centro?
Which bus goes to downtown, the 341 or the 283?
¿Qué autobús va al centro, el 341 o el 283?
What is your name?
¿Cómo te llamas?

53. Lección 34.9
Idioms and Proverbs XV Idioms
To be two-faced - to be hypocritical
Jane is two-faced because she says one thing to you and something else to me.
Jane es hipócrita porque ella te dice una cosa a ti y me dice lo contrario a mí.
I am not two-faced, but I will change my mind sometimes.
No soy hipócrita, pero cambiaré mi opinión a veces.
To be over the top - excessive, too much
My mother always goes over the top when she buys food and brings home more than we need.
Mi mamá siempre compra demasiada comida y trae a la casa más de la que necesitamos.
You shouldn't complain. You always go over the top with your work and your boss likes you.
No puedes quejarte. Siempre trabajas demasiado y a tu jefe le caes bien.
As sure as eggs is eggs - absolutely certain
Charles is lying. I'm as sure as eggs is eggs.
Charles está mintiendo. Estoy tan seguro como que uno y uno son dos.
As sure as eggs are eggs, Terry won't come to the party tonight.
Tan seguro como que uno y uno son dos, Terry no vendrá a la fiesta esta noche.
Blue-blooded - to be born into a royal family
Tell me the truth. Would you like to marry a blue-blooded man?
Dime la verdad. ¿Te gustaría casarte con un hombre de sangre azul?
He keeps saying that he is blue-blooded. It's quite annoying.
Él se la pasa diciendo que es de sangre azul. Es muy molesto.
To be feeling blue - to be sad
She is feeling blue because her boyfriend broke up with her.
Ella se siente triste porque su novio terminó la relación con ella.
Mike was feeling blue because he had ended his relationship.
Mike estaba triste porque había terminado su relación.
Vocabulary
groceries
abarrotes
greengrocer's
frutería
grocer's
tienda de
abarrotes
jeweler
joyero
shoe shop
zapatería
stall
barraca
candy store
dulcería
toy store
juguetería
glassware shop
cristalería
cake shop
pastelería
video shop
videoclub
record shop
tienda de discos
clothes shop
tienda de ropa
fish market
pescadería
fishmonger
pescadero
florist's
florería
liquor store
licorería
kiosk
quiosco
Lección 35.0
Good in Many Ways II
We can say a person is kind
benevolent
My father is a benevolent person and he never shouts.

54. Mi padre es una persona benevolente y él nunca grita.
charitable
considerate
My boss is a very considerate person, I like working with him.
Mi jefe es una persona muy considerada, me gusta trabajar con él.
generous
My sister is very generous. She is always trying to help the poor.
Mi hermana es muy generosa. Siempre está intentando ayudar a los pobres.
gracious
Queen Elizabeth is very gracious with all of her guests.
La Reina Elizabeth es muy gentil con todos sus invitados.
humane
It is quite a humane shelter. They treat the animals very well.
Es un refugio bastante humano. Ellos tratan a los animales muy bien.
kind
That old lady is very kind and caring to children.
Esa señora mayor es muy amable y cariñosa con los niños.
obliging
That gentleman is very obliging.
Ese caballero es muy atento.
thoughtful
That was very thoughtful of you, Christina. I really appreciate it.
Eso fue muy considerado de tu parte, Christina. Realmente lo aprecio.
kind-hearted
Oscar is very kind-hearted. He is always helping others.
Oscar es de naturaleza amable. Él siempre está ayudando a los demás.
We can say a person is skilled at something
able
Esther is a very able athlete. She plays four different sports.
Esther es una atleta muy capaz. Ella practica cuatro deportes diferentes.
capable
Tom is a perfectly capable swimmer.
Tom es un nadador perfectamente capaz.
clever
Edward is very clever. He will study for his degree at Cambridge University.
Edward es muy listo. Él estudiará su carrera en la Universidad de Cambridge.
competent
He is a competent teacher and I have learned a lot from him.
Él es un profesor competente y he aprendido mucho de él.
efficient
The secretary is very efficient; she is as quick as lightning.
La secretaria es muy eficiente; ella es rápida como el viento.
expert
My brother is an expert cyclist.
Mi hermano es un ciclista experto.
proficient
He is a proficient English speaker.
Él es un hablante de inglés avanzado.
She is too charitable to break up with him now.
Ella es demasiado caritativa para separarse de él ahora.

55. skilled
They are skilled scientists now. They have studied a lot.
Ellos ahora son científicos profesionales. Han estudiado mucho.
talented
That girl is a talented singer, you should hear her voice.
Esa muchacha es una cantante talentosa, deberías escuchar su voz.
We can say a person has a good behaviour
disciplined
He was very disciplined when he lived at his parents'. Now he is a mess.
Él era muy disciplinado cuando vivía en casa de sus padres. Ahora es un desastre.
docile
Miriam is very easy to teach, she is a docile girl.
Es fácil enseñar a Mariam, es una niña dócil.
obedient
I have never been an obedient child, I'm a bit wild.
Nunca he sido un niño obediente, soy un poco salvaje.
orderly
My brother is very orderly and his room is always clean.
Mi hermano es muy ordenado y su cuarto siempre está limpio.
well-behaved
These children are polite and well-behaved.
Estos niños son educados y de buen comportamiento.
well-mannered
She has taught her children to be well-mannered.
Ella ha enseñado a sus hijos para que sean bien educados.
Lección 35.1
Semantic Field: To Walk II
Stamp/stomp - to put your feet down in a very hard way when you walk. You may be angry
She stamped over every insect she saw.
Ella estampó sus pies sobre cada insecto que vio.
He stamped into the room and shouted: we are leaving!
Él entró estampando sus pies en el cuarto y gritó: ¡Nos vamos!
Hike, ramble - to walk a long distance in the countryside for pleasure
We used to hike in the fields every afternoon.
Nosotros solíamos hacer senderismo por el campo todas las tardes.
We are hiking next weekend. Will you come with us?
Vamos a hacer senderismo el próximo fin de semana. ¿Vas a venir con nosotros?
Trek - to walk a very long and difficult trip
We trekked the mountain and had beautiful sights.
Hicimos trekking en la montaña y tuvimos vistas maravillosas.
I trekked the jungle and rode an elephant. It was a great journey.
Hice trekking en la selva y monté en elefante. Fue un viaje genial.
plod, trudge - to walk slowly and heavily
tramp - to take a long walk, typically a tiring one, for exercise or pleasure

56. I was so tired last night that I plodded home and fell exhausted in bed.
Estaba tan cansado anoche que me arrastré a casa y caí exhausto en la cama.
She tramped home last night because she was outside all day.
Ella llegó arrastrándose a casa anoche porque ella estuvo fuera todo el día.
Stalk - to walk stiffly, angry walk
He stalked off when the man started yelling at him.
Él se fue ofendido cuando el hombre le empezó a gritar.
Edwards stalked off in anger when he heard the bad news.
Edward se fue ofendido y con enfado cuando escuchó las malas noticias.
Mince - to walk with quick, small steps
She minced in the night club in a tight dress and high heels.
Ella no paraba de moverse por la discoteca con un vestido ceñido y tacones altos.
Paula always minces because she wants attention.
Paula siempre se mueve mucho porque quiere atención.
Lección 35.2
The use of the -ing form
In past lessons you learnt the Progressive Tense:
I am waiting for my roommate.
Estoy esperando a mi compañero de piso.
She was painting her new apartment.
Ella estaba pintando su nuevo apartamento.
I will be getting ready for the trip.
Yo estaré preparándome para el viaje.
We can use the -ing form to make more functions apart from the the one used in the verbal tenses.
 Using the -ing verb as a subject:
Smoking is bad for your health.
Fumar es malo para la salud.
Eating a lot and quickly causes a stomach ache.
Comer mucho y rápido causa dolor de estómago.
Skiing is my favorite hobby.
Esquiar es mi pasatiempo favorito.
Singing is a very relaxing activity.
Cantar es una actividad muy relajante.
 Always use -ing verb after prepositions:
They were talking about going to the mountains.
Ellos estaban hablando de ir a las montañas.
Mom was afraid of using that knife.
A mamá le daba miedo usar ese cuchillo.
I finished my homework before playing with my brother.
Terminé mis tareas antes de jugar con mi hermano.
Nota
Exception: when the preposition is followed by to.
He called me to arrange a meeting.
Él me llamó para acordar una reunión.
I came to see you.
Vine a verte.

57.  After a group of verbs:
We will study this in a following lesson. You already know some of them.
I like swimming at the beach.
Me gusta nadar en la playa.
I love listening to music.
Me encanta escuchar música.
He hates wasting money.
Él odia malgastar dinero.
Examples:
Getting up early is a good habit.
Levantarse temprano es un buen hábito.
John thought about calling you, but he didn't dare to.
John pensó en llamarte, pero no se atrevió.
I always go to bed after watching a movie.
Siempre me voy a la cama después de ver una película.
I like riding a bike in the afternoon.
Me gusta montar en bicicleta por la tarde.
Swimming is good for your back.
Nadar es bueno para tu espalda.
Mike loves partying on weekends.
A Mike le encanta irse de fiesta los fines de semana.
Vocabulary
dinnerware
vajilla
cutlery
cubiertos
casserole
cacerola
breadboard
tabla de cortar
pan
bottle opener
destapador
frying pan
sartén
food mixer
batidora
sink unit
fregadero con
mueble debajo
can opener
abrelatas
tumble dryer
secadora
sauce
salsa
saucer
platillo
saucepan
cazo; cacerola
soup plate
plato sopero
soup spoon
cuchara sopera
ladle
cazuela
mug
taza
bowl
tazón
tablespoon
cucharaón
corkscrew
sacacorchos
colander
coladera
Lección 35.3
Conditional Sentences: Type 0 and Type 1
Type 0: True Statements
These sentences establish things that are always true. They don't change. They always happen in the same way.
if simple present simple present
If it rains, the floor gets wet Si llueve, el suelo se moja
Nota
You can also say it the other way round: The floor gets wet if it rains.
Examples:
If you heat water, it boils.
Si calientas agua, hierve.
If you stamp your foot over a banana, you fall down.
Si pisas un plátano, te caes.
If you put water and oil together, they never mix.
Si juntas agua y aceite, ellos nunca se mezclan.
If you get up early, you see the sunrise.
Si te levantas temprano, ves la salida del sol.

58. Jane is a sweet person providing that you don't contradict her.
Jane es una persona dulce siempre que no la contradigas.
Type 1: Possible Type
This type refers to the present time. The condition can happen.
Structure:
if simple present simple future - will
If you study, you will pass Si estudias, aprobarás
Nota
You can also say it the other way round: You will pass if you study
Examples:
If you go to the beach, you can sunbathe.
Si vas a la playa, puedes tomar el sol.
If you want to come, I'll tell them.
Si quieres venir, se los diré.
If he comes, call me.
Si él viene, llámame.
As long as you finish your homework, you can go to Layla's.
Si terminas tus tareas, puedes ir a casa de Layla.
You can use my sunglasses providing that you buy me new ones if you break them.
Tú puedes usar mis lentes de sol siempre que me compres unas nuevas si las rompes.
If she does her best, she will do a great job.
Si ella da el máximo, hará un trabajo fantástico.
Lección 35.4
British versus American English V: A place to live
UK USA DEFINITION
semi-detached house,
semi(colloquial)
duplex house One of two houses that are together
duplex duplex apartment An apartment on two stories
terraced houses row houses Several small houses that are joined together on
each side
flat apartment A suite of rooms usually on one floor
owner-occupied flat condominium, condo(colloquial) The owner lives in the flat
bedsit, bedsitter single room occupancy A small flat with the bedroom and living-room
in a single room
tower block high-rise A tall building of apartments or offices
block of flats apartment house, apartment building A building that is divided into flats
housing estate housing development, subdivision A group of very similar houses
council estate, council
housing
housing project, public housing Houses built by the government. They are for
poor people
caravan site home park, trailer park Mobile homes
to let to lease, to rent You can live here if you do a regular payment
caretaker janitor, custodian A person in charge of the maintenance of a
building
lodger roomer A person that rents a room in someone else's
house
floor story A block of flats usually has several floors

59. Be Careful
Be careful with the word Homely.
- In UK it means pleasant. - In the USA it means ugly.
Lección 35.5
Verb Patterns I
Make/let someone do something - permitir a alguien hacer algo
The teacher doesn't make us work hard.
El profesor no nos hace estudiar duramente.
My parents don't let me go out with Tony.
Mis padres no me permiten salir con Tonny.
She made my brother think she was in love with him.
Ella le hizo pensar a mi hermano que estaba enamorada de él.
I let him do as he liked because he was very upset and nervous.
Le dejé hacer lo que quiso porque estaba muy deprimido y nervioso.
Stop someone from doing something - parar a alguien de hacer algo
Mark wants to stop me from moving to a new city.
Mark quiere pararme para que no me mude a una nueva ciudad.
I stopped my sister from calling you because you aren't honest.
Impedí a mi hermana llamarte porque no eres sincero.
I don't mean to stop you from doing what you want, but think about it twice.
No es mi intención impedirte hacer lo que quieras, pero piénsalo dos veces.
Force somebody to do something - forzar a alguien a hacer algo
The thief tried to force me to give him the money, but I managed to call the police.
El ladrón intentó forzarme para que le diese el dinero, pero me las arreglé para llamar a la policía.
Don't force me to do what you like. I'm a grownup.
No me fuerces a hacer lo que tú quieres. Soy una adulta.
The man forced her to tell him everything about you.
El hombre la obligó a contarle todo sobre ti.
Assign somebody to do something - asignar a alguien para que haga algo
My boss assigned me to organize the new sales department.
Mi jefe me asignó para que organizara el nuevo departamento de ventas.
The teacher has assigned me to explain the school's rules to the new students.
El profesor me ha asignado para que le explique las reglas del colegio a los nuevos estudiantes.
I've been assigned to open a new store in Plymouth.
He sido asignado para abrir una nueva tienda en Plymouth.
To throw the books at somebody - castigar duramente a alguien
My mom threw the books at me when she knew I had failed five subjects.
Mi mamá me castigó duramente cuando supo que había suspendido cinco materias.
I don't want to throw the books at you, but you're going to clean this mess right now.
No quiero castigarte duramente, pero vas a limpiar este desastre ahora mismo.
I throw the books at my daughter when she is behaving very badly.
Castigo duramente a mi hija cuando se está comportando muy mal.

60. Assure somebody of something - asegurarle algo a alguien
This project will assure me of becoming a researcher.
Este proyecto me asegurará convertirme en investigador.
That job assured her of living in New York for a year.
Ese trabajo le aseguró vivir en Nueva York un año.
He's assured his daughter made the right decision.
Él ha asegurado que su hija tome la mejor decisión.
Lección 35.6
Reflexive Verbs
We can use the Reflexive Pronouns in English when we want to emphasize something. There are some verbs that are
Reflexive Verbs in Spanish, but there aren't in English. So we won't use the Reflexive Pronouns with them. Here
are some examples:
To complain - quejarse
I complained to the manager.
Yo me quejé con el director.
To dress - vestirse
She dresses beautifully.
Ella se viste bellamente.
To endeavour - esforzarse
My sister endeavors in her French lessons.
Mi hermana se esfuerza en sus clases de francés.
To rejoice - alegrarse
Mike rejoiced when he heard the news.
Mike se alegró cuando escuchó la noticia.
To wonder- maravillarse / preguntarse
He wondered at the beautiful sight.
Él se maravilló ante la bella vista.
To be mistaken - equivocarse
I was mistaken, but I didn't know it.
Me equivoqué, pero no lo sabía.
To boast - jactarse
She boasted about owning three cars.
Ella se jactó de poseer tres carros.
To repent - arrepentirse
She only repents in front of the priest.
Ella solo se arrepiente delante del sacerdote.
To get up - levantarse
My sister always gets up early.
Mi hermana siempre se levanta temprano.
To rise - levantarse
They rose because they were leaving.
Ellos se levantaron porque se iban.
To remember - acordarse
I remembered your last birthday party, it was fun.
Me acordé de tu última fiesta de cumpleaños, fue divertida.
To recollect - acordarse
He didn't recollect his promise.
Él no se acordaba de su promesa.
To behave - comportarse
The children behaved lovely last night.
Los niños se comportaron adorablemente anoche.
To quarrel - pelearse
My brothers quarrel all the time.
Mis hermanos se pelean todo el tiempo.
To marry - casarse
She married him because she loved him.
Ella se casó con él porque lo quería.
To despair - desesperarse
Don't despair. We can solve that.
No te desesperes. Podemos resolver eso.
To move - moverse / mudarse
Why do you move so much? Are you nervous?
¿Por qué te mueves tanto? ¿Estás nervioso?
I've moved to a bigger house. You'll love it.
Me he mudado a una casa más grande. Te encantará.

61. To be ashamed - avergonzarse
I am not ashamed of anything. I did as I felt.
No me avergüenzo de nada. Lo hice como lo sentía.
Vocabulary
radio alarm
radio despertador
quilt
edredón
duvet
funda nórdica
crib
cuna
vanity
tocador
stool
banco
Lección 35.7
Inversión del Sujeto II
Scarcely - apenas
Scarcely had I left home when you phoned me.
Apenas me había ido de casa cuando me llamaste.
Scarcely had she finished her degree when she started working as a lawyer.
Apenas había terminado ella su carrera cuando empezó a trabajar como abogada.
Scarcely had Mark told me about his disappointment when Rose apologized to him.
Apenas me había contado Mark su decepción cuando Rosa se disculpó.
Scarcely had we started working when the engine broke down.
Apenas habíamos empezado a trabajar cuando el motor se estropeó.
Seldom - rara vez
Seldom did Peter phone me when he was in town last summer.
Rara vez me llamó Peter cuando estuvo en la ciudad el verano pasado.
Seldom did that man take a rest day from work for fear of getting bored.
Rara vez se tomaba ese hombre un día de descanso del trabajo por miedo de aburrirse.
Seldom had Miriam asked for help while she had been in trouble.
Rara vez había pedido ayuda Mariam mientras había tenido problemas.
Seldom had my grandfather told me a boring story when I visited him.
Rara vez me había contado mi abuelo una historia aburrida cuando lo visitaba.
Not only ____ but also - no solo ____ sino que también
Not only does she speak Japanese but she also speaks German.
No solo habla japonés sino que también habla alemán.
Not only has he been to the USA but he has also been to France.
No solo ha estado en EEUU sino que también ha estado en Francia.
Not only did he help us but he also called his friend.
No solo nos ayudó sino que también llamó a sus amigos.
Not only did her sister phone her but her friend also phoned her.
No solo la llamó su hermana sino que su amiga también la llamó.
Not only did he invite me to dinner but he also made it.
No solo me invitó a cenar sino que también preparo la cena.
Not only did she study a degree on languages but she also studied a degree on journalism.
No solo estudió una carrera de idiomas sino que también estudió periodismo.
Notice
The structures where we use not or nor next to an auxiliary verb aren't common. You can only use these negative
adverbs so in the structure we tell you it's possible. Otherwise it's not common.
Not - no

62. Not did Hans listen to anybody's advice when he wanted to do something.
Hans no escuchaba el consejo de nadie cuando quería hacer algo.
Not had my mom used a computer before I phoned her via Internet.
Mi mamá no había usado un ordenador antes de que yo la llamase por Internet.
Not did Sue think about the consequences before she left her parents' home.
Sue no pensó en las consecuencias antes de irse de casa de sus padres.
Not had Jonathan gotten ready for the travel until the last day.
Jonathan no se había preparado para el viaje hasta el último día.
Nor - no
Nor did Herman know anything about the wedding until I phoned him.
Herman no sabía nada de la boda hasta que lo llamé.
Nor had I realized about her true feelings before I saw her crying.
No me había dado cuenta de sus sentimientos reales antes de verla llorando.
Nor did Susan tell me anything before I got angry.
Susan no me había contado nada antes de que me enfadase.
Nor had I phoned Jane because I thought she wasn't in town.
No había llamado a Jane porque pensé que no estaba en la ciudad.
Lección 35.8
Taking Offence, Being Sarcastic
What would you say to someone if you don't agree with a person or you feel angry with him or her?
I'm sorry, but I strongly disagree on that point.
Lo lamento, pero estoy completamente en desacuerdo en ese punto.
I'm afraid that is not my point.
Me temo que ese no es mi punto de vista.
I don't really accept such a thing.
Realmente no acepto algo así.
That's absolute nonsense!
¡Esas son puras tonterías!
What are you talking about?
¿De qué estás hablando?
Are you nuts?
¿Estás chiflado?
Hang on a minute!
¡Espera un momento!
Stop it!
¡Para!
Just a second!
¡Un segundo!
Actually, that didn't happen that way. You are making up the story yourself.
Realmente, eso no ocurrió así. Te estás inventando la historia.
You are totally wrong and you know it.
Estás completamente equivocado y lo sabes.
Oh, yes. It's very kind of you to say that.
Oh, sí. Es muy amable de tu parte decir eso.
I think you should take that back.
Creo que deberías retirar eso.
Excuse me? Did I hear it right?
¿Disculpa? ¿Lo escuché bien?
For heaven's sake!
¡Por amor de Dios!
I can't believe that.
No puedo creerlo.
Why do you always do the same thing?
¿Por qué siempre haces lo mismo?
I'm fed up!
¡Estoy harto!

63. It can't keep on like this.
No puede seguir así.
It's got to stop!
¡Tiene que parar!
Don't talk to me like that.
No me hables así.
Don't boss me around, I'm not a child!
No me estés mangoneando, ¡yo no soy un niño!
Just leave me alone!
¡Simplemente déjame en paz!
No, I don't want to talk about it anymore, we've already had enough fun.
No, no quiero hablar de eso más, ya hemos tenido suficiente diversión.
Oh, don't tell me that. Really? Are you sure?
Oh, no me digas eso. ¿De verdad? ¿Estás seguro?
Let me speak, please. I'm explaining it to you.
Déjame hablar, por favor. Te lo estoy explicando.
Notice
You could also use:
- I'm tired of… - Estoy harto cansado de ...
- I can't stand the way you... - No aguanto la manera en que tú...
Lección 35.9
False Friends V
Appreciate - agradecer, subir de valor
Like, love, be fond of – apreciar
I really appreciate your help. I couldn't have it done without you.
Realmente agradezco tu ayuda. No podría haberlo hecho sin ti.
I really like Eleanor. She is very sweet and caring.
Realmente aprecio a Eleonor. Es muy dulce y cariñosa.
Little Maggie is very fond of her brother.
La pequeña Magie está muy encariñada con su hermano.
I love your parents. They have helped me so much.
Aprecio a tus padres. Me han ayudado tanto.
Abandon - abandonar para siempre
Leave - abandonar, marcharse
Mathew left his wife. He wasn't happy and is quite doubtful.
Mathew dejó a su esposa. Él no estaba feliz y tiene muchas dudas.
Her father abandoned the family when she was five years old.
Su padre abandonó a la familia cuando ella tenía cinco años.
Crime -delito
Murder - crimen, asesinato
His brother is in jail because he committed a serious crime.
Su hermano está en la cárcel porque cometió un delito grave.
The police are in the neighborhood because there has been a murder.
La policía está en la vecindad porque ha habido un crimen.
This natural park is closed because there was a murder a few years ago.

64. Esta reserva natural está cerrada porque hubo un asesinato hace unos años.
Current - actual
Ordinary - corriente
It's nothing special. It's just an ordinary hotel in the middle of the countryside.
No es nada especial. Solo es un hotel corriente en mitad del campo.
Global warming is a very current issue we should care about.
El calentamiento global es un tema muy actual del que deberíamos ocuparnos.
Formal - ceremonioso, de etiqueta
Reliable - serio, fiable, de confianza
It's my sister's wedding. I need to wear formal clothes.
Es la boda de mi hermana. Necesito vestir de etiqueta.
That is a reliable university. You made a good choice.
Esa es una universidad seria. Hiciste una buena elección.
Particular - concreto
Private – particular
You cannot swim in that swimming-pool because it's a private one.
No puedes nadar en esa piscina porque es particular.
It's a detailed process. Every particular step is important.
Es un proceso detallado. Cada paso concreto es importante.
Vicious - incorrecto
Depraved - vicioso
She has some vicious habits she wants to change.
Ella tiene algunos hábitos incorrectos que quiere cambiar.
That guy is very depraved. He's on drugs or drinking alcohol all day.
Ese tipo es muy vicioso. Se la pasa drogándose o tomando alcohol.
Measure - medida
Moderation – moderación
The measure of the swimming-pool is ten meters long and six meters wide.
La medida de la piscina es diez metros de largo y seis de ancho.
Please, have some moderation when you drink.
Por favor, ten moderación cuando tomas.
Lección 36.0
Collocations III
Take a break - tomar un descanso
I took a break because I was exhausted and was working very slowly.
Me tomé un descanso porque estaba exhausto y estaba trabajando muy despacio.
We are taking a break in ten minutes. Will you join us?
Nos vamos a tomar un descanso en diez minutos. ¿Te apuntas?
Jane is taking a break because she is feeling dizzy.
Jane se está tomando un descanso porque está mareada.
Break a promise - romper una promesa

65. Jonathan is really honest and he never breaks a promise.
Jonathan es muy sincero y nunca rompe una promesa.
Don't make a promise to me. You always break them.
No me hagas una promesa. Siempre las rompes.
I'm helping my niece later. I don't want to break my promise.
Voy a ayudar a mi sobrina más tarde. No quiero romper mi promesa.
Catch someone's attention - llamar la atención de alguien
She laughs so loud because she wants to catch your attention.
Ella se ríe tan alto porque quiere llamar tu atención.
I don't dress like this to try and catch people's attention. I just like these clothes.
No me visto así para llamar la atención de las personas. Simplemente me gusta esta ropa.
The guy caught my attention because he was really good-looking.
El tipo me llamó la atención porque era muy guapo.
Pay a fine - pagar una multa
I have to pay a fine because I was driving very fast.
Tengo que pagar una multa porque estaba manejando muy rápido.
The police found drugs in Mark's car, but he only had to pay a fine.
La policía encontró drogas en el carro de Mark, pero él solo tuvo que pagar una multa.
I had to pay a fine because I was smoking in a non-smoking area.
Tuve que pagar una multa por que estaba fumando en área de no fumadores.
Save time - ahorrar tiempo
We can take that shortcut to save time.
Podemos tomar ese atajo para ahorrar tiempo.
If I drive to work instead of taking a bus, I save time.
Si yo manejo al trabajo en vez de tomar el autobús, ahorro tiempo.
If you help me clean, we would save time.
Si me ayudas a limpiar, ahorraríamos tiempo.
Vocabulary
sweep
barrer
iron
planchar
dust
quitar el polvo
tidy something up
arreglar
bleach
cloro
steam iron
plancha de vapor
dish towel
trapo de cocina
dishcloth
paño de cocina
spin dry
centrifugar
pot scrubber
estropajo
spring cleaning
limpieza general
Lección 36.1
Linkers III
As if - como si
I don't know what's happening. It's as if he wanted to tell me something important.
No sé qué está pasando. Parece como si él quisiese contarme algo importante.
The girl shouted as if she were in danger, but nothing was happening.

66. La niña gritó como si estuviese en peligro, pero no estaba pasando nada.
He talks as if he is angry, but he's not. The German language just sounds like that.
Él habla como si estuviese enojado, pero no lo está. El idioma alemán simplemente suena así.
As though - como si
Act as though you are really happy and everyone will think that it is true.
Actúa como si estuvieses realmente feliz y todo el mundo pensará que es verdad.
Stretch your arms as though you were trying to reach for the clouds.
Estira tus brazos como si quisieras alcanzar las nubes.
Last night I felt as though I had drunk too much, but I hadn't.
Anoche me sentía como si hubiese tomado demasiado, pero no lo había hecho.
Like - como si
It's like he really wanted to meet you, but he's shy.
Es como si él realmente quisiese conocerte, pero es tímido.
It looked like the city hadn't changed in 200 years.
Se veía como si la ciudad no hubiese cambiado en 200 años.
They looked at me like I was crazy.
Me miraron como si estuviese loco.
Final subordinate clauses:
 In order to - para / con el fin de
It can introduce negative sentences.
I'm buying food in order to cook a new recipe.
Estoy comprando comida para cocinar una nueva receta.
He called me in order to ask me about my plans for this weekend.
Él me llamó para preguntarme por mis planes para este fin de semana.
My father is getting ready now in order to be on time for his meeting.
Mi padre se está preparando para llegar a tiempo a su reunión.
 So as to – para / con el fin de
It can introduce negative sentences.
I read the instructions twice so as to be prepared for the meeting.
Leí las indicaciones dos veces para estar preparado para la junta.
I woke up early so as to clean the house before work.
Me levanté temprano para limpiar la casa antes de trabajar.
They had a party so as to celebrate Kate's birthday.
Hicieron una fiesta para celebrar el cumpleaños de Kate.
Lección 36.2
Textura
Smooth - suave
The baby has really smooth skin. I love touching him.
El bebé tiene una piel muy suave. Me encanta tocarlo.

67. I had some sauce with my steak last night. It was very smooth.
Me tomé un poco de salsa con mi filete anoche. Estaba muy suave.
Your sweater is very smooth. I love it.
Tu suéter es muy suave. Me encanta.
This book has really smooth paper, have you touched it?
Este libro tiene un papel muy suave, ¿lo has tocado?
Polished - pulido, refinado
He has a really polished British accent. He has been living in London for some years.
Él tiene un acento británico muy refinado. Él tiene algunos años viviendo en Londres.
Grace always looks very polished.
Grace siempre se ve muy elegante.
The carpenter sold us some really polished doors for the house.
El carpintero nos vendió unas puertas muy pulidas para la casa.
He is very polite and he has some polished manners.
Él es muy educado y tiene unos modales muy finos.
Silky - sedoso
She is very beautiful. She has big eyes and silky hair.
Ella es muy linda. Tiene ojos grandes y el cabello sedoso.
Your dress is very nice and really silky. Where did you buy it?
Tu vestido es muy bonito y realmente sedoso. ¿Dónde lo compraste?
I always wear these tights, because they are very silky.
Siempre me pongo estas pantis, porque son muy sedosas.
It was a nice, long, silky, red dress. She looked beautiful.
Era un vestido largo, rojo, de seda muy bonito. Ella se veía bella.
Sleek - brillante, lustroso, elegante
He bought a sleek car last week. Have you seen it?
Él se compró un carro elegante la semana pasada. ¿Lo has visto?
Frank always wears sleek clothes for work.
Frank siempre lleva ropa elegante al trabajo.
You have sleek skin. I love it.
Tú tienes una piel lustrosa. Me encanta.
Your cellular phone is really sleek. Where did you buy it?
Tú celular es realmente elegante. ¿Dónde lo compraste?
Downy - suave, moderno
I love touching your downy hair. How do you do it?
Me encanta tocar tu cabello suave. ¿Cómo lo haces?
The baby's hair is really downy. Can I touch him again?
El cabello del bebé es realmente suave. ¿Puedo tocarlo otra vez?
We went to a downy pub last night; I think you'll like it.
Fuimos a un pub moderno anoche; creo que te gustará.
Slippery - resbaladizo, escurridizo
I don't like her new boyfriend. He looks quite slippery.
No me gusta su nuevo novio. No parece de fiar.
I fell down because the floor was quite slippery.
Me caí porque el suelo estaba muy escurridizo.

68. You cannot trust Helen; she's as slippery as an eel.
No puedes confiar en Helen; es más escurridiza que una anguila.
The vase fell down to the floor because it was quite slippery.
El jarrón se cayó al suelo porque era bastante escurridizo.
Lección 36.3
Sentence Transformation I
Sometimes we can say something in more than one way. This is a very good practise to improve your level of English,
so let's see some examples:
1. For once, you could try to do your homework without any help
For once, you could try to do your homework without any help.
Por una vez, podrías intentar hacer tus tareas sin ayuda.
Different way
Could you do your homework ____________ for a change?
Could you try to do your homework on your own for a change?
¿Podrías hacer tus tareas solo para variar?
2. If I were you, I'd go by taxi, not by bus
If I were you, I'd go by taxi, not by bus.
Si fuese tú, iría en taxi, no en autobús.
Different way
I would take a bus ____________, if I were you
I would take a taxi instead of a bus if I were you.
Tomaría un taxi en lugar de un autobús si fuese tú.
3. You should have a holiday
You should have a vacation.
Deberías tomarte unas vacaciones.
Different way
It ____________ have a holiday
It would be a good idea for you to have a vacation.
Sería una buena idea que te tomases unas vacaciones.
4. It's the first time I ride a motorbike with no
helmet
It's the first time I ride a motorbike without a helmet.
Es la primera vez que monto en moto sin casco.
Different way
I____________ a motorbike with no helmet
I've never ridden a motorbike without a helmet.
Nunca he montado en moto sin casco.
5. Mike thinks he's superior to other people
Mike thinks he's superior to other people.
Mike piensa que es superior a otra gente.
Different way
Mike____________other people
Mike looks down on other people.
Mike desprecia a otra gente.
6. My brother isn't as tall as you are
My brother isn't as tall as you are.
Mi hermano no es tan alto como tú.
Different way
You____________my brother
You are taller than my brother.
Tú eres más alto que mi hermano.
7. They said that mistake was her fault
They said that mistake was her fault.
Ellos dijeron que ese error era culpa suya.
Different way
They said ____________that mistake
They said she was responsible for that mistake.
Ellos dijeron que ella era responsable de ese error.

69. 8. Listen carefully to what I'm about to say
Listen carefully to what I'm about to say.
Escuchen cuidadosamente lo que estoy a punto de
decir.
Different way
____________ what I'm about to say
Pay attention to what I'm about to say.
Prestad atención a lo que estoy a punto de decir.
9. This is the most boring movie I've ever seen
This is the most boring movie I've ever seen.
Esta es la película más aburrida que he visto jamás.
Different way
I've never seen____________ this movie
I've never seen a more boring movie than this one.
Nunca he visto una película más aburrida que ésta.
10. I last saw your sister five years ago
I last saw your sister five years ago.
Vi a tu hermana por última vez hace cinco años.
Different way
I ____________your sister
Lección 36.4
Conditional Sentences: Type 2
This type is related to the present in an hypothetical way. The condition is possible to happen, but it's more difficult
than type 1.
Structure:
if simple past simple conditional
If you studied, you would pass Si estudiases, aprobarías.
It implies you aren't studying, then, it's difficult for you to pass. It also implies you have the chance to pass as long as
you fulfill the condition.
Notice
Notice the other way round:
You would pass if you studied.
Aprobarías si estudiases.
If you studied, you could pass.
Si estudiases, aprobarías.
Examples:
I could go to the party, providing that I finished my project today.
Podría ir a la fiesta si terminase mi proyecto hoy.
If I had time, I'd help him.
Si tuviese tiempo, le ayudaría.
They would call you if you were nicer.
Ellos te llamarían si fueses más amable.
Grace could be on vacation next month if she asked her boss.
Grace podría irse de vacaciones el próximo mes si se lo pidiese a su jefe.
As long as you tried, you could get good results.
Si lo intentases, podrías conseguir buenos resultados.
Nota
You ALWAYS use were for all the subjects in the Simple Past when you are using a Conditional Sentence. We are
using a Subjunctive verb, but we can use a Simple Past tense to make the Subjunctive in English. The Subjunctive of
the verb to be is were. Then, we NEVER use was in these sentences.
If I lived in the countryside, I would be happier.
Si yo viviera en el campo sería más feliz.
I haven't seen your sister for five years.
No he visto a tu hermana en cinco años.

70. I wouldn't miss that chance if I were you.
Yo no perdería esa oportunidad si fuese tú.
If he ate less fast food, he would be healthier.
Si comiera menos comida rápida, él estaría más sano.
I would tell you if I knew something about that.
Te lo contaría si supiese algo sobre eso.
Dave could win the race if he trained every day.
Dave podría ganar la carrera si entrenase todos los días.
My mom would be nicer if she relaxed from time to time.
Mi mamá sería más agradable si se relajase de vez en cuando.
You can come with us providing that you know how to drive.
Puedes venir con nosotros siempre que sepas manejar.
I would read more books if I found the time to do it.
Yo leería más libros si encontrase el tiempo para hacerlo.
Betty could be more relaxed if she weren't thinking all the time.
Betty estaría más relajada si no estuviese pensando todo el tiempo.
Lección 36.5
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XIV
To be annoyed / furious with someone for something - estar molesto / furioso con alguien por algo
I was furious with my brother for telling that story to John.
Estaba furiosa con mi hermano por contarle esa historia a John.
The girl was annoyed with you for lying to her.
La muchacha estaba molesta contigo por mentirle.
To be short of something - tener poco de algo
We are short of gasoline. We need to stop and get some.
Tenemos poca gasolina. Necesitamos parar y echar un poco.
He was short of money, so I helped him.
Él tenía poco dinero, así que le ayudé.
To be crowded with people, tourists... - estar abarrotado de gente, turistas...
I left Pushkar because it was crowded with tourists.
Me fui de Pushkar porque estaba abarrotado de turistas.
The theater was crowded with children when we
arrived.
El teatro estaba abarrotado de niños cuando llegamos.
To be excited about - estar emocionado con...
Little Pamela is so excited about her birthday party that I don't want to disappoint her.
La pequeña Pamela está tan emocionada con su fiesta de cumpleaños que no quiero decepcionarla.
I'm really excited about living in a new city.
Estoy realmente emocionada con vivir en una nueva ciudad.
To involve someone in - implicar / meter a alguien en
That was the guy who involved my brother in drug issues.
Ese fue el tipo que metió a mi hermano en temas de drogas.
He was kind to me. He involved me in his family business.

71. Él fue amable conmigo. Él me involucró en su negocio familiar.
To base something on - basar en
That theory is based on several famous scientists' research.
Esa teoría está basada en una investigación de varios científicos famosos.
His theory was based on a letter that he received the day before.
Su teoría se basó en una carta que recibió el día anterior.
Lección 36.6
Conditional Sentences: Type 3
Type 3: Impossible Sentences
These sentences refer to an already past time, so you cannot change the result now. It's impossible to do it.
if perfect past perfect conditional
If you had studied, you would have passed Si hubieses estudiado, habrías aprobado.
If you had studied, you could have passed Si hubieses estudiado, podías haber aprobado
You would have passed if you had studied.
Habrías aprobado si hubieses estudiado.
You didn't study and you already failed your test. Therefore, you cannot change this now. It's impossible to change it.
Examples:
She would have become a teacher if she had finished her degree.
Ella se podría haber convertido en profesora si hubiese terminado su carrera.
They could have come to the trip providing that their father hadn't punished them.
Ellos podían haber venido de viaje si su papá no los hubiese castigado.
Inma would have learned something if she had paid attention.
Inma habría aprendido algo si hubiese prestado atención.
They wouldn't have had the accident if Kate had driven carefully.
Ellos no habrían tenido el accidente si Kate hubiese manejado cuidadosamente.
Assuming they took an umbrella, the children should not get wet when walking home from school.
Suponiendo que ellos tomaron un paraguas, los niños no deberían mojarse cuando anden de la casa al colegio.
As long as he left on time, he shouldn't be late.
Siempre y cuando él se haya ido a tiempo, él no debería llegar tarde.
You could get the job providing that you have a good interview.
Podrías conseguir el trabajo siempre que tengas una buena entrevista.
I would have been happier if I had chosen better.
Habría sido más feliz si hubiese escogido mejor.
As long as Jane is in town, she might as well come to the party.
Siempre y cuando Jane esté en la ciudad, ella podría venir también a la fiesta.
If I had enough money, I would have rented an apartment in Manhattan.
Si hubiese tenido suficiente dinero, habría rentado un piso en Manhattan.
My sister would have called me if she had had some trouble.
Mi hermana me habría llamado si hubiese tenido algún problema.
Oscar wouldn't have waited for a long time if he hadn't been interested.
Oscar no habría esperado un largo tiempo si no hubiese estado interesado.

72. Lección 36.7
Phrasal Verbs: Call Off, Check Up On, Look Out For, Show Off
Call off - cancel
We have called the party off. Everybody is out of town next weekend.
Hemos cancelado la fiesta. Todo el mundo estará afuera de la ciudad el próximo fin de semana.
I have called the dinner off because I am going to the theater that day.
He cancelado la cena porque iré al teatro ese día.
Grace has called our meeting off because she isn't feeling well.
Grace ha cancelado nuestra reunión porque no se siente bien.
Check up on - examine
My father checked up on his car and said he was going to repair it.
Mi papá examinó su carro y dijo que iba a repararlo.
Kate checked up on her younger sister to make sure she was feeling better.
Kate revisó a su hermana para asegurarse de que ella se sentía mejor.
Paul checks up on his parents' house every month to make sure that everything is fine.
Paul examina la casa de sus padres cada mes para asegurarse de que todo esté bien.
Look out for - be careful, anticipate
A good doctor looks out for early symptoms in his patients.
Un buen doctor anticipa síntomas tempranos en sus pacientes.
You should look out for your grandma's blood pressure and diet.
Deberías vigilar la presión y la dieta de tu abuela.
Look out for wild animals when you are trekking in the jungle.
Ten cuidado con los animales salvajes cuando estás haciendo trekking en la selva.
Show off - demonstrate haughtily
She loves showing off, so she buys new clothes every week.
A ella le encanta exhibirse, así que se compra ropa nueva cada semana.
I am not showing off. I'm good at singing, that's all.
No me estoy exhibiendo. Soy buena cantando, eso es todo.
Mark always shows off his skills as a translator.
Mark siempre exhibe sus habilidades como traductor.
Vocabulary
exam sheet
hoja de examen
admissions exam
examen de ingreso
final exam
examen final
to take a test
presentarse a un
examen
take an exam
hacer un examen
take an exam
presentarse
makeup test
examen de
recuperación
pass a retake
recuperar
correct
corregir
correction
corrección
Lección 36.8
Word Formation XVI
-ese:
China
China
Chinese
chino
Portugal
Portugal
Portuguese
portugués
Japan
Japón
Japanese
japonés

73. -fy:
terror
terror
terrify
aterrorizar
certificate
certificado
certify
certificar
class
clase
classify
clasificar
identity
identidad
identify
identificar
-ist:
final
final
finalist
finalista
bicycle
bicicleta
cyclist
ciclista
motor
motor
motorist
motorista
therapy
terapia
therapist
terapeuta
-ite:
define
definir
indefinite
indefinido
oppose
oponerse a
opposite
opuesto
infinity
infinidad
infinite
infinito
-ism:
female
femenino
feminism
feminismo
race
raza
racism
racismo
sex
sexo
sexism
sexismo
alcohol
alcohol
alcoholism
alcoholismo
-y:
salt
sal
salty
salado
taste
probar
tasty
sabroso
dirt
suciedad
dirty
sucio
class
clase
classy
elegante
Examples:
This room is very dirty, let's tidy it, please.
Este cuarto está muy sucio, vamos a ordenarlo, por favor.
His father suffers from alcoholism. All the family is worried.
Su padre sufre de alcoholismo. Toda la familia está preocupada.
I don't like salty food because too much salt is bad for your health.
No me gustan las comidas saladas porque mucha sal es maña para tu salud.
I am classifying the information by topic.
Estoy clasificando la información por tema.
Feminism has helped give women equal rights in many countries.
El feminismo ha ayudado a darle a las mujeres derechos equitativos en muchos países.
Lección 36.9
Conditional Sentences: Unless
We can also make a Conditional Sentence with unless.
Notice
Unless is opposite to If. It means if not.
If – si Unless - a menos que
Let's see some examples:
I won't go to the beach unless it's sunny.

74. No iré a la playa a menos que haga sol.
I won't go to the party unless Marta comes.
No iré a la fiesta a menos que venga Marta.
They will see you unless you stay in.
Ellos te verán a menos que te quedes en casa.
Notice
If you change the word unless for the word if, the meaning of the sentence changes.
I won't go to the party unless Marta comes.
No iré a la fiesta a menos que venga Marta.
I won't go to the party if Marta comes.
No iré a la fiesta si viene Marta.
If you want to change unless for if making sure that the meaning of the sentence remains the same, then you'll need to
change one of the two verbs. One of the verbs has to change from negative to positive or, the other way around, from
positive to negative:
I won't go to the party unless Marta comes.
No iré a la fiesta a menos que venga Marta.
I will go to the party if Marta comes.
Iré a la fiesta si viene Marta.
Examples:
I won't work on weekends unless it's urgent.
No trabajaré el fin de semana a menos que sea urgente.
I will work on the weekends only if it's urgent.
Trabajaré el fin de semana solamente si es urgente.
I won't work on the weekend if it's not urgent.
No trabajaré el fin de semana si no es urgente.
They won't take a walk unless they aren't tired.
Ellos no darán un paseo a menos que no estén cansados.
They won't take a walk if they are tired.
Ellos no darán un paseo si están cansados.
They will take a walk if they aren't tired.
Ellos darán un paseo si no están cansados.
My sister will travel next summer unless she has to work.
Mi hermana viajará el próximo verano a menos que tenga que trabajar.
My sister won't travel next summer if she has to work.
Mi hermana no viajará el próximo verano si tiene que trabajar.
My sister will travel next summer if she doesn't have to work.
Mi hermana viajará el próximo verano si no tiene que trabajar.
We are having a party tonight unless Sarah is leaving earlier.
Vamos a tener una fiesta esta noche a menos que Sarah se vaya antes.
We aren't having a party tonight if Sarah is leaving earlier.
No vamos a tener una fiesta esta noche si Sarah se va antes.
We are having a party tonight if Sarah isn't leaving earlier.
Vamos a tener una fiesta esta noche Sarah no se va antes.
I'm buying a new house unless I need the money for an emergency.
Voy a comprar una casa nueva a menos que necesite el dinero para una emergencia.
I'm not buying a new house if I need the money for an emergency.
No voy a comprar una casa nueva si necesito el dinero para una emergencia.
I'm buying a new house if I don't need the money for an emergency.
Voy a comprar una casa nueva si no necesito el dinero para una emergencia.

75. My friend is going to the university soon unless she fails her test.
Mi amiga va a la universidad pronto a menos que suspenda su examen.
My friend isn't going to the university soon if she fails her test.
Mi amiga no va a la universidad pronto si suspende su examen.
My friend is going to the university soon if she doesn't fail her test.
Mi amiga va a la universidad pronto si no suspende su examen.
I'm not walking you home unless you tell me the secret.
No te acompaño a casa a menos que me cuentes el secreto.
I'm walking you home if you tell me the secret.
Te acompaño a casa si me cuentas el secreto.
I'm not walking you home if you don't tell me the secret.
No te acompaño a casa si no me cuentas el secreto.
Notice
One of the two verbs changes, NEVER both of them.
Lección 37.0
Neither Versus Either
You already know these adverbs a bit. You are reviewing and studying them further in this lesson:
Either - También
Neither - Tampoco
We can translate them from English into different Spanish structures. We are using Neither and Either in short answers:
We can use too and so to say también
I'm very happy.
Estoy muy feliz.
I am too - yo también
subject auxiliary verb too
I am too
So am I - yo también
so auxiliary verb subject
So am I
We can do a similar structure to say tampoco
I'm not depressed.
Yo no estoy deprimido.
I'm not either - Yo tampoco
subject aux. verb negative either
I am not either
Neither am I - Yo tampoco
neither aux.affirmative subject
Neither am I
We can also translate it as ni yo tampoco.
I don't have a pen.
No tengo una pluma.
Neither have I.
Ni yo tampoco.
Either - Uno de los dos / uno o el otro
Neither - Ninguno de los dos / Ni uno ni el otro
Would you have coffee or tea?
¿Te tomarías un café o un té?

76. Either is fine.
Uno o lo otro está bien.
Neither. I'm having an orange juice.
Ninguno de los dos. Me voy a tomar un zumo de naranja.
We can use them before a singular noun:
Either boy is a good choice for that school.
Uno u el otro niño es buena opción para esa escuela.
Neither box is heavy.
Ni una caja ni la otra es pesada.
There's a room next to the bathroom and another one upstairs. You can use either one.
Hay un cuarto al lado del baño y otro en la planta de arriba. Puedes usar una o la otra.
I went to Edinburgh first and later to Dublin. Neither city was hot.
Fui a Edimburgo primero y luego a Dublín. Ninguna de las ciudades era calurosa.
Notice
We use a singular noun after and the verb appears in singular as well.
We can use them with the following structure:
Neither of article or pronoun noun
Neither of my friends want to come Ninguno de mis amigos quiere venir.
Either of article or pronoun noun
Either of my brothers can help me Uno de mis hermanos puede ayudarme.
Notice
The noun can be plural now, BUT the verb remains singular.
Neither of the children is hungry.
Ninguno de los niños tiene hambre.
Either of the students can do a speech.
Uno de los estudiantes puede hacer un discurso.
Neither of us answered the question.
Ninguno de nosotros respondió la pregunta.
Notice
When we use Either + a negative verb, we can translate it as ninguno.
I haven't done either of the tasks.
No he hecho ninguna de las tareas.
Notice
We can also use these structures:
Neither____nor - Ni____ni Either____or - O____o
Neither John nor Mary wanted to have dinner out.
Ni John ni Mary querían cenar fuera.
Either Peter or Susan can go with you.
O Peter o Susan pueden ir contigo.
I wanted neither Coke nor beer.
No quiero ni Coca Cola ni cerveza.
I'm having either a sandwich or a salad.
Me voy a tomar o un sándwich o una ensalada.
I would like neither the beach nor a city. I prefer going camping.
No me gustaría ni la playa ni una ciudad. Prefiero ir de camping.
I like either the movie theater or a concert. I don't mind.
Me apetece o el cine o un concierto. No me importa.

77. Lección 37.1
Idioms and Proverbs XVI
Proverbs
 The early bird catches the worm - a quien madruga Dios le ayuda
She isn't lucky; she just gets to the store at 6:00am. The early bird always catches the worm.
Ella no es afortunada; ella llega a la tienda a las 6:00am. A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.
My father gets up early and is very responsible. He isn't usually in trouble. The early bird catches the worm.
Mi padre se levanta temprano y es muy responsable. No tiene problemas normalmente. A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.
 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise - irse temprano a la cama y levantarse
temprano hacen a un hombre sano, rico y sabio
My grandad always said to me: early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
Mi abuelo siempre me decía: irse temprano a la cama y levantarse temprano hacen a un hombre sano, rico y sabio.
If you got up earlier, your life wouldn't be a mess. Remember the saying: early to bed and early to rise makes a man
healthy, wealthy and wise.
Si te levantases más temprano, tu vida no sería un desastre. Recuerda el dicho: irse temprano a la cama y levantarse
temprano hacen a un hombre sano, rico y sabio.
 Two heads are better than one - dos cabezas son mejor que una
I ask my sister for advice if I need it because two heads are better than one.
Le pido consejo a mi hermana si lo necesito porque dos cabezas son mejor que una.
Oh, I cannot solve this math problem. Can you help me? You know: two heads are better than one.
Oh, no puedo resolver este problema de Matemáticas. ¿Puedes ayudarme? Tú sabes: dos cabezas son mejor que una.
 Lost time is never found again - el tiempo perdido no se encuentra de nuevo
Don't waste your time with the TV if you have to study. Lost time is never found again.
No malgastes el tiempo con la tele si tienes que estudiar. El tiempo perdido no se encuentra de nuevo.
I like spending my time in things I enjoy because lost time is never found again.
Me gusta pasar el tiempo en cosas que disfruto porque el tiempo perdido no se encuentra de nuevo.
 To be as cold as an iceberg - ser tan frío como el hielo
I was crying desperately, but he didn't say a word. He was there as cold as an iceberg.
Estaba llorando desesperadamente, pero él no dijo una palabra. Estaba allí frío como el hielo.
Jane wouldn't help you if you were in trouble. She is as cold as an iceberg.
Jane no te ayudaría si tuvieses problemas. Es fría como el hielo.
 Actions speak louder than words - las acciones hablan más alto que las palabras
He said he loved me, but he didn't pay any attention to me. Actions speak louder than words.
Él decía que me amaba, pero no me prestaba ninguna atención. Las acciones hablan más alto que las palabras.
She says she is hard-working, but she does nothing. Actions speak louder than words.
Ella dice que es muy trabajadora, pero no hace nada. Las acciones hablan más alto que las palabras.

78. Lección 37.2
Is It Good or Bad?
 We can say an advice is good:
constructive
He always makes constructive comments in class.
Él siempre hace algún comentario constructivo en clase.
helpful
Your advice was very helpful. I really needed to talk to someone.
Tu consejo fue muy útil. Realmente necesitaba hablar con alguien.
sound
Can you give me any sound advice?
¿Puedes darme algún consejo sensato?
practical
Terry is full of practical ideas. You should ask her.
Terry está llena de ideas prácticas. Deberías preguntarle.
useful
It's always very useful to ask the teacher when you don't understand something.
Es siempre muy útil preguntarle al profesor cuando no entiendas algo.
 We can say an idea is good:
judicious
When I have a problem, my father always offers me some judicious advice.
Cuando tengo un problema, mi padre siempre me ofrece un consejo sensato.
prudent
I am always prudent when I travel abroad.
Siempre soy prudente cuando viajo al extranjero.
sensible
Be sensible, please and think about it twice.
Sé sensato, por favor y piénsalo dos veces.
wise
Actually, he is a very wise man. He is always teaching me interesting things.
Realmente, ese hombre es muy sabio. Él siempre me enseña cosas interesantes.
 We can say a price, sum of money, amount, ... is good:
ample
We bought an ample supply of food for the picnic.
Compramos una amplia cantidad de comida para el picnic.
considerable
Urma earns a considerable salary.

79. Urma gana un sueldo considerable.
fair
It's a fair price considering the quality.
Es un precio justo considerando la calidad.
large
It wasn't a large sum of money, but I liked the job so I accepted it.
No era una gran suma de dinero, pero me gustaba el trabajo así que lo acepté.
reasonable
The firm made a reasonable profit from the sales.
La empresa tenía ganancias considerables de las ventas.
substantial
He has received a substantial sum of money from his parents.
Él ha recibido una suma de dinero substancial de sus padres.
 We can say a person is in a good mood:
buoyant
He is in a buoyant spirit because he is on vacation.
Él está muy contento porque está de vacaciones.
cheerful
I like your sister because she is a cheerful girl.
Me gusta tu hermana porque es una muchacha alegre.
genial
He is acting very genial this morning. I think he had a wonderful weekend.
Él está actuando de un humor afable esta mañana. Creo que tuvo un fin de semana maravilloso.
happy
We had a happy ending because that man helped us.
Tuvimos un final feliz porque ese hombre nos ayudó.
optimistic
When you are optimistic, everything works as it should do.
Cuando eres optimista, todo funciona como debería.
sunny
My father is in a sunny mood, his boss has promoted him.
Mi padre está de un humor genial, su jefe lo ha ascendido.
Lección 37.3
Semantic Field: To Move I
Crawl - To move forward on your hands and knees
Look! The baby is crawling. She is so cute.
¡Mira! El bebé está gateando. Es tan mona.

80. I can go under the fence if I crawl.
Puedo pasar por debajo de la valla si gateo.
Creep - To move quietly and slowly on the ground
The snake was creeping towards me, I couldn't move.
La serpiente se estaba arrastrando hacia mí, no podía moverme.
Don't creep, boys! The floor is dirty.
¡No se arrastren, niños! El piso está sucio.
Head - To move towards a specific direction, typically when you are travelling
I headed to Philadelphia because I wanted to see a museum.
Me dirigí a Philadelphia porque quería ver un museo.
My friends headed to the beach, but I headed to the mountains.
Mis amigos se dirigieron a la playa, pero yo me dirigí a las montañas.
Hurry / race / rush - To go somewhere as quickly as you can
I hurried home because my mother had fallen down.
Corrí a casa porque mi mamá se había caído.
If you aren't in a rush, you needn't hurry.
Si no tienes prisa, no tienes que apresurarte.
Grace raced this morning because she was late for work.
Grace se dio prisa esta mañana porque iba tarde al trabajo.
Fly - To move with a lot of speed and force
I flew downstairs to answer the telephone.
Volé escaleras abajo para responder el teléfono.
She flew home because it was very late.
Voló a casa porque era muy tarde.
Jog - To run slowly
I like jogging in the park in the morning, it's quite healthy.
Me gusta correr despacio en el parque por la mañana, es bastante saludable.
She jogged down that street because she wanted to go to the park.
Ella corrió hacia esa dirección porque quería ir al parque.
Vocabulary
literature
literatura
author
autor
authoress
autora
publisher
editor
autobiographical
autobiográfico
title
título
paragraph
párrafo
verse
verso
novelist
novelista
fairy-tale
cuento de
hadas
short story
relato corto
fiction
ficción
science
fiction
ciencia
ficción

81. Lección 37.4
The Use of the To + Infinitive I
You already know that when we have a verb in the base form, we use the to + infinitive:
to fly – volar to run – corer to eat - comer
We can use the to + infinitive in more cases. Let's study them:
We have already studied this structure, let's remember it:
adjective to infinitive
Renting an apartment in New York is something difficult to do.
Rentar un piso en Nueva York es algo difícil de hacer.
Travelling is something to enjoy.
Viajar es algo para disfrutar.
Math is not that difficult to understand.
Las Matemáticas no son tan difíciles de comprender.
Nota
To make a negative to + infinitive we just place the adverb not before it, BUT be careful not to do it in other cases.
This is one of the few cases you can find the word not without an auxiliary verb:
It was easy not to think about it.
Fue fácil no pensar en ello.
She told me not to call her.
Ella me dijo que no la llamara.
noun to infinitive
A song to listen to.
Una canción para escuchar.
A person to know.
Una persona para conocerla.
for I.O. to infinitive
It was easy for her to say that.
Fue fácil para ella decir eso.
There was nothing for him to say.
No había nada que él pudiese decir.
It was strange for me to do it.
Fue raro para mí hacerlo.
I had nothing for him to ask.
No tenía nada que él me pudiese pedir.
We use it after a group of verbs we will study in the next lessons. You already know some of them:
I want you to call me tomorrow, please.
Quiero que me llames mañana, por favor.
I ordered her not to go.
Le ordené que no fuese.
She told me to be punctual for my next lesson.
Ella me dijo que fuese puntual para mi siguiente clase.
Examples:
I told you not to do it because it was dangerous.
Te mandé que no lo hicieras porque era peligroso.
Listening to songs is very good to improve your English.
Escuchar canciones es muy bueno para mejorar tu inglés.
Learning to drive is an easy thing to do.
Aprender a manejar es una cosa fácil de hacer.
It was difficult for him to talk about his accident.
Era difícil para él hablar de su accidente.
It's very good to eat fruit daily.
Es bueno comer fruta a diario.
It's important to learn healthy habits.
Es importante aprender hábitos saludables.

82. Lección 37.5
Extreme Adjectives
We have already studied amplifying adverbs as for instance: very good, quite good, really good, fairly good,
extremely good, etc. We use these amplifying adverbs to change the meaning of the basic adjectives, to make their
meaning stronger.
There are some adjectives that we can use instead of these adverbs. Some adjectives have a similar meaning, but one of
them has a stronger shade of meaning. We call these adjectives extreme adjectives. We use them when we want to
emphasize the situation or characteristic. You cannot use these adjectives together with the amplifying adverbs.
Let's see some examples:
Basic Adjective
Extreme Adjective
big
grande
huge
enorme
cold
frío
freezing
glacial
hungry
hambriento
starving
hambriento
beautiful
hermoso
gorgeous
guapísima
hot
caliente
boiling
hirviendo
small
pequeño
tiny
pequeño; diminuto
frightened
aterrado
terrified
aterrorizado
interesting
interesante
fascinating
fascinante
tired
cansado
exhausted
exhausto
bad
malo
awful
espantoso
good
bueno
wonderful
maravilloso
positive
positivo
sure
seguro
Examples:
We had a walk in the mountain, the sight was fascinating.
Dimos un paseo por la montaña, la vista era fascinante.
They live in a huge house surrounded by gardens.
Ellos viven en una casa enorme rodeada de jardines.
I stayed in last night because it was freezing.
Me quedé en casa anoche porque estaba helando.
Ruth spent a wonderful weekend in New York.
Ruth pasó un fin de semana maravilloso en Nueva York.
It was an awful evening, everybody was angry.
Fue una noche horrible, todo el mundo estaba enojado.
I'm starving, is there anything to eat?
Estoy muerta de hambre, ¿hay algo de comer?
It was a tiny mouse, but she was terrified.
Era un ratón pequeñísimo, pero ella estaba aterrorizada.
I can't drink my tea because it's boiling.
No puedo tomarme el té porque está hirviendo.
Lección 37.6
British versus American English VI
There are some words that mean a thing if you are in the USA and a different thing if you are in UK:
UK USA
appropriate to take to oneself to dispense money
bath to have a bath a bathroom
bill you have to pay for a service a piece of paper money
biscuit baked sweet cake-like item a type of bread
boob to make a mistake a stupid person

83. brilliant excellent stupid (sarcastic use)
bureau a type of table a type of chest drawers
butcher to have a look to make a big mess
candy a type of sweet an attractive person
carnival a festival a traveling circus or fair
carriage a railway coach a baby transport vehicle
closet any small room a wardrobe
deadbeat exhausted a person that doesn't pay his debts
fag cigarette a male homosexual
fall to become pregnant autumn
geezer gangster old person
IRA Irish Republican Army Individual Retirement Account
jock a Scotsman an athlete
Lección 37.7
Verb Patterns II
Borrow something from somebody -tomar/pedir prestado
I borrowed the computer from my brother because mine wasn't working.
Tomé prestado el ordenador de mi hermano porque el mío no funcionaba.
Can I borrow some books from you? I'm bored.
¿Puedo tomar prestados algunos de tus libros? Estoy aburrida.
I don't want to borrow a dress from my sister.
No quiero pedirle prestado un vestido a mi hermana.
Lend - prestar
I lent Sue some CDs because she asked me to do it.
Le dejé a Sue algunos Cds porque me lo pidió.
I cannot lend you my bike tomorrow because I need it.
No puedo prestarte mi bici mañana porque la necesito.
Is your father lending you his car tonight?
¿Te va a prestar tu papá su carro esta noche?
Get something back -tener algo devuelto, es decir, te devuelven algo
Have you gotten your camping tent back from Jane?
¿Te ha devuelto Jane tu tienda de campaña?
I got my camera back from my friend, so you can borrow it if you need it.
Mi amigo me devolvió la cámara, así que puedes tomarla prestada si la necesitas.
Did you get your van back from Angel?
¿Te devolvió Angel la camioneta?
Give something back -devolver algo
Give the dictionary back to your brother and use the other one.
Devuélvele el diccionario a tu hermano y usa el otro.
I've not given your bag back because I always forget to take it with me.
No te he devuelto tu bolso porque siempre me olvido de traerlo conmigo.
Give me my computer back. I have to do some work.
Devuélveme mi ordenador. Tengo trabajo que hacer.
Want something back -querer que te devuelvan algo

84. I want my dress back from Susan, but she's out of town.
Quiero que Susan me devuelva mi vestido, pero está afuera de la ciudad.
Dave wants his boots back from his brother, but he doesn't want to give them back to him.
Dave quiere que su hermano le devuelva sus botas, pero él no quiere devolvérselas.
The girl wants her toy back, but the dog has taken it away.
La niña quiere que se le devuelva su juguete, pero el perro se lo ha llevado.
Need / want -ing -necesita ser pintado/reparado...
The house needs painting, so I've hired a painter to do the job.
La casa necesita ser pintada, así que he contratado a un pintor para que haga el trabajo.
The flowers need watering. Could you water them?
Las flores necesitan ser regadas. ¿Puedes regarlas?
My computer needs repairing, so I'm taking it to the shop.
Mi ordenador necesita ser reparado, así que lo voy a llevar a la tienda.
Lección 37.8
I Wish / If Only I
We use I wish or if only to introduce our desire. In Spanish we use ojalá.
This form can introduce three type of sentences:
1. Desire in a Past Tense:
I wish
If only
past perfect
I wish I had been there with you Ojalá hubiese estado allí contigo.
If only I had gone to that party Si tan solo hubiese ido a esa fiesta
Notice
It makes reference to a desire in a past time.
If we want to introduce the result of this desire, we use:
I wish
If only
past perfect perfect conditional (modal +
perfect tense)
I wish I had received his
message on time,
I could have met him Ojalá hubiese recibido su mensaje a tiempo, podría
haberme quedado con él
If only I had known that, I would have visited him Si tan solo hubiese sabido eso, lo habría visitado.
Notice
As you see, the structure is very similar to the Conditional Sentence one.
2. Desire in a present time:
I wish
If only
simple past
I wish you were here Ojalá estuvieses aquí.
If only I could go to that party Si tan solo pudiese ir a esa fiesta
Notice
It refers to a desire in the present time.
If we want to introduce the result of this desire, we use:

85. I wish
If only
simple past simple conditional
I wish I were there, we could meet Ojalá estuviese allí, podríamos encontrarnos.
If only I knew that guy, he could tell me everything Si tan solo conociese a ese tipo, podría contármelo todo
Examples:
If only I had more money, I could travel around the U.S.A.
Si tan solo tuviese más dinero, podría viajar alrededor de los EE.UU.
If only I had passed my test, I could have gone to the university.
Si tan solo hubiese aprobado mi examen, podría haber ido a la universidad.
I wish my friend were here, she would enjoy this.
Ojalá mi amiga estuviese aquí, ella disfrutaría esto.
I wish Mike had arrived earlier; we could have gone to the concert.
Ojalá Mike hubiese llegado antes; podríamos haber ido al concierto.
If only he helped me for a while every day, I could rest a bit.
Si tan solo él me ayudase un rato cada día, podría descansar un poco.
If only Jenny had told me something, I could have helped her.
Si tan solo Jenny me hubiese contado algo, podría haberla ayudado.
I wish my mom were less strict, I would go to the party.
Ojalá mi mamá fuese menos estricta, iría a la fiesta.
I wish I hadn't said that, he wouldn't have gone.
Ojalá no hubiese dicho eso, él no se habría ido.
Vocabulary
criminal
criminal
blackmail
chantajear
assault
agresión
arrest
arresto
kidnap
secuestrar
kidnapper
secuestrador
ransom
rescate
punishment
castigo
rape
violar
rapist
violador
riot
disturbio
armed
robbery
robo a mano
armada
witness
testigo
vandalism
vandalismo
fraud
fraude
Lección 37.9
I Wish / If Only II
3. A desire (future tense) or a complaint:
It works with the following structure:
I wish
If only
simple conditional
I wish he would be nicer to you
If only my mum wouldn't be so serious and strict
If only I would pass my test
I wish I could travel next summer

86. Complaint:
I wish he would be nicer to you.
Ojalá él fuese más agradable contigo.
If only my mom wouldn't be so serious and strict.
Si tan solo mi mamá no fuese tan seria y estricta.
Future desire:
If only I would pass my test.
Si tan solo aprobase mi examen.
I wish I could travel next summer.
Ojalá viaje el próximo verano.
When we want to establish the result of the desire, we use:
I wish
If only
simple conditional simple conditional
If only I could have meet him next weekend, I would tell him everything If only I could meet him next weekend,
I would tell him everything.
I wish I could get a good mark tomorrow, I would go to that university Ojalá saque una buena nota mañana;
iría a esa universidad.
Examples:
I wish he wouldn't be so noisy; I could sleep for a while.
Ojalá no fuese tan ruidoso; podría dormir un rato.
If only I could go to London next weekend, then I would go to that concert.
Si tan solo fuera a Londres el próximo fin de semana, entonces iría a ese concierto.
I wish I would get a promotion so that I could buy a new car.
Desearía conseguir un ascenso para poder comprar un carro nuevo.
If only my brother wouldn't bother me all the time.
Si tan solo mi hermano no me molestase todo el tiempo.
I wish Mike wouldn't shout that much, he is very annoying.
Ojalá Mike no gritase tanto, es muy molesto.
If only he would phone me soon.
Si tan solo me llamase pronto.
I wish I would work abroad next year.
Ojalá trabaje en el extranjero el próximo año.
If only my brother would help me a little, I could do it.
Si tan solo mi hermano me ayudase un poco, podría hacerlo.
I wish Tom would come back to town soon, I miss him.
Ojalá Tom volviese pronto a la ciudad, lo extraño.
If only my teacher would explain the lesson better, I would be able to understand.
Si tan solo mi profesor explicase mejor el tema, podría entenderlo.
I wish I could live by the beach next year.
Ojalá pudiese vivir en la playa el próximo año.
If only my husband would get that job, we would be able to move to London.
Si tan solo mi esposo consiguiera ese trabajo, podríamos mudarnos a Londres.
I wish my aunt would get better. She is really sick.
Ojalá mi tía se mejore. Ella está muy enferma.
If only this kid would behave for a few minutes, I would be able to make lunch.
Si tan solo este niño se comportase por unos minutos, podría preparar el almuerzo.

87. Lección 38.0
Good news, Bad news
When somebody gives you good or bad news, what do you say?
 Good news
 Telling someone the goods news:
- I am pleased to tell you = Me complace decirle
- I am glad to tell you = Me complace decirle
- I am delighted to tell you = Me complace decirle
We think your interview was very interesting and we are glad to offer you a post in our firm.
Pensamos que su entrevista fue muy interesante y nos alegramos de ofrecerle un puesto en nuestra empresa.
We think your project is very fresh and we would like to offer you a promotion.
Pensamos que su proyecto es muy fresco y nos gustaría ofrecerle un ascenso.
 Answering to the good news:
- Congratulations! =¡Felicidades!
- Well-done = Bien hecho
- That's great / brilliant / fantastic / wonderful /splendid = Eso es fantástico / maravilloso / espléndido
- What great / brilliant / fantastic / wonderful /splendid news! =¡Qué fantástica/maravillosa noticia!
- Let's celebrate it = Vamos a celebrarlo
- Really? =¿De verdad?
Nota
English people are quite keen of sending cards for every important event in your life: when you move to a new house,
when you have a baby, when you find a job, etc. You can also find formal language on those cards:
I'm pleased / delighted / happy for you / on hearing that / about your new house - Estoy encantado / feliz por ti / de
oir eso / por tu nueva casa.
 Bad news
 Telling bad news:
The most typical sentences are:
- I'm afraid that - Me temo que
- I regret to tell you that - Lamento decirle que
I'm afraid that you haven't passed your test.
Me temo que no has aprobado el examen.
Unfortunately, we regret to tell you that we cannot accept your application.
Desafortunadamente, lamentamos decirle que no podemos aceptar su solicitud.
People usually say something good after telling some bad news:
You are a skilled student and we are certain that another university will accept your application.
Usted es un estudiante habilidoso y estamos seguros de que otra universidad aceptará su solicitud.
You were outstanding during the interview, but we need a person with more computer knowledge.
Usted sobresalió durante la entrevista, pero necesitamos a una persona con conocimientos de informática.
 Answering to the bad news:
Oh, darling, that's terrible! You must feel quite disappointed.

88. ¡Oh, cariño, eso es terrible! Debe sentirte bastante decepcionado.
Oh, my God! You've worked so hard lately.
¡Oh, Dios mío! Has trabajado muy duro últimamente.
Oh, sweety! That's awful. It must have been a terrible day.
¡Oh, cariño! Eso es horrible. Debe haber sido un día terrible.
I heard about your job interview. I was sorry to hear what happened.
Escuché sobre tu entrevista de trabajo. Lamenté haber escuchado lo que sucedió.
When you want to talk, just call me.
Cuando necesites conversar, simplemente llámame.
Lección 38.1
False Friends VI
Meat – carne Flesh - carne
I eat neither meat nor fish. I'm a vegetarian.
No como ni carne ni pescado. Soy vegetariano.
Her flesh was red because some insect had bitten her.
Su carne estaba roja porque le había picado algún insecto.
Kitchen – cocina Stove – estufa
- Kitchen is the room where you cook.
- Stove is the place where you heat the food or make a meal.
Mom is cleaning the kitchen.
Mamá está limpiando la cocina.
Where is your stove? I need to heat the baby's food.
¿Dónde está tu estufa? Necesito calentar la comida del bebé.
Say – decir Tell – contar
Do you want me to tell you a tale?
¿Quieres que te cuente un cuento?
You don't need to say anything to me. I understand it perfectly.
No tienes que decirme nada. Lo entiendo perfectamente.
Game - partido, juego Match – partido
I'm playing computer games because it's very relaxing for me.
Estoy jugando a videojuegos porque es muy relajante para mi.
I'm not going out because I want to watch a soccer match on TV.
No salgo porque quiero ver un partido de fútbol en la tele.
Learn – aprender Learn how to - aprender a
Learning math is easy and fun for me.
Aprender matemáticas es fácil y divertido para mí.
I want to learn how to cook this recipe.
Quiero aprender a cocinar esta receta.
Hope – esperar Expect – esperar Wait – esperar

89. - Wait physically in a place.
- Hope is an inner wish you have.
- Expect is a mental logical result you think that can happen.
I'm waiting for the bus. It must be about to arrive.
Estoy esperando al autobús. Debe estar a punto de llegar.
I hope to pass my final test. I want to go to the university next year.
Espero aprobar mi examen final. Quiero ir a la universidad el próximo año.
The firm expects to make a profit from its new product.
La empresa espera sacar beneficios de su nuevo producto.
Earn / make – ganar Win - ganar Beat – ganar
- Earn makes reference to money
- Win / beat make reference to success
My brother earns a good salary. He isn't rolling in it, but he's fine.
Mi hermano gana un buen sueldo. No está forrado, pero está bien.
My friend made some money when she worked as a baby-sitter.
Mi amiga hizo algo de dinero cuando trabajó de niñera.
Spain won the World Cup in two thousand and ten.
España ganó La Copa del Mundo en el 2010.
The students' team beat the teachers' team in our match last week.
El equipo de los estudiantes ganó al de los profesores en nuestro partido de la semana pasada.
Lección 38.2
Collocations IV
Come close - acercarse
Ok, come close to the screen and pay attention to the picture.
De acuerdo, acérquense a la pantalla y presten atención a la foto.
Come closer. I want to tell you something.
Acércate más. Quiero contarte algo.
I'm coming closer to the fireplace because I'm freezing.
Me estoy acercando más a la chimenea porque estoy helada.
Keep a secret - guardar un secreto
Do you promise to keep the secret if I tell you?
¿Me prometes guardar el secreto si te lo cuento?
I kept her secret because she is a good friend of mine.
Guardé su secreto porque ella es una buena amiga mía.
Don't tell him anything. He cannot keep a secret.
No le cuentes nada. No puede guardar un secreto.
Take a chance - tener la oportunidad
I want to take a chance and travel to South America for one year.
Quiero tomar la oportunidad y viajar a Sur América por un año.
You can take a chance and work abroad if you want.

90. Puedes probar la suerte y trabajar en el extranjero si quieres.
I took my chance and learned several languages while I was travelling.
Tomé la oportunidad y aprendí varios idiomas mientras estaba viajando.
Break someone's heart - romperle a alguien el corazón
Mike has broken Terry's heart. She is really upset.
Mike le ha roto el corazón a Terry. Ella está muy deprimida.
I don't want to see him anymore because he broke my heart.
No quiero verlo más porque me partió el corazón.
It's not easy to break my heart. I'm not very sensitive.
No es fácil partirme el corazón. No soy muy sensible.
Pay cash - pagar en efectivo
Are you paying cash or by credit card?
¿Va a pagar en efectivo o con tarjeta de crédito?
I cannot pay cash. Do you accept credit cards?
No puedo pagar en efectivo. ¿Aceptan tarjetas de crédito?
I paid cash because it wasn't a large amount.
Pagué en efectivo porque no era una gran cantidad.
Vocabulary
aboard
a bordo
book seats
reservar asientos
emergency exit
salida de emergencia
embark
embarcar
disembark
desembarcar
destination
destino
left luggage
consigna
luggage rack
porta equipajes
single ticket
boleto de ida
return ticket
boleto de ida y vuelta
inquire
preguntar
reach
alcanzar
a plane ticket
boleto de avión
ticket machine
máquina expendedora de boletos
ticket office
taquilla
cancellation
anulación
Lección 38.3
Linkers IV
So that - para que
We usually use will / would / can / could after it
I brought my notes so that you can have a look.
Traje mis apuntes para que les puedas echar un vistazo.
He sent me a letter so that he could tell me everything.
Me envió una carta para poder contármelo todo.
I made dinner so that we could eat together.
Preparé la cena para que nos la tomásemos juntos.
So - para que (Similar to so that, but more informal)

91. He worked very hard so he could save some money.
Él trabajó duro para poder ahorrar algo de dinero.
I told you so that you will be aware of the situation.
Te lo conté para que seas consciente de la situación.
He called me so that we can make plans for this weekend.
Él me llamó para que podamos hacer planes para este fin de semana.
In order that - para que
We usually use will / would / can / could after it
My father spoke to me in order that I understand his point of view.
Mi padre habló conmigo para que pudiese entender su punto de vista.
I arranged everything in order to make sure that we don't forget anything.
Lo organicé todo para asegurarnos de que no se nos olvide nada.
I visited my aunt in order that I could spend time with her before I leave for school.
Visité a mi tía para que pudiéramos pasar tiempo juntas antes de irme al colegio.
For fear that / of - por miedo a que
They didn't call me for fear that I was angry.
No me llamaron por miedo a que estuviese enojado.
I checked every door before going to bed for fear of wild animals.
Comprobé todas las puertas antes de irme a la cama por miedo de los animales salvajes.
I bought some travel insurance for fear of having an accident.
Compré un seguro de viaje por miedo de tener un accidente.
In case - por si
I'm taking my umbrella in case it rains. It's freezing.
Estoy tomando mi paraguas por si llueve. Hace mucho frío.
He phoned me in case I hadn't gotten up.
Él me llamó por si no me había despertado.
I've bought some food in case all of the restaurants are closed when we arrive.
He comprado algo de comida por si todos los restaurantes están cerrados cuando lleguemos.
Lección 38.4
Crime II
To kill - matar
Killer – asesino
They didn't kill anybody because they didn't want to go to jail.
Ellos no mataron a nadie porque no querían ir a la cárcel.
Their killer was a serial killer. He had killed another three girls before.
Su asesino era un asesino en serie. Él había asesinado a otras tres muchachas antes.
Arson - incedio provocado
To set fire to - prender fuego
Arsonist – pirómano

92. He set fire to the hotel while everybody was sleeping, it was terrible.
Él prendió fuego al hotel mientras todo el mundo estaba dormido, fue horrible.
That man is an arsonist. He set fire to several buildings last year.
Ese hombre es un pirómano. Él prendió fuego a varios edificios el año pasado.
Arson is a psychological problem.
El incediarismo es un problema psicológico.
Kidnapping - secuestro
To kidnap - secuestrar
Kidnapper – secuestrador
They kidnapped some little girls in the neighborhood because it was a wealthy one.
Ellos secuestraron a unas niñas pequeñas en la vecindad porque era un vecindario rico.
The kidnapper wants fifty millions pounds to free the woman.
El secuestrador quiere 50 millones de libras para liberar a la mujer.
When the kidnapping happened, I wasn't in town.
Cuando el secuestro ocurrió, yo no estaba en la ciudad.
Rape - violación
To rape - violar
Rapist – violador
The man raped her and then he killed her. He's a monster.
El hombre la violó y después la mató. Él es un monstruo.
The police found the rapist. They are asking him some questions.
La policía encontró al violador. Ellos le están haciendo algunas preguntas.
Rape is a current problem in our society.
La violación es un problema actual en nuestra sociedad.
Pickpocketing - robar carteras
To pickpocket - robar
Pickpocket – carterista
A pickpocket stole my wallet in the subway; luckily I didn't have much money on me.
Un carterista me robó la cartera en el metro; afortunadamente no tenía mucho dinero conmigo.
Be careful! Pick pocketing is quite normal in this area.
¡Ten cuidado! El robo de carteras muy común en esta zona.
The boys pick pocketed some people in the subway.
Los muchachos robaron a alguna gente en el metro.
Terrorism - terrorismo
To terrorize - aterrorizar
Terrorist – terrorista
The terrorists put a bomb on the train to London, many people died.
Los terroristas pusieron una bomba en el tren de Londres, mucha gente murió.
The government is looking for new ways of ending terrorism.
El gobierno está buscando nuevas formas de acabar con el terrorismo.
These men terrorized the town.
Estos hombres aterrorizaron a la ciudad.

93. Blackmail - chantaje
To blackmail - hacer chantaje
Blackmailer – chantajista
The blackmailer made some conditions on the President.
El chantajista le puso algunas condiciones al Presidente.
Ken wanted to blackmail my father's firm, but it was not possible for him.
Ken quería chantajear la empresa de mi padre, pero no fue posible para él.
Blackmail is a dirty matter.
El chantaje es un asunto sucio.
Forgery - falsificación
To forge - falsificar
Forger – falsificador
They went to prison because they had forged some money.
Ellos fueron a prisión porque habían falsificado dinero.
The forger made some new documents for the man.
El falsificador hizo algunos documentos nuevos para el hombre.
You can spend some years in prison for forgery.
Puedes pasar unos años en prisión por falsificación.
Mugging - atraco
To mug - atracar
Mugger – atracador
The mugger had a gun, so they gave him all the money.
El atracador tenía una pistola, así que ellos le dieron todo el dinero.
There was a mugging near my house last night. I heard people shouting.
Hubo un asalto cerca de mi casa anoche. Escuché a gente gritando.
The man mugged the old lady and she fell to the ground.
El hombre asalto a la mujer mayor y ella cayó al suelo.
Lección 38.5
Relative Clauses
Remember, we can join two sentences by using that:
- I saw a woman at the shopping center. She is your neighbour
- I saw a woman at the shopping center that is your neighbour
There are two types of Relative Clauses. You can recognize them because they have some characteristics:
 Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
- They always go between commas.
- We can take the commas out without changing the meaning of the main clause.
- The commas add extra information, but they don't add essential one.
- We never use the pronounthat in this type of Relative Clauses.
- We cannot take the relative pronoun out.
 Defining relative clauses:

94. - They never go between commas.
- We cannot take them out. If we do it,the meaning of the main clause remains incomplete.
- We can take the Relative Pronoun out in some cases. We are studying that later.
Examples:
Your work that was incomplete is on my table.
Tu trabajo que estaba incompleto está sobre mi mesa.
The girl who said that is my cousin.
La muchacha que dijo eso es mi prima.
The man who is talking to Jane is the principal.
El hombre que está hablando con Jane es el director.
That lady who is so noisy is Esther's mother.
Esa mujer que es tan ruidosa es la mamá de Esther.
Lección 38.6
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XV
To be absorbed in - estar absorto en
My brother is always absorbed in watching TV when he's at home.
Mi hermano siempre está absorto viendo la tele cuando está en casa.
I don't like being absorbed in other people's business.
No me gusta estar absorta en los problemas de otras personas.
To result from - resultar de
Her disease resulted from eating too much sugar.
Su enfermedad resultó de comer demasiado azúcar.
That mistake resulted from him being in a rush.
Ese error resultó porque él tenía prisa.
To result in - tener como resultado
Her childish behavior resulted in the end of their relationship.
Su comportamiento infantil tuvo como resultado el final de su relación.
The sense of responsibility that I showed at work resulted in a promotion.
El sentido de responsabilidad que demostré en mi trabajo tuvo como resultado un ascenso.
To be/feel sorry for someone - lamentarlo por alguien
I feel so sorry for you not being able to come to the Arts Festival.
Lo lamento tanto porque no puedes venir al Festival de Arte.
I was so sorry for Jane being punished so hard.
Sentí tanto que Jane fuese castigada tan duramente.
To devote oneself to doing something - dedicarse a algo
I devoted myself to studying because I wanted to finish my degree as soon as possible.
Me dediqué a estudiar porque quería terminar mi carrera tan pronto como fuese posible.
He completely devoted himself to doing his research because he loved it.
Él se dedicó completamente a hacer su investigación porque le encantaba.
To refer to - referirse a
I referred to that man we met yesterday at the Mall.
Me refería al hombre que conocimos ayer en el centro comercial.
I was referring to your brother and not to you.
Me refería a tu hermano y no a ti.

95. Lección 38.7
Relative Pronouns: Who, Whom
We join the Main Clause and the Relative Subordinate Clause by using Relative Pronouns. Remember we always
change this pronoun for a word in one of the two clauses we are joining. Let's study them:
 who - que, quien
It always refers to a person.
I like that girl. She is talking to my friend.
Me gusta esa muchacha. Ella está hablando con mi amigo.
I like that girl who is talking to my friend.
Me gusta esa muchacha que está hablando con mi amigo.
Pay attention
We have changed the word she for the Relative Pronoun who. The word she is the subject in the second sentence.
Now the word who is working as the subject in the second sentence. Can you see it?
Here is another example:
subject verb I.O. subject verb place complement
I talked to the man. He came home Yo hablé con el hombre. Él vino a casa.
I talked to the man who came home Hablé con el hombre que vino a casa
 Whom - que, quien
It also refers to people.
Notice
We use whom instead of who when the syntactic function of the word it refers to is not Subject, but Indirect Object. In
other words, we change the I.O. for the Relative Pronoun whom.
Look at the example:
The girl is my sister. You talked to her last night.
La muchacha es mi hermana. Conversaste con ella anoche.
The girl whom you talked to last night is my sister.
La muchacha con la que conversaste anoche es mi hermana.
Can you see it?
Let's see another example:
subject verb place
complement
subject verb I.O. time
complement
The
man
is over there. You were talking about him before El hombre está allí. Tú
estabas hablando de él antes.
subject I.O. subject verb time
complement
verb place
complement
The
man
whom you were talking
about
before is over here El hombre del que tú estabas
hablando antes está allí
Notice
We always place the relative pronoun after the word it refers to. It doesn't matter if it's at the end, at the beginning or in
the middle of the main sentence.

96. Also...
We can always use who instead of whom.
Examples:
The girl is my friend. She is playing chess right now.
La muchacha es mi amiga. Ella está jugando al ajedrez ahora mismo.
The girl who is playing chess right now is my friend.
La muchacha que está jugando al ajedrez ahora mismo es mi amiga.
This is Ralph. Mark was talking about him last night.
Este es Ralph. Mark estaba hablando de él anoche.
This is Ralph whom Mark was talking about last night.
Este es Ralph de quien Mark estaba hablando anoche.
This is Ralph who Mark was talking about last night.
Este es Ralph de quien Mark estaba hablando anoche.
Mary is at the library. She is my brother's girlfriend.
Mary está en la biblioteca. Ella es la novia de mi hermano.
Mary who is my brother's girlfriend is at the library.
Mary que es la novia de mi hermano está en la biblioteca.
The boy is laughing. I saw him last week at a concert.
El muchacho se está riendo. Lo vi la semana pasada en un concierto.
The boy whom I saw last week at a concert is laughing.
El muchacho que vi la semana pasada en un concierto se está riendo.
The boy who I saw last week at a concert is laughing.
El muchacho que vi la semana pasada en un concierto se está riendo.
Lección 38.8
Phrasal Verbs: Call On, Take After, Talk Back To, Tell Off
Call on - visit somebody
I'm calling on Tina later. We are having dinner together.
Voy a visitar a Tina más tarde. Vamos a cenar juntas.
Lucas called on you yesterday. He wanted to see you.
Lucas hizo una visita ayer. Él quería verte.
I have to call on my grandma. She needs me to help her.
Tengo que visitar a mi abuela. Ella necesita que le ayude.
Take after - resemble
This girl really takes after her mom. They are very similar.
Esta niña realmente se parece a su mamá. Son muy parecidas.
Your cat takes after mine, but mine is a different color one.
Tu gato se parece al mío, pero el mío es de un color distinto.
My brother takes after my mom, but I take after my dad.
Mi hermano se parece a mi mamá, pero yo me parezco a mi papá.
Talk back to - answer impolitely
The girl usually behaves politely, but she was angry last night and talked back to me.
La niña normalmente se comporta educadamente, pero estaba enfadada anoche y me contestó.

97. Don't talk back to me. I'm your mother.
No me contestes. Soy tu mamá.
Talking back to older people is bad-manners.
Contestarle a la gente mayor es de mala educación.
Tell off - scold somebody
My mom told me off because I was late and I hadn't phoned her.
Mi mamá me regañó porque llegué tarde y no la había llamado.
My parents don't usually tell me off. They talk to me seriously.
Mis padres normalmente no me regañan. Me hablan seriamente.
Don't tell me off. I'm not a child. I've just made a mistake.
No me regañes. No soy una niña. Simplemente he cometido un error.
Vocabulary
feminism
feminismo
feminist
feminista
immigrant
inmigrante
immigration
inmigración
emigrant
emigrante
emigration
emigración
discrimination
discriminación
discriminate
discriminar
sexist
sexista
sexism
sexismo
racist
racista
racism
racismo
homeless
vagabundo
be homeless
ser un vagabundo
beggar
mendigo
drug addict
drogadicto
drug dealer
traficante de
drogas
drug trafficker
narcotraficante
Lección 38.9
Word-Formation XVII
-lent:
excellence
excelencia
excellent
excelente
fraud
fraude
fraudulent
fraudulento
repel
repeler
repellent
repelente
-istic:
optimism
optimismo
optimistic
optimista
ideal
ideal
idealistic
idealista
real
real
realistic
realista
-valent:
equal
igual
equivalent
equivalente
poly
múltiple
polyvalent
polivalente
-eer:
engine
motor de un
vehículo
engineer
ingeniero
mountain
montaña
mountaineer
montañero
voluntary
voluntario
volunteer
voluntario

98. -holic:
alcohol
alcohol
alcoholic
alcohólico
work
trabajo
workaholic
adicto al trabajo
clean
limpiar
cleanaholic
adicto a la limpieza
Examples:
My brother is very optimistic, but he isn't realistic at all.
Mi hermano es muy optimista, pero no es nada realista.
Jane is an experienced mountaineer. She has climbed a lot of mountains.
Jane es una alpinista experimentada. Ha trepado muchas montañas.
If you travel to Africa, make sure you use mosquito repellent.
Si viajas a África, asegúrate de usar el repelente para mosquito.
I am ambivalent about our relationship.
Tengo sentimientos encontrados hacia nuestra relación.
I don't like living with my sister because she is a cleanaholic.
No me gusta vivir con mi hermana porque es adicta a la limpieza.
She has suffered a lot because her husband is an alcoholic.
Ella ha sufrido mucho porque su esposo es un alcohólico.
I love realistic paintings. I think it's very difficult to portray reality.
Me encantan las pinturas realistas. Creo que es difícil retratar la realidad.
Lección 39.0
Every Versus All
The difference between Every and All is the same as in Spanish Cada y Todos. They are similar in meaning and we
can sometimes use both of them in a sentence without changing their meaning. Let's study them:
- every = cada
- all = todos
These two sentences are very similar:
Every student in the class is polite.
Cada estudiante de la clase es educado.
All the students in the class are polite.
Todos los estudiantes de la clase son educados.
Notice
Notice the difference:
- After Every we place a singular noun and a singular verb.
- After All we place a plural noun and a plural verb.
Every implies individuality while All implies in general:
Every house in the village is similar to the other one.
Cada casa del pueblo se parece a la otra.
All the houses in the village are similar to the other ones.
Todas las casas del pueblo se parecen a las otras.
Every language has its own structures.
Cada idioma tiene sus propias estructuras.
All languages have their own structures.
Todos los idiomas tienen sus propias estructuras.
Notice the difference between every day and all day:
Every day implies frequency

99. I take a walk every day in the evening.
Doy un paseo todos los días por la noche.
I go to work at half past eight every day.
Voy a trabajar a las 8:30 todos los días.
It implies frequency so we would ask: How often....?
Jane washes her hair every day.
Jane se lava el cabello todos los días.
How often does Jane wash her hair?
¿Qué tan seguido se lava Jane el cabello?
How often does your sister go out?
¿Qué tan seguido sale tu hermana?
My sister goes out every weekend.
Mi hermana sale cada fin de semana.
All day implies duration of the action
I worked all day yesterday.
Trabajé todo el día ayer.
She travelled all last summer.
Viajó todo el último verano.
It implies duration of the action, so we ask: How long...? - ¿Durante cuánto tiempo...?
I studied all night and I haven't slept.
Estudié toda la noche y no he dormido.
How long did you study?
¿Durante cuánto tiempo estudiaste?
How long did she cry?
¿Durante cuánto tiempo lloró ella?
I worked all winter in the project.
Trabajé todo el invierno en el proyecto.
Lección 39.1
Relative Pronouns: Which, That
 Which - que
We use it to refer to things and animals.
It can work either as a subject or as an I.O. / D.O.
Examples:
The chair is comfortable. My father bought it at the mall.
La silla es cómoda. Mi padre la compró en el centro comercial.
The chair which my father bought at the mall is comfortable.
La silla que mi padre compró en el centro comercial es cómoda.
The horse is strong and fast. It won the last race.
El caballo es fuerte y rápido. Ganó la última carrera.
The horse which won the last race is strong and fast.
El caballo que ganó la última carrera es fuerte y rápido.
My cat is very naughty. You saw it last Monday.
Mi gato es muy travieso. Lo viste el lunes pasado.
My cat which you saw last Monday is very naughty.
Mi gato que viste el lunes pasado es muy travieso.
The table is big. We put it in the kitchen.
La mesa es grande. La pusimos en la cocina.
The table which we put in the kitchen is big.
La mesa que pusimos en la cocina es grande.
How long did you work in the project?
¿Durante cuánto tiempo trabajaste en el proyecto?

100.  That - que, quien
We use it to refer to people, animals or things.
It can replace both, who and which, but we can use it only for DEFINING Relative Clauses.
Examples:
The man is my uncle. You saw him in the dinner.
El hombre es mi tío. Tú lo viste en la cena.
The man that you saw in the dinner is my uncle.
El hombre que viste en la cena es mi tío.
The pencil is mine. It was on the floor.
El lápiz es mío. Estaba en el suelo.
The pencil that was on the floor is mine.
El lápiz que estaba en el suelo es mío.
Notice
- When the Relative Pronoun works as a subject, there's no subject after the pronoun, but a verb.
- If there's a subject after the pronoun, it means the Relative Pronoun works as an I.O.
Examples:
The man was your father. He phoned an hour ago.
El hombre era tu padre. Llamó hace una hora.
The man who phoned an hour ago was your father.
El hombre que llamó hace una hora era tu padre.
The girl is your friend. I saw her on the main street.
La muchacha es tu amiga. La vi en la calle principal.
The girl who I saw on the main street is your friend.
La muchacha que vi en la calle principal es tu amiga.
The bag is your brother's. It's in the living-room.
La mochila es de tu hermano. Está en el salón.
The bag which is in the living room is your brother's.
La mochila que está en el salón es de tu hermano.
Lección 39.2
Idioms and Proverbs XVII (Idioms)
Upper crust - la mejor parte
You cannot always get to the upper crust. Now it is my turn.
No puedes llevarte siempre la mejor parte. Ahora me toca a mí.
My brother is never fair. He always wants the upper crust of everything.
Mi hermano nunca es justo. Siempre se quiere llevarse la mejor parte de todo.
I met that amazing local man and it was the upper crust of my travel.
Conocí a ese hombre local sorprendente y fue la mejor parte de mi viaje.
Room and board - cama y comida
When you study abroad, you just look for room and board for a year or so.
Cuando estudias en el extranjero, solo buscas cama y comida por un año o algo así.
I travelled around France. I looked for a room and board for 2 or 3 days and left.
Viajé por Francia. Alquilaba un cuarto 2 ó 3 días y me iba.
I looked for a room and board and stayed in Cork for one month.
Alquilé un cuarto y me quedé en Cork un mes.
Rule of thumb - regla general
Some sales clerks in this town still use the rule of thumb.

101. Algunos ayudantes en este pueblo todavía usan la regla general.
My grandad always tells me they used the rule of thumb and everything was cheaper.
Mi abuelo siempre me cuenta que usaban una regla general y todo era más barato.
Vocabulary
fur
piel; pelo
rubber
hule
polyester
poliéster
acrylic
acrílico
textile
textil
velvet
terciopelo
denim
mezclilla
corduroy
pana
Lección 39.3
Synonyms: Bad
1. To have a bad effect:
damaging
Smoking is damaging your health. You should quit now.
Fumar es dañino para tu salud. Deberías dejarlo ahora.
harmful
Stress can be really harmful to your health. You should learn some relaxation techniques.
El estrés puede ser muy dañino para tu salud. Deberías aprender algunas técnicas de relajación.
unhealthy
Do you ever get stomach aches? You eat a lot of unhealthy food.
¿Alguna vez te dan dolores de estómago? Comes mucha comida poco saludable.
unpleasant
Her presence at my party was quite unpleasant. I really don't like her attitude towards me.
Su presencia en mi fiesta fue muy desagradable. Realmente no me gusta la actitud que tiene hacia mí.
2. To make someone feel uneasy:
painful
It was really painful for me to end that relationship.
Fue muy doloroso para mí terminar esa relación.
disturbing
My mother gave me some disturbing news last night.
Mi mamá me dio una noticia perturbadora anoche.
traumatic
Their divorce was a traumatic experience for their children.
Su divorcio fue una experiencia traumática para sus hijos.
upsetting
The way he handled that situation was very upsetting. I was very disappointed.
La manera en la que él manejó la situación fue bastante deprimente. Estaba muy decepcionada.
3. To cause physical pain:
serious

102. He has a serious back problem, so he cannot lift anything heavy.
Él tiene un grave problema con su espalda, así que no puede levantar nada pesado.
severe
I had a severe pain in the stomach after eating that fruit.
Tuve un fuerte dolor de estómago después de comerme esa fruta.
terrible
She has a terrible headache, so she's in bed.
Tiene un dolor de cabeza espantoso, así que está en la cama.
4. Of poor quality:
defective
I bought a new computer, but I think it's defective.
Compré un ordenador nuevo, pero creo que es defectuoso.
faulty
They sell faulty products in that shop. It's better to go to the mall.
Venden productos defectuosos en esa tienda. Es mejor ir al centro comercial.
pathetic
He gave me a pathetic explanation and left.
Él me dio una explicación patética y se fue.
sorry
He felt sorry when he saw that incident.
Él sintió lástima cuando vio ese incidente.
Lección 39.4
Semantic Field: To Move II
Inch - moving very carefully and slowly
The cat inched closer to the mouse until he caught it.
El gato se movió muy despacio hacia el ratón hasta que lo atrapó.
The thief inched into the bedroom without waking anyone up.
El ladrón se movió despacio en la habitación sin despertar a nadie.
Run - moving quickly. You sometimes do it because you are in a hurry
Don't run. The elephant will follow you. Be quiet.
No corras. El elefante te seguirá. No hagas ruido.
I'm running because I like exercising.
Estoy corriendo porque me gusta hacer deporte.
Gallop - running very quickl
The horses galloped all the way. It was fun.
Los caballos galoparon todo el camino. Fue divertido.
Sprint - to run very fast over a short distant
If you sprint during the last twenty meters of the race, you'll be able to win.
Si haces un sprint durante los últimos 20 metros de la carrera, podrás ganar.

103. He sprints faster than me. I cannot win.
Él hace el sprint más rápido que yo. No puedo ganar.
Bolt - to run very fast because something has scared you
The girl heard the noise and bolted to my room.
La niña escuchó el ruido y salió volando para mi cuarto.
The cat saw the dog, bolted and disappeared.
El gato vio al perro, salió volando y desapareció.
Tear - moving somewhere in an uncontrolled and dangerous way
Frank tore off to the hospital as soon as heard about his son's accident.
Frank arrancó para el hospital tan pronto como escuchó que su hijo había tenido un accidente.
The girl tore onto the road without looking to the left or right.
La niña se tiró a la carretera sin mirar a la izquierda o a la derecha.
Lección 39.5
Relative Pronouns: Whose
Whose - cuyo/a, cuyos/as
This relative pronoun implies possession. It doesn't replace a subject or I.O., it usually replaces a possessive pronoun.
Examples:
The man is my friend. His son is swimming right now.
El hombre es mi amigo. Su hijo está nadando ahora mismo.
The man whose son is swimming right now is my friend.
El hombre cuyo hijo está nadando ahora mismo es mi amigo.
The woman is shouting. Her daughter has just had an accident.
La mujer está gritando. Recién su hija tuvo un accidente.
The woman whose daughter has just had an accident is shouting.
La mujer cuya hija recién tuvo un accidente está gritando.
My friend has bought a new car. His car was very old.
Mi amigo ha comprado un carro nuevo. Su carro era muy viejo.
My friend whose car was very old has bought a new car.
Mi amigo cuyo carro era muy viejo ha comprado un carro nuevo.
Notice
We can never take this pronoun out.
My brother borrowed my car. His car isn't working.
Mi hermano tomó prestado mi carro. Su carro no funciona.
My brother whose car isn't working borrowed my car.
Mi hermano cuyo carro no funciona tomó prestado mi carro.
She asked me for some clothes. She didn't like hers.
Ella me pidió algo de ropa. A ella no le gustaba la suya.
She whose clothes she didn't like asked me for some clothes.
Ella cuya ropa no le gustaba me pidió algo de ropa.
Lección 39.6
The Use of the To + Infinitive II
In a previous lesson we talked about the use of To + Infinitive. In this lessons we are studying its syntactic functions:
1. Subject:

104. To eat too much sugar is unhealthy.
Comer mucho azúcar es poco saludable.
To shout like that isn't nice.
Gritar así no es agradable.
2. Predicate:
Her duty is to study.
Su obligación es estudiar.
My work is to look after children.
Mi trabajo es cuidar niños.
3. Complement of a noun:
I have nothing to do today. I'm free.
No tengo nada que hacer hoy. Estoy libre.
This is a tool to cut flowers.
Esto es una herramienta para cortar flores.
4. Complement of an adjective:
It's good to know that you are in town.
Es bueno saber que estás en la ciudad.
It's nice to see you again.
Es agradable verte de nuevo.
5. Complement of a verb:
She hopes to see you again.
Ella espera verte de nuevo.
I promise to wait for you.
Prometo esperarte.
6. Subordinate clause:
I don't really know it, to be honest with you.
Realmente no lo sé, para ser sincero contigo.
Sue isn't my girlfriend, to tell you the truth.
Sue no es mi novia, a decir verdad.
Examples:
I learned to drive when I was sixteen years old.
Aprendí a manejar cuando tenía 16 años.
It's hard to tell if that is the person who stole my money.
Es difícil decir si esa fue la persona que robó mi dinero.
I use that knife to cut bread.
Uso ese cuchillo para cortar pan.
I am a person easy to surprise.
Soy una persona fácil de sorprender.
It was great to travel to China.
Fue fantástico viajar a China.
Vocabulary
brake
frenar
handbrake
freno de mano
brake
freno
boot
baúl, maletero
bumper
parachoques
accelerator
acelerador
bonnet
capó
horn
claxon
headlight
faro
steering wheel
volante
windshield
parabrisas
windshield wipers
limpiaparabrisas
tire
llanta, neumático
seatbelt
cinturón de seguridad
exhaust pipe
tubo de escape

105. Lección 39.7
British versus American English VII
There are some words that mean a thing if you are in the USA and a different thing if you are in UK:
UK USA
carrying-on unruly behaviour luggage you can carry aboard a plane,bus,…
coach deluxe bus sport teacher at school
DI Detective Inspector Drill Instructor (military)
dresser a type of cupboard a chest of drawers
fancy to be interested in to like someone/something
first floor floor above ground level floor at ground level (U.K ground floor)
full stop punctuation mark used at the end of the sentence the state of automobiles barely moving in heavy traffic
gallon 4.54 litres 3.78 liters
garden area in a residential structure area for growing plants or vegetables
gob mouth a large amount
graduate to finish university to finish studying at any educational institution
guff useless things, ideas,... insolent talk
hamper basket for food basket for clothes that need washing
hockey played with a ball on grass played with a puck on ice
hog a sheep an adult pig
home run final effort needed to finish sexual intercourse
homely comfortable (of a person) ugly
hooker a position in rugby football a prostitute
hump a state of depression to make a vigorous effort
Lección 39.8
Verb +ing I
Anticipate - anticipar
He anticipated having to tell the news to me.
Él se anticipó teniendo que contarme la noticia a mí.
The teacher anticipated that we would ask her a lot of questions.
El profesor anticipó que le preguntaríamos muchas preguntas.
Admit (to) - admitir
He admitted telling all those lies to you.
Él admitió contarte todas esas mentiras.
The thief admitted to stealing from that man.
El ladrón admitió robarle a ese hombre.
Avoid - evitar
I avoid working under pressure, I don't like it.
Evito trabajar bajo presión, no me gusta.
My sister avoids talking about her relationship.
Mi hermana evita hablar de su relación.
To be used / accustomed to - estar acostumbrado a
I am not accustomed to getting up early any-more.
Ya no estoy acostumbrado a levantarme temprano.
The girl is accustomed to working hard and doesn't complain.

106. La muchacha está acostumbrada a trabajar duro y no se queja.
Cannot help - no poder evitar
I cannot help talking that much. I'm very talkative.
No puedo evitar hablar tanto. Soy muy conversadora.
My sister cannot help laughing so loud. She always does it.
Mi hermana no puede evitar reírse tan alto. Ella lo hace siempre.
Cannot stand - no poder soportar
I cannot stand seeing that guy. He is always showing off.
No puedo soportar ver a ese tipo. Siempre se está luciendo.
Mike cannot stand living in a city. He loves nature.
Mike no soporta vivir en una ciudad. Le encanta la naturaleza.
Confess to - confesar
My brother confessed that he lied to you. He is very sorry.
Mi hermano confesó haberte mentido. Lo siente mucho.
I don't confess to doing that because I didn't do it.
No confieso hacer eso porque no lo hice.
Consider - considerar
My friend considered meeting you, but she was very busy.
Mi amiga consideró encontrarse contigo, pero estaba muy ocupada.
I am considering going to New York next summer.
Estoy considerando ir a Nueva York el próximo verano.
Lección 39.9
Sentence Structures
In a previous lesson we studied frequent English structures.
Let's study the following structure a bit further:
Subject verb D.O. to I.O.
Grace gave a book to him
They showed the flat to me
Mike brought some presents to Jenny
The verbs that usually follow this structures are:
to give - dar
to bring - traer
to grant - conceder
to offer - ofrecer
to promise - prometer
to hand - dar
to owe - deber
to lend - prestar
to read - leer
to send - enviar
to sell - vender
to show - mostrar
to teach - enseñar
Notes:
1. Some verbs take the preposition to out, especially in American English:
John told the story to me.
John me contó la historia.
John told me it.
John me la contó.
I gave a book to Peter.
Le di un libro a Peter.
I gave him it.
Se lo di.

107. 2. If the verb to say has two Objects, it only works with the structure to + I.O.:
He said something nice to me.
Él me dijo algo bonito.
I said nothing to her.
Yo no le dije nada a ella.
3. The verb to ask doesn't usually follow the structure to + I.O., but of + I.O.:
They asked me some questions.
Ellos me preguntaron algunas preguntas.
The police found the rapist. They are asking him some questions.
La policía encontró al violador. Ellos le están haciendo algunas preguntas.
4. With verbs: to explain, to admit, to announce, to confess, to mention, to point out, among others. The I.O. is
always introduced by to. Its position doesn't matter:
They explained their plan to me.
Ellos me explicaron su plan.
They explained to me their plan.
Ellos me explicaron su plan.
He confessed his mistake to his wife.
Él le confesó su error a su esposa.
He confessed to his wife his mistake.
Él le confesó a su esposa su error.
Mark pointed out the dangers to his sister.
Mark le señaló los peligros a su hermana.
Mark pointed out to his sister the dangers.
Mark le señaló a su hermana los peligros.
5. The verb to cost doesn't usually follow the structure to + I.O.:
The doll cost me 20 Euros.
La muñeca me costó 20 euros.
The book has cost me 34 Euros.
El libro me ha costado 34 euros.
6. Some verbs such as to buy, to cook or to get prefer the structure for + I.O. instead of to + I.O.:
I bought a present for my mom.
Compré un regalo para mi mamá.
I got a ticket for you.
Conseguí una entrada para ti.
Examples:
I asked him for an explanation.
Le pedí a él una explicación.
Mary announced her engagement to us.
Mary nos anunció su compromiso.
They told me about their worries.
Ellos me contaron sobre sus preocupaciones.
She never says anything nice to me.
Ella nunca me dice nada agradable.
Lección 40.0
Subject Inversion III
Never - nunca
Never would I travel around Africa.
Nunca viajaría por África.
Never will he find out the reason for her arrival.
Nunca averiguará él la razón de su llegada.
Never would he tell me his real feelings.
Nunca me contaría él sus sentimientos reales.
Never will you find somebody like her.
Nunca encontrarás a alguien como ella.
Little - poco
Little did she imagine that she wouldn't see him again.
Poco imaginaba ella que nunca lo volvería a ver.
Little had he told his wife about his business.
Poco le había contado él a su esposa sobre sus negocios.

108. Little will Howard realize about my real aim.
Poco se dará cuenta Howard sobre mi objetivo real.
Little should I do to help you.
Poco debería hacer para ayudarte.
Nowhere - ningún lugar
Nowhere will he travel if he doesn't save some money.
A ninguna parte viajará él si no ahorra dinero.
Nowhere did she look for advice. She made her mind herself.
En ninguna parte buscó consejo. Ella tomó su propia decisión.
Nowhere would she go if I weren't with her.
A ninguna parte iría ella si yo no estuviese con ella.
Nowhere did I meet her. She didn't come.
En ninguna parte la vi. Ella no vino.
Rarely - rara vez
Rarely would he speak if the teacher didn't ask him.
Raramente hablaría él si el profesor no le preguntase.
Rarely did you see him with a book.
Rara vez lo veías con un libro.
By no means - de ningún modo
By no means could he find a job.
De ninguna manera podía encontrar él un trabajo.
By no means is she going to meet him.
De ninguna manera va ella a encontrarse con él.
By no means am I going to that meeting.
De ninguna manera voy a esa reunión.
By no means will he forgive me.
De ningún modo me perdonará.
Vocabulary
have an accident
tener un accidente
plane crash
accidente aéreo
car crash
accidente de carro
motorcar
automóvil
motorcycle
motocicleta
motorist
automovilista
parking meter
parquímetro
no parking
prohibido estacionarse
service station
estación de servicio
streetcar
tranvía
signal
señalizar
Lección 40.1
Requests, Offers and Invitations
You already know some verbs to ask for permission:
Can I use your car tonight?
¿Puedo usar tu carro esta noche?
May I take the day off tomorrow?
¿Podría tomarme el día libre mañana?
But you can also use other language forms such as:
Would it be alright for me to use your phone?
¿Estaría bien si uso tu teléfono?
Would it be alright if I borrow your dictionary?
¿Estaría bien si uso tu diccionario?
What would you say if you would like to invite somebody?
 The formal way to do it is:

109. I'd like it if we had dinner together some time.
Me gustaría que cenásemos juntos en algún momento.
I was wondering if we could go to the movies later.
Me estaba preguntando si podríamos ir al cine más tarde.
 In an informal context we can say:
Are you busy tomorrow night?
¿Estás ocupado mañana por la noche?
Do you feel like going out tonight?
¿Te apetece salir esta noche?
Do you feel like having dinner out?
¿Se te antoja cenar fuera?
Do you want to meet up for a drink?
¿Quieres que quedemos para tomarnos una copa?
The usual answers when you accept the invitations are:
That sounds great.
Suena fantástico.
Sure, that's cool.
Claro, es guay.
I'd love to.
Me encantaría.
Well, why not?
Bueno, ¿por qué no?
Shall I bring
something?
¿Llevo alguna cosa?
But if you don't want to accept the invitation, you could say:
Oh, I'm sorry, but I'm meeting a friend tomorrow night.
Oh, lo lamento, pero voy a ver a un amigo mañana por la noche.
It would be fun, but I already have plans for this weekend.
Sería divertido, pero ya he hecho planes para el fin de semana.
Thanks for inviting me, but I can't make it this week.
Gracias por invitarme, pero no puedo hacerlo esta semana.
Lección 40.2
False Friends VII
Banco - bank, bench
Excuse me, where can I find a Barclays Bank? I need to withdraw money.
Disculpe, ¿dónde puedo encontrar un Banco Barclays? Necesito sacar dinero.
I'm sitting on a bench in Hyde Park. I'm waiting for you here.
Estoy sentado en un banco en Hyde Park. Te estoy esperando aquí.
Llevar - carry, take, take away, wear
If you don't want to walk, a taxi can take you home.
Si no quieres andar, un taxi te puede llevar a casa.
I'm carrying these boxes to my sister's. There are books inside.
Estoy llevando estas cajas a la casa de mi hermana. Hay algunos libros dentro.
You are wearing a lovely dress today, darling.
Llevas un vestido muy bonito hoy, cariño.
Can I have a pizza to takeout, please?
¿Me puede poner una pizza para llevar, por favor?
Piso - flat, apartment, story

110. I live in a three bedroom apartment downtown. It's nice to live there.
Vivo en un piso de tres habitaciones en el centro. Es agradable vivir allí.
My apartment is by the beach. It's not very big, but it's quiet.
Mi apartamento está en la playa. No es muy grande, pero es tranquilo.
My friend lives in a nice 20-story building in Upper Manhattan.
Mi amiga vive en un edificio de 20 pisos en el Alto Manhattan.
Recordar - remember, remind, remind of
Do you remember that song? We were sixteen years old.
¿Recuerdas esa canción? Teníamos 16 años.
I reminded him to mail the letter.
Le recordé que echase la carta al correo.
You remind me of an old friend of mine. She is really funny.
Me recuerdas a una vieja amiga mía. Es realmente divertida.
Conocer - know, get to know, meet
- You can know a person or some information.
- You meet a person for the first time.
I know your brother. We went to the same school.
Conozco a tu hermano. Fuimos al mismo colegio.
We were having tea at Steve's. I got to know his brother.
Estuvimos tomándonos un té en casa de Steve. Conocí a su hermano.
I met Susan at a party last week.
Conocí a Susan en una fiesta la semana pasada.
Hablar - talk to / with, speak to / with, speak
The principal talked to me last week. He said you usually misbehave.
El director habló conmigo la semana pasada. Dijo que tú normalmente no te comportas.
My sister speaks several languages.
Mi hermana habla varios idiomas.
I knew he was really upset. He spoke with bitterness.
Sabía que él estaba realmente deprimido. Habló con amargura.
Lección 40.3
Collocations V
Keep in touch - mantener el contacto
Williams keeps in touch with me. He writes to me very often.
Williams mantiene el contacto conmigo. Él me escribe muy frecuentemente.
I keep in touch with my sister all the time. It doesn't matter where I am.
Mantengo el contacto con mi hermana todo el tiempo. No importa dónde estoy.
I didn't keep in touch with Paul because I was very busy.
No mantuve el contacto con Paul porque estaba muy ocupado.
Come into view - saltar a la vista

111. His problem comes into view. Just look at him for a while.
Su problema salta a la vista. Simplemente míralo un rato.
His true goal came into view when he got so angry for nothing.
Su objetivo real saltó a la vista cuando se enfadó tanto por nada.
Break the ice - romper el hielo
It was really embarrassing. I didn't know what to say to break the ice.
Fue realmente vergonzoso. No sabía que decir para romper el hielo.
Everybody was a bit serious, but Ralph told some jokes and broke the ice.
Todo el mundo estaba un poco serio, pero Ralph contó algunos chistes y rompió el hielo.
Pay interest - poner interés
Dave wants to learn to play the guitar, but he pays little interest.
Dave quiere aprender a tocar la guitarra, pero le pone poco interés.
I paid interest and I learned the language on my own.
Le puse interés y aprendí el idioma por mí mismo.
He didn't pass his tests because he paid no interest in class.
Él no aprobó sus exámenes porque no ponía interés en clase.
Come to a compromise - llegar a un acuerdo (donde todas las partes ceden)
My sister came to a compromise. She is teaching me to drive.
Mi hermana llegó a un acuerdo. Me va a enseñar a manejar.
We have come to a compromise. We are working on the project for the next eight months.
Hemos llegado a un acuerdo. Vamos a terminar el proyecto en los próximos 8 meses.
I have come to a compromise. I'm volunteering for one month at the hospital.
He llegado a un acuerdo. Voy a hacer un voluntariado un mes en el hospital.
Vocabulary
African
africano
North African
magrebí
South African
sudafricano
Central American
centroamericano
South American
sudamericano
European
europeo
the Antarctic
Antártico (océano)
the Arctic
Ártico
the Atlantic
Atlántico
the Indian Ocean
Índico
the Pacific
Pacífico
the North Pole
Polo Norte
the South
Pole
Polo Sur
Lección 40.4
Linkers V
Casual subordinate clauses
As - ya que
Susan called you as she thought you would be late.
Susan te llamó ya que pensó que llegarías tarde.

112. I helped her out just as she had asked because I had some free time.
Le ayudé en cuanto me lo pidió porque yo tenía algo de tiempo.
I'm going home as there's nothing going on here.
Me voy a casa ya que no está pasando nada aquí.
Since - ya que
I bought a new jacket and a cap since it was so cold in the mountains.
Compré una chamarra nueva y una cachucha ya que hacía mucho frío en las montañas.
I didn't tell him anything since he didn't want to talk to me.
No le conté nada ya que él no quería hablarme.
I've come to see you every day since I found out you were sick.
He venido a verte todos los días desde que me enteré que estabas enferma.
For- puesto que
He asked you so many questions for he knew something was wrong.
Él te preguntó tantas preguntas puesto que sabía que algo estaba mal.
I was in a hurry for I had a flight to catch to Frankfurt.
Tenía prisa ya que tenía que tomar un vuelo a Frankfurt.
She came home for she wanted to see Julie before she had surgery.
Ella vino a casa puesto que quería ver a Julie antes de que tuviera su cirugía.
Seeing that - en vista de que
Seeing that you didn't show up by 10pm, I decided to go home.
En vista de que no llegaste a las 10pm, decidí irme a casa.
Seeing that you are not feeling well, I've made you some chicken soup.
En vista de que no te encuentras bien, te hice sopa de pollo.
Seeing that you were ignoring him, he left the party after a few minutes.
En vista de que lo estabas ignorando, él se marchó de la fiesta unos minutos después.
Now that - ahora que
Now that I've finished work we can go for a walk and have something to eat.
Ahora que he terminado el trabajo podemos dar un paseo y tomar algo de comer.
I'm going trekking for a week now that I have taken all my tests.
Me voy de trekking una semana ahora que he hecho todos mis exámenes.
Now that you are ready we can leave.
Ahora que estás listo nos podemos ir.
Considering that- considerando que
Considering the quality, it's not a bad price.
Considerando la calidad, no tiene mal precio.
You should get up early considering that you have an important meeting in the morning.
Deberías despertarte temprano considerando que tienes una junta importante por la mañana.
Considering that my father isn't here, we cannot close a deal.
Considerando que mi padre no está aquí, no podemos cerrar un trato.

113. Inasmuch as - puesto/dado que
You cannot lie to your partner inasmuch as you love him.
No puedes mentirle a tu pareja dado que lo amas.
He must be there inasmuch as he is the manager.
Él debe estar allí dado que es el director.
You should study inasmuch as you are taking a test tomorrow.
Tú deberías estudiar dado que tienes un examen mañana.
Lección 40.5
Light
Gloomy - lúgubre
He lives in a really gloomy house. I don't like it.
Él vive en una casa realmente lúgubre. No me gusta.
My house was really gloomy when I arrived, so I turned all the lights on.
Mi casa estaba muy lúgubre cuando llegué, así que encendí todas las luces.
I don't like gloomy places. I need bright light to be active.
No me gustan los lugares lúgubres. Necesito luz brillante para estar activo.
This is quite a gloomy pub. Why don't we go to another one?
Este es un pub muy lúgubre. ¿Por qué no vamos a otro?
Dim - tenue
We had dinner with dimmed light and then watched a movie.
Nos tomamos la cena con una luz tenue y después vimos una película.
I like dim light, but I am reading a book, so I need more light now.
Me gusta la luz tenue, pero estoy leyendo un libro, así que necesito más luz ahora.
This lamp gives a very dim light. It's nice for a chat.
Esta lámpara da una luz muy tenue. Es agradable para una charla.
Somber (US) – sombrío Sombre (UK) - sombrío
His room was really somber. He didn't want any light on as he was upset.
Su cuarto estaba realmente sombrío. Él no quería ninguna luz encendida ya que estaba deprimido.
The house is quite somber. Can you turn some light on, please?
La casa está bastante sombría. ¿Puedes encender alguna luz, por favor?
Brown is quite a somber color. Don't you prefer a brighter one?
El café es un color bastante sombrío. ¿No prefieres uno más brillante?
His music is very somber. It makes me sad.
Su música es muy sombría. Me pone triste.
To shine - brillar
The sun was shining when I got up, so I went to the beach.
El sol estaba brillando cuando me levanté, así que fui a la playa.
I like to be outside for a while when the stars are shining.
Me gusta estar fuera un rato cuando las estrellas están brillando.
I shined a light in the garage to look for that box.
Alumbré la cochera con una luz para buscar esa caja.

114. She shines in her job because she is really good.
Ella destaca en su trabajo porque es muy buena.
Ray - rayo
The Sun gives out rays of light to the Earth.
El Sol da rayos de luz a la Tierra.
This job threw a ray of hope into my situation.
Este trabajo tiró un rayo de esperanza a mi situación.
I took an X-ray because the doctor told me to do it.
Me hice una radiografía porque el doctor me lo mandó.
Can you feel the rays of sunshine? It's so nice.
¿Puedes sentir los rayos del sol? Es muy agradable.
Beam of light - haz de luz
I woke up very early because a beam of light came through my window.
Me desperté muy temprano porque un rayo pasó por mi ventana.
It was a beautiful sunrise; we saw the beams of light very clearly.
Fue un amanecer muy bello; vimos los rayos de sol muy claramente.
I didn't sleep because some beams of light came into my room.
No dormí porque algunos rayos de luz entraban en mi cuarto.
We were walking and we saw some beams of light from the moon, it was beautiful.
Estuvimos andando y vimos algunos rayos de luz de la luna, fue bello.
Lección 40.6
Relative Pronouns: What, Why
 What - lo que
This pronoun refers to a whole sentence, an event. Something that happened before.
He was shouting a lot. It made me think he was angry.
Él estaba gritando mucho. Me hizo pensar que estaba enojado.
What made me think he was angry was all of his shouting.
Lo que me hizo pensar que él estaba enojado fueron todos sus gritos.
She had an argument with her brother. That was terrible for her.
Ella tuvo una discusión con su hermano. Eso fue terrible para ella.
What was terrible was that she had a big argument with her brother.
Lo que fue terrible para ella fue que ella tuvo una discusión con su hermano.
The girl's parents moved to another house. This confused her.
Los padres de la niña se mudaron de casa. Esto la confundió.
What really confused her was that her parents moved to another house.
Lo que la confundió fue que los padres de la niña se mudaron de casa.
Will accepted the present. It was great for her.
Will aceptó el regalo. Fue fantástico para ella.
What was great for her was that she met Will during that party.
Lo que fue fantástico para ella fue que conoció a Will durante esa fiesta.

115.  Why - por que / por lo que
It refers to the cause of an event. There's a reason or cause and a consequence. Then, this pronoun refers to the reason.
It doesn't replace a word, but refers to a sentence.
Mike left in a sudden. She wanted to know why.
Mike se fue de repente. Ella quería saber por que.
She wanted to know why Mike left so suddenly.
Ella quería saber por qué Mike se fue de repente.
Jule was really upset. I didn't ask the reason.
Jule estaba muy deprimida. No pregunté la razón.
I didn't ask the reason why Jule was really upset.
No pregunté la razón por la que Jule estaba muy deprimida.
My father said I was punished. I didn't understand it.
Mi padre dijo que yo estaba castigada. No lo entendí.
I didn't understand why my father said I was punished.
No entendí porque mi padre dijo que yo estaba castigada.
Notice
Also the structure that's why with the meaning eso es por lo que.
She got up very early. She did all her duties.
Ella se levantó muy temprano. Ella hizo todas sus obligaciones.
She got up very early, that's why she did all her duties.
Ella se levantó muy temprano, eso es por lo que ella hizo todas sus obligaciones.
I called him the day before. He came home early.
Lo llamé el día antes. Él vino temprano a casa.
I called him the day before, that's why he came home early.
Lo llamé el día antes, eso es por lo que él vino temprano a casa.
Lección 40.7
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XVI
To mistake somebody/something for - confudir a algo/alguien con
I mistook your suitcase for mine at the airport.
Confundí mi maleta con la tuya en el aeropuerto.
Excuse me; I mistook you for a friend of mine.
Disculpe; lo confundí con un amigo mío.
To be ashamed of someone/something - estar avergonzado de algo/alguien
I was ashamed of my friend's behavior, but he was dead drunk.
Estaba avergonzado del comportamiento de mi amigo, pero estaba completamente borracho.
I wasn't ashamed of anything. I was just exhausted.
No estaba avergonzada de nada. Simplemente estaba exhausta.
To be unreasonable of someone to do something - ser poco razonable por parte de alguien hacer algo
It was quite unreasonable of you to leave without saying anything to me.
Fue bastante poco razonable de tu parte marcharte sin decirme nada.
It's unreasonable of Kate not to end her relationship. They don't love each other anymore.

116. Es poco razonable por parte de Kate no terminar su relación con él. Ellos ya no se aman.
To be amazed/astonished/shocked/surprised at/by - estar sorprendido/impactado por
I was so amazed by the sight of New York at night for the first time.
Estaba tan sorprendida ante la vista de Nueva York por la noche por primera vez.
Ruth was completely shocked at your comments.
Ruth estaba completamente impactada por tus comentarios.
To argue about - discutir sobre
I don't want to argue about anything. I just want to sleep.
No quiero discutir sobre nada. Solo quiero dormir.
The boys were arguing about the right way to do the work.
Los muchachos estaban discutiendo sobre la manera correcta de hacer el trabajo.
To suffer from - sufrir de
My father suffered from a heart attack when he was forty.
Mi padre sufrió un ataque al corazón cuando tenía cuarenta años.
My friend suffers from an eating disorder that she has had since she was thirteen years old.
Mi amiga sufre de desorden alimenticio que ha tenido desde que tenía 13 años.
Lección 40.8
Relative Pronouns: When, Where
 When -cuando / que
It refers to time. It usually replaces a time adverb or clause.
I was born on October the fifth. The war ended that day.
Nací el cinco de octubre. La guerra terminó ese día.
I was born on October the fifth when the war ended.
Nací el cinco de octubre cuando la guerra terminó.
Esther was living in Paris in September. You were travelling around Europe then.
Esther estaba viviendo en París en septiembre. Tú estabas viajando por Europa entonces.
Esther was living in Paris in September when you were travelling around Europe.
Esther estaba viviendo en París en septiembre cuando tú estabas viajando por Europa.
I started university in 2003. I met you that year.
Empecé la universidad en el 2003. Te conocí ese año.
I started university in 2003 when I met you.
Empecé la universidad en el 2003 cuando te conocí.
Paul called me last night. You were watching a movie in the movie theater then.
Paul me llamó anoche. Tú estabas viendo una película en el cine entonces.
Paul called me last night when you were watching a movie in the movie theater.
Paul me llamó anoche cuando tú estabas viendo una película en el cine.
 Where - donde
It refers to a place. It usually replaces a time adverb or clause.

117. I grew up in that neighborhood. The government is building a sports center there.
Crecí en esa vecindad. El gobierno está construyendo un centro de deportes allí.
I grew up in that neighborhood where the government is building a sports center.
Crecí en esa vecindad donde el gobierno está construyendo un polideportivo.
I studied at Oxford University. Oscar is studying there.
Estudié en la Universidad de Oxford. Oscar está estudiando allí.
I studied at Oxford University where Oscar is studying.
Estudié en la Universidad de Oxford donde Oscar está estudiando.
She painted the bedroom. I slept there last night.
Ella pintó la habitación. Yo dormí allí anoche.
She painted the bedroom where I slept last night.
Ella pintó la habitación donde yo dormí anoche.
I visited the village. Oscar Wilde was born in that village.
Visité el pueblo. Oscar Wilde nació en ese pueblo.
I visited the village where Oscar Wilde was born.
Visité el pueblo donde Oscar Wilde nació.
I went to the hotel hall. Williams was waiting there.
Fui a la entrada del hotel. Williams estaba esperando allí.
I went to the hotel hall where Williams was waiting.
Fui a la entrada del hotel donde Williams estaba esperando.
She was walking in the forest. There were many wild animals in that forest.
Ella estaba andando por el bosque. Había muchos animales salvajes en ese bosque.
She was walking in the forest where there were many wild animals.
Ella estaba andando por el bosque donde había muchos animales salvajes.
Lección 40.9
Phrasal Verbs: Hand In, Catch Up With, Look Up To, Show Up
Hand in - submit something
I handed the order in and phoned my boss.
Envié el pedido y llamé a mi jefe.
I've just handed my application form in. I need to wait three days.
Recién entregué mi impreso de solicitud. Tengo que esperar tres días.
The boy handed the letter in and ran.
El niño entregó la carta y echó a correr.
Catch up with - keep abreast
I like catching up with my work, so that I don't get stressed.
Me gusta mantenerme al día con mi trabajo, por eso no estreso.
My brother catches up with all the bills. He is very tidy.
Mi hermano mantiene todas sus facturas al día. Es muy ordenado.
I cannot catch up with my lessons. I'm very tired.
N puedo mantenerme al día con mis clases. Estoy muy cansada.
Look up to - respect
I really look up to that teacher. I learn a lot in his lessons.
Realmente respeto a ese profesor. Aprendo mucho en sus clases.
Children usually look up to their parents and relatives.
Los niños normalmente respetan a sus padres y familiares.
Tony is very naughty. He neither behaves nor looks up to anybody.
Tonny es muy travieso. Él ni se comporta ni respeta a nadie.

118. Show up - arrive
Jonathan wasn't coming to the party, but suddenly he showed up.
Jonathan no iba a venir a la fiesta, pero de repente llegó.
I'll show up next week if I finish work by Friday.
Llegaré la próxima semana si termino el trabajo para el viernes.
He showed up last weekend and is leaving in few days.
Él llegó la semana pasada y se va en pocos días.
Vocabulary
bow tie
corbata de moño
ribbon
listón
cufflinks
mancuernillas
engagement ring
anillo de compromiso
wedding ring
anillo de boda
hairband
cinta para el cabello
laces
cintas
pendant
colgante
brooch
broche
pearl
perla
costume jewelry
bisutería
jewelry box
joyero
precious stone
piedra preciosa
emerald
esmeralda
diamond
diamante
sapphire
zafiro
Lección 41.0
Word-Formation XVIII
To make new words we don't only use prefixes and suffixes, we can also use other language mechanisms.
1-We can make a new noun from:
Two already existing nouns:
dishwasher
lavaplatos
ashtray
cenicero
bedroom
cuarto, recámara
landscape
paisaje
-ing verb + noun:
washing machine
lavadora
meeting point
punto de encuentro
living room
sala
Adjective + noun:
darkroom
cuarto oscuro
redhead
pelirrojo
bluebell
campanilla
blackberry
mora (de zarza)
Verb + noun:
scarecrow
espantapájaros
playground
patio de recreo
copy right
derechos de reproducción
Examples:
The little girl is afraid of the scarecrow.
A la niña pequeña le asusta el espantapájaros.

119. There are two ashtrays in the living room.
Hay dos ceniceros en el salón.
We can make a tasty sauce with almonds and blackberries.
Podemos hacer una salsa sabrosa con almendras y zarzamoras.
Irish people are usually redhead and they have freckles.
Los irlandeses son normalmente pelirrojos y tienen pecas.
The children go to the playground from eleven o'clock till half past eleven every day.
Los niños van al patio de recreo desde las once en punto hasta las once y media cada día.
I love looking at the landscapes when I'm travelling. It's very relaxing to me.
Me encanta mirar el paisaje cuando estoy viajando. Es muy relajante para mí.
Lección 41.1
Impersonal Verbs II
You already know some of these English structures. Let's review them and go a bit deeper:
1. Using the pronoun it:
It is stormy and it's about to rain.
Está tormentoso y está a punto de llover.
It's a quarter past three. It's time to start working.
Son las tres y cuarto. Es hora de empezar a trabajar.
It's an amazing story about his childhood.
Es una historia sorprendente sobre su niñez.
2. Using the pronoun there + the verb to be:
There are five stamps in that drawer.
Hay cinco sellos en ese cajón.
There's little to do here. Let's help the volunteers on High Street.
Hay poco que hacer aquí. Vamos a ayudar a los voluntarios en la calle principal.
There is neither sugar nor milk. We cannot make the cake.
No hay ni azúcar ni leche. No podemos hacer el pastel.
3. Using the pronoun you with the meaning se:
You won't know the result of the test until Monday.
No se sabrá el resultado del examen hasta el lunes.
You cannot go into the principal's office without an appointment.
No se puede entrar en la oficina del director sin una cita.
You see the whole valley and a huge lake in the middle. It's beautiful.
Se ve el valle entero y un gran lago a la mitad. Es precioso.
4. Using the pronoun they:
They are very punctual in England. That's something you should know.
Son muy puntuales en Inglaterra. Eso es algo que deberías saber.
They will teach you the correct way to learn.
Ellos te enseñarán la manera correcta de aprender.
They are very friendly and easy-going in Ireland.
Son muy amigables y fáciles de llevar en Irlanda.

120. 5. Using the pronoun one:
One never knows.
Uno nunca sabe.
One is so shocked that you cannot say a word.
Uno está tan impresionado que no puede decir una palabra.
One just goes there and they tell you everything about alternative medicine.
Uno solo va allí y te cuentan todo sobre la medicina alternativa.
6. By means of the passive voice:
Smoking is forbidden.
Está prohibido fumar.
Waitress is needed.
Se necesita mesero.
Cameras are not allowed.
No se permiten cámaras.
Examples:
You can see a lot of wild animals in that Natural Park.
Se ven muchos animales salvajes en ese Parque Natural.
They eat a lot of rice in China, but little bread.
Comen mucho arroz en China, pero poco pan.
It's amazing to ride a camel or an elephant.
Es sorprendente montar en camello o elefante.
One should do what he/she likes to do best.
Uno debería hacer lo que le gusta para hacerlo muy bien.
Lección 41.2
Idioms and Proverbs XVIII
Idioms
Black market - el mercado negro
He can afford his car because he sells stuff on the black market.
Él puede permitirse ese carro porque vende cosas en el mercado negro.
You can find these speakers cheaper on the black market.
Puedes encontrar estos altavoces más baratos en el mercado negro.
Done to a turn - en su punto
The meat is done to a turn now. Turn the stove off.
La carne está en su punto ahora. Apaga la cocina.
The restaurant was lovely and the fish was done to a turn.
El restaurante era encantador y el pescado estaba en su punto.
I love this restaurant because they cook the steaks to a turn.
Me encanta este restaurante porque cocinan los filetes en su punto.
Mind your Ps and Qs - tener cuidado, guardar las formas
If you are going camping this weekend, mind your Ps and Qs.
Si acampan el fin de semana, tengan cuidado.
Mind your Ps and Qs if you come back alone late at night, girl.
Ten cuidado si vuelvas sola tarde por la noche, nena.

121. It's a slum. I know I have to mind my Ps and Qs.
Es un barrio marginal. Sé que tengo que tener cuidado.
Lección 41.3
Synonyms Happy
1. Mood:
cheerful
Children are always cheerful. They just need to play.
Los niños siempre están contentos. Solo necesitan jugar.
cheery
You have a cheery face this morning. What's going on?
Tienes cara de contenta esta mañana. ¿Qué pasa?
chirpy
You are quite chirpy today. You must be in a good mood.
Tú estás muy contento hoy. Debes estar de buen humor.
jolly
She feels so jolly now that she has finished her tests.
Ella se siente muy feliz ahora que ha terminado sus exámenes.
merry
My grandfather is a merry man. He is always in a good mood.
Mi abuelo es un hombre feliz. Siempre está de buen humor.
sunny
I'm in a sunny mood today because I love my life right now.
Estoy de un humor fantástico hoy porque me encanta mi vida ahora.
2. Feeling:
delighted
They were delighted by the sight of the mountains.
Ellos estaban encantados con la vista de las montañas.
glad
My brother is glad that I am home for the summer.
Mi hermano está contento de que estaré en casa por el verano.
jubilant
They were jubilant because they had won the match.
Ellos estaban jubilosos porque habían ganado el partido.
joyful
My friends are joyful because we are celebrating Richard's birthday.
Mis amigos están felices porque estamos celebrando el cumpleaños de Richard.
overjoyed

122. My family was overjoyed to see me after my travels.
Mi familia estaban encantados de verme después de mis viajes.
pleased
She is pleased with her new roommate. He is a nice guy.
Ella está encantada con su nuevo compañero de piso. Es un tipo simpático.
thrilled
I'm just thrilled to be back in town.
Simplemente estoy encantada de estar de vuelta en la ciudad.
over the moon
They were over the moon when they won the lottery.
Estaban emocionadísimos cuando ganaron la lotería.
3. Causing joy:
agreeable
That bed & breakfast is agreeable enough to stay in for one week.
Ese hostal es suficientemente agradable para quedarse por una semana.
blissful
My parents have had ten years of blissful marriage.
Mis padres han tenido diez años de feliz matrimonio.
festive
The village had a festive feeling because it was Christmas.
El pueblo tenía un aire festivo porque era Navidad.
gratifying
It's always gratifying when you can help other people.
Siempre es gratificante cuando puedes ayudar a otras personas.
joyous
My brother brought joyous news. He is getting married soon.
Mi hermano trajo buenas noticias. Se casa pronto.
pleasurable
It was very pleasurable to talk with you tonight.
Fue encantador conversar contigo esta noche.
4. Willing:
content
The children are content to play in the park today.
Los niños están contentos de jugar hoy en el parque.
prepared
He is prepared to help you if you need it.
Él está listo para ayudarte si lo necesitas.
ready

123. I'm ready to volunteer in this city.
Estoy listo para trabajar como voluntario en esta ciudad.
willing
My sister is willing to take care of me when I am sick.
Mi hermana está dispuesta a cuidarme cuando estoy enferma.
5. Lucky:
auspicious
This is an auspicious chance for him. He might get that promotion.
Esta es una oportunidad auspiciosa para él. Él posiblemente conseguirá ese ascenso.
convenient
They pay a convenient sum of money for this project.
Ellos pagan una cantidad de dinero conveniente por este proyecto.
favourable
The school team has received some favorable results so far this season.
El equipo del colegio ha conseguido resultados favorables hasta el momento esta temporada.
fortunate
Ruth was really fortunate to meet William. He has helped her a lot.
Ruth fue muy afortunada de conocer a William. Él la ha ayudado mucho.
lucky
We were lucky to find that guesthouse in the middle of the mountains.
Fuimos muy afortunados al encontrar ese hotel en medio de las montañas.
opportune
This was a very opportune time to come. I need someone to talk to.
Este fue un momento muy oportuno para venir. Necesito hablar con alguien.
timely
That was a very timely visit. I needed someone to help me fix my car.
Esa fue una visita muy oportuna. Necesitaba que alguien me ayudara a reparar mi carro.
Lección 41.4
Semantic Field: To End
Close - cerrar
The festival closed with an astonishing show.
El festival cerró con un espectáculo sorprendente.
The yoga course closed with a practice of Pranayana.
El curso de yoga cerró con una práctica de Pranayana.
End - terminar
You are late. The English lesson has ended.
Llegas tarde. La clase de inglés ha terminado.
The movie ended with a moving scene.
La película terminó con una escena conmovedora.

124. Expire - expirar
The closing date for the grant has expired.
La fecha de cierre para la beca ha expirado.
Your account expires after three months without any use.
Su cuenta expira después de tres meses sin uso alguno.
Finish - finalizar
We have just finished our project. We are celebrating tonight.
Recién terminamos nuestro proyecto. Lo vamos a celebrar esta noche.
The school's vacation has finished. We are starting the lessons tomorrow.
Las vacaciones escolares han terminado. Empezamos las clases mañana.
Conclude - concluir
The manager concluded his speech with his congratulations to the team.
El entrenador concluyó su discurso con sus felicitaciones al equipo.
I've concluded my research. I can have a rest now.
He concluido mi investigación. Puedo tomarme un descanso ahora.
Aim - estar orientado hacia un objetivo
Our project aims to help poor children.
Nuestro proyecto está orientado a ayudar a niños pobres.
The firm aims to open more stores abroad.
La empresa pretende abrir más tiendas en el extranjero.
Lección 41.5
Taking The Relative Pronoun Out I
We can take the relative pronoun out, but only in defining relative clauses. Let's study these cases:
1. We can take the relative pronoun out when it's NOT the subject of the relative clause.
We remove it in these examples. Have a look:
Inma saw the house. You were talking about it yesterday.
Inma vio la casa. Tú estuviste hablando de ella ayer.
Inma saw the house that you were talking about yesterday.
Inma vio la casa de la que tú estuviste hablando ayer.
Inma saw the house you were talking about yesterday.
Inma vio la casa de la que tú estuviste hablando ayer.
We remove her in these examples. Have a look:
I was talking to the teacher. You recommended her to me.
Estuve hablando con la profesora. Tú me la recomendaste.
I was talking to the teacher that you recommended to me.
Estuve hablando con la profesora que tú me recomendaste.
I was talking to the teacher you recommended to me.
Estuve hablando con la profesora que tú me recomendaste.
We remove him in these examples. Have a look:
I was talking to Henry. I met him at the bus stop.
Estuve hablando con Henry. Me lo encontré en la parada del autobús.

125. I was talking to Henry who I met at the bus stop.
Estuve hablando con Henry a quien me encontré en la parada del autobús.
Notice
It's very easy to know when the relative pronoun isn't working as a subject. Have a look at the word after the relative
pronoun. If the word after the relative pronoun is a person, that means it's not working as a subject.
Example:
I looked at the man. You were laughing at him.
Miré al hombre. Tú te estabas riendo de él.
I looked at the man who you were laughing at.
Miré al hombre del que tú te estabas riendo.
As there's a person after the relative pronoun, we can take it out:
I looked at the man you were laughing at.
Miré al hombre del que tú te estabas riendo.
If the word after the relative pronoun is a verb, then that means it's working as a subject. Have a look to this example.
As there's a verb after the relative pronoun, we cannot take it out:
I looked at the man. He was laughing at you.
Miré al hombre. Él se estaba riendo de ti.
I looked at the man who was laughing at you.
Miré al hombre que se estaba riendo de ti.
Vocabulary
call box
cabina telefónica
call back
regresar la llamada
dial
marcar
phone booth
teléfono público
phone call
llamada telefónica
telephone exchange
central telefónica
phone card
tarjeta telefónica
receiver
auricular
call up
llamar por teléfono
dialing tone
tono de llamada
hang up
colgar el teléfono
hold on
esperar
Lección 41.6
The Passive Voice: An Introduction
There are several changes regarding the Passive Voice. The Passive Voice exists because the subject sometimes is not
very important and we want to emphasize the Complement. We emphasize it by using the Passive Voice. Changing an
active sentence into a passive sentence is an easy thing to do. To do it we change the position of the subject and the
complement and then, the verb needs to change. Let's see what we need to do:
Active Sentence:
subject verb complement
He sells bread Él vende pan
Converting it into a Passive Sentence:
1. Place the complement (bread) in the subject position.
2. Think about the Verbal Tense of the verb we have: Simple Present in this case.
3. We add the verb to be in the Verbal Tense (Simple Present) and the verb in past participle.
4. We place the subject of the active sentence (mum) in the complement position. ALWAYS introduce it with the
preposition by + an Object Pronoun.
subject verb complement
Bread is sold by him El pan es vendido por él.

126. As you can see it's an easy thing to do. You already know the verb to be in every tense, so you just need to change the
subject and verb position, place the verb to be and add the participle. Just be patient at the beginning not to make
mistakes.
Let's see again our sentence:
subject verb complement
He sells bread
The Complement in this sentence is a Direct Object. But what happens when we have an Indirect Object? Let's see:
subject verb complement
Mike kisses me Mike me besa
Converting it into a Passive Sentence:
1. Place the complement (I) in the subject position.
2. Think about the Verbal Tense of the verb we have: Simple Present in this case.
3. We add the verb to be in the Verbal Tense (Simple Present) and the verb in past participle.
4. We place the subject of the active sentence (Mike) in the complement position. ALWAYS introduce it with the
preposition by + an Object Pronoun.
subject verb complement
I am kissed by Mike
As you see it's the same procedure. It may sound weird to you because that's not the way we do the Passive Voice in the
Spanish language, but it's perfect in English.
All right, but what happens if we have two Objects? Let's see an example:
subject verb D.O. I.O.
He sells bread to my mum Él le vende pan a mi mamá.
1. We place the Complement in the Subject Position:
Direct Object Passive: Bread
Indirect Object Passive: My Mum
2. We think about the Verbal Tense of the verb we have: Simple Present in this case.
3. We conjugate the verb to be in this Verbal Tense (Simple Present) and we add the verb in the participle.
Direct Object Passive: Bread is sold
Indirect Object Passive: My mum is sold
4. We place the other Complement after. In the Direct Object Passive we ALWAYS introduce the IO with the
preposition To:
Direct Object Passive:
subject verb I.O.
Bread is sold to my mum
Indirect Object Passive:
subject verb complement
My mum is sold bread A mi mamá se le vende pan
5. We place the Subject of the active sentence in the Complement position and we ALWAYS introduce it with the
preposition BY plus an Object Pronoun:

127.  Direct Object Passive:
subject verb I.O. agent complement
Bread is sold to my mom by him Pan es comprado a mi mamá por mí.
 Indirect Object Passive:
subject verb complement agent complement
My mum is sold bread by him A mi mamá se le vende pan por él.
Notice
We ALWAYS do the Indirect Object Passive if it's possible.
Lección 41.7
The Use of the Infinitive Without To
We sometimes need to use an infinitive without to. Let's see these cases:
1. We use it after the Modal Verbs:
I can swim very fast.
Yo puedo nadar muy rápido.
She could ride horses when she was a child.
Ella podía montar a caballo cuando era niña.
They must tidy up the classroom before leaving.
Ellos deben ordenar el salón de clase antes de irse.
2. With the verbs of perception: smell, see, touch, feel:
I saw them fall.
Los vi caerse.
She heard me enter.
Ella me escuchó entrar.
They heard me shout.
Ellos me escucharon gritar.
3. After a group of verbs and expressions:
-to make - hacer
-to let - permitir
-had better - mejor será que
-had rather - mejor será que
-had sooner - antes que
-cannot but - no puedo sino
Notice
Notice: had rather and had better is equivalent to I would rather
4. In interrogative sentences that start withWhy not...:
Why not go now?
¿Por qué no ir ahora?
Why not eat out?
¿Por qué no comemos fuera?
Why not take a walk?
¿Por qué no damos un paseo?
5. After the verb help we can use an infinitive with or without to:
I helped to make dinner.
Ayudé a hacer la cena.
Mom helped me do my homework.
Mamá me ayudó a hacer las tareas.
6. Short answers:
What can I do if Mike doesn't want to come? Go alone.
¿Qué puedo hacer si Mike no quiere venir? Ir sola.
What did you do when you found the boy? Call the police.
¿Qué hiciste cuando encontraste al niño? Llamar a la policía.

128. Examples:
Why not go to the movie theater?
¿Por qué no vamos al cine?
I made her laugh. She is better now.
La hice reír. Ahora está mejor.
What would you do if you don't pass your test? Study harder.
¿Qué harías si no apruebas tu examen? Estudiar más.
I'd rather stay in today and rest.
Mejor será que me quede en casa hoy y descanse.
Lección 41.8
British versus American English VIII
There are some words that mean a thing if you are in the USA and a different thing if you are in UK:
UK USA
jumper a sweater pinafore dress
keen to have an intention to desirable, right
keeper a goalkeeper something of significance
kit clothing ex. Sports uniform a group of persons or objects
lavatory toilet washbasin
lay-by a rest area for drivers to cultivate for the last time
leader newspaper editorial a pipe for carrying water
let to rent a property to end (school, meetings...)
levee an afternoon assembly held by the King/Queen an embankment on a river
lift in a building to go to another floor an elevation in mood
lolly ice block sweet, candy
lounge a room for relaxation in a house a bar
loveseat a seat where two people sit in opposite directions a two-seater coach
lugs ears a shy, goofy man
lush an attractive woman an alcoholic woman
mac a raincoat male stranger who is bothering you
mad eccentric a large amount of something
mail The Royal Mail to send a letter
Lección 41.9
Verb +ing II
Detest - detestar
My brother detests watching romantic movies.
Mi hermano detesta ver películas románticas.
He detests hearing that girl. He cannot stand her.
Él muchacha oír a esa muchacha. Él no la soporta.
Delay - retrasar
The firm always has delays when delivering their orders.
La empresa siempre se retrasa al entregar los pedidos.
He delayed doing his work and the teacher got angry.
Él se demoró haciendo su trabajo y el profesor se enojó.
Deny - negar
Her mom denied helping him with his issue. She didn't agree with him.
Su mamá se negó a ayudarle con ese tema. Ella no estaba de acuerdo con él.
Her brother denied lending her his computer.

129. Su hermano se negó a prestarle su ordenador.
Enjoy - disfrutar
I enjoyed meeting you on the weekend. Let's meet again next week.
Disfruté encontrándome contigo el fin de semana. Vamos a encontrarnos otra vez la próxima semana.
We enjoyed taking a walk in the forest, but my friend was a bit scared.
Disfrutamos dando un paseo por el bosque, pero mi amiga estaba un poco asustada.
Fancy - apetecer
I feel like swimming, so I am going to the beach. Are you coming?
Me apetece nadar, así que voy a la playa. ¿Vienes?
Do you feel like eating out? There's a new restaurant I want to try.
¿Te apetece comer fuera? Hay un nuevo restaurante que quiero probar.
Feel like - apetecer
I feel like having a cup of tea. Would you like one?
Se me antoja tomar un té. ¿Te apetece uno?
She feels like going to the party, but I'm exhausted.
A ella se le antoja ir a la fiesta, pero yo estoy exhausto.
Finish - finalizar
Did you finish working very late yesterday?
¿Terminaste de trabajar muy tarde ayer?
I had finished studying when you phoned me.
Yo había terminado de estudiar cuando me llamaste.
Lección 42.0
The Passive Voice: Simple Present Tense
As you already know the steps to put an active sentence into the passive are:
1. Changing the subject-object verb position
2. Doing the verb to be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence
3. Adding the Past Participle
Notice
If the verb in the active sentence is in the Simple Present Tense, we put the verb to be in the Simple Present Tense,
that's either am, is or are.
The structure is:
patient subject
is
are
am
past participle agent complement
Cups and glasses are brought by her
English is learnt by Cecile
I am loved by Norman
We translate it as: es bebido / se bebe
Notice
The Spanish Pasiva Refleja (se hace, se bebe, etc.) doesn't exist in English.
Examples:

130. She brings cups and glasses.
Ella trae tazas y vasos.
Cups and glasses are brought by her.
Tazas y vasos son traídos por ella.
Norman loves me.
Norman me ama.
I am loved by Norman.
Yo soy amada por Norman.
Peter calls me every evening.
Peter me llama cada noche.
I am called by Peter every evening.
Yo soy llamado por Peter cada noche.
They answer the question to me.
Ellos me responden la pregunta.
The question is answered to me by them.
La pregunta es respondida a mí por ellos.
The same question is asked by both of them.
La misma pregunta es preguntada por ellos dos.
The waiter serves us a nice meal.
El mesero nos sirve una comida agradable.
A nice meal is served to us by the waiter.
Una comida agradable es servida a nosotros por el
mesero.
We are served a nice meal by the waiter.
Una comida agradable es servida a nosotros por el
mesero.
My friend often sends me a letter.
Mi amigo me envía una carta frecuentemente.
A letter is often sent to me by my friend.
Una carta es enviada frecuentemente a mí por mi amigo.
I am often sent letters by different friends.
Cartas son enviadas frecuentemente a mí por mis amigos.
Lección 42.3
False Friends VIII
Look – mirar Watch – mirar Face – mirar
- Face with the meaning mirar de frente, encarar
Look at that boy. What is he doing?
Mira ese niño. ¿Qué está haciendo?
I was watching a movie because I didn't feel like going out.
Estaba viendo una película porque no me apetecía salir.
You never face troubles. You always hide and let another person solve them.
Tú nunca te enfrentas a los problemas. Tú siempre te escondes y dejas que otra persona los resuelva.
Watch – reloj de pulsera Clock - reloj de pared
That clock my grandma had in the living-room is really old.
Ese reloj que mi abuela tenía en el salón es realmente antiguo.
I never wear a watch because I don't like it.
Yo nunca llevo puesto un reloj porque no me gusta.
Drown – ahogarse en el agua Choke – asfixiarse
Did you hear that a man drowned in the river?
¿Escuchaste que un hombre se ahogó en el río?

131. My daughter was choking yesterday. She put a little toy in her mouth.
Mi hija se estaba ahogando ayer. Ella puso un pequeño juguete en su boca.
Think - creer (opinión) Believe - creer (creencia)
I don't think that is a good idea. Why don't we go camping?
No creo que eso sea buena idea. ¿Por qué no nos vamos de camping?
My family believes in God, but I have different beliefs.
Mi familia cree en Dios, pero yo tengo creencias diferentes.
Dish – plato Plate – plato Course – plato
The Chinese usually eat nine courses during every meal, but each course is very small.
Los chinos normalmente comen nueve platillos por comida, pero cada platillo es muy pequeño.
Can you bring a couple of plates for your cousins, please?
¿Puedes traer un par de platos para tus primos, por favor?
I cannot help you because I'm washing the dishes right now.
No puedo ayudarte porque estoy lavando los platos ahora mismo.
Last – último Latest – último
You are always the last one to go to bed.
Siempre eres el último en irte a la cama.
Have you seen the latest Tarantino movie? It's amazing.
¿Has visto la última película de Tarantino? Es sorprendente.
Pay– pagar Pay for – pagar
I like paying by credit card. It's easier.
Me gusta pagar con tarjeta de crédito. Es más fácil.
Have you paid for the meal?
¿Has pagado la comida?
Lección 42.4
Collocations VI
Keep calm - estar tranquilo
Keep quiet - estar tranquilo
Don't panic and keep calm. You cannot solve anything if you are nervous.
No te estreses y tranquilízate. No puedes solucionar nada si estás nervioso.
Keep quiet, children. The movie is about to start.
Cállense, niños. La película está a punto de empezar.
I always keep quiet when somebody shouts to me.
Siempre me quedo tranquilo cuando alguien me grita.
Pay someone a visit - hacer una visita
Ruth paid a visit to me last night because she was near my neighborhood.

132. Ruth me hizo una visita anoche porque estaba cerca de mi vecindad.
I always pay a visit to my aunt on Friday afternoons.
Siempre le hago una visita a mi tita los viernes por la tarde.
I paid a visit to Melissa yesterday because she is ill.
Le hice una visita a Melissa ayer porque está enferma.
Come to terms with - reconciliarse
Finally, Yule came to terms with her parents and came back home.
Finalmente, Yule se reconcilió con sus padres y volvió a casa.
After travelling around India, she came to terms with her past.
Después de viajar por la India, ella se reconcilió con su pasado.
I've come to terms with my ex-boyfriend and we are friends now.
Me he reconciliado con mi exnovio y somos amigos ahora.
Take your time - tomarte tu tiempo
I always take my time to do a task. You cannot work well if you are in a hurry.
Siempre me tomo mi tiempo para hacer una tarea. No puedes trabajar bien si tienes prisa.
John wants me to marry him. He asked me to take my time before answering him.
John quiere que me case con él. Me pidió que me tomase mi tiempo antes de responderle.
I like taking my time when I'm travelling.
Me gusta tomarme mi tiempo cuando estoy viajando.
Go crazy - enloquecer
My cousin went crazy when she arrived in London. She loves the city.
Mi prima se volvió loca cuando llegó a Londres. A ella le encanta la ciudad.
I went crazy when I met Daniel because it'd been a long time since I last saw him.
Me volví loca cuando me encontré con Daniel porque había sido un largo tiempo desde la última vez que lo vi.
Vocabulary
make-up
maquillaje
beauty parlor
salón de belleza
put on make-up
maquillarse
wear make-up
llevar maquillaje
make-up remover
loción desmaquilladora
cosmetics
cosméticos
lipstick
labial, pintalabios
eye shadow
sombra de ojos
blusher
rubor
perfume
perfume
conditioner
suavizante
cleanser
crema limpiadora
moisturizer
crema hidratante
powder
polvos
skin freshener
loción
nail varnish
esmalte de uñas
nail varnish remover
quitaesmalte
nail clippers
cortaúñas
Lección 42.5
Linkers VI
Subordinate Clauses
Although - aunque

133. Susan came to the party, although she was very tired.
Susan vino a la fiesta, aunque estaba muy cansada.
He stopped by, although I had told him not to do it.
Él pasó por la casa, aunque le había dicho que no lo hiciera.
Although it wasn't my duty, I tried to finish the project.
Aunque no era responsabilidad mía, intenté terminar el proyecto.
Though - aunque
My father fixed my computer even though he doesn't know anything about them.
Mi padre arregló mi ordenador aunque no sabe nada de informática.
Though it was raining very hard, Meg went home.
Aunque estaba lloviendo mucho, Meg se fue a casa.
I told the truth, though I didn't have to.
Conté la verdad, aunque no tenía que hacerlo.
Even if - incluso si
Even if it seems crazy right now, I'll travel around the world.
Incluso si parece una locura ahora mismo, viajaré alrededor del mundo.
Oscar and I will meet again, even if it seems quite unlikely.
Oscar y yo nos encontraremos de nuevo, incluso si parece poco probable.
Even though - a pesar de que / aunque
I'll become a lawyer, even though it's hard.
Me convertiré en abogado, a pesar de que es difícil.
He'll call you, even though he's angry at you.
Él te llamará, a pesar de que está enojado contigo.
Even though you think you aren't ready, you will be when the moment arrives.
A pesar de que tú pienses que no estás preparada, lo estarás cuando llegue el momento.
Much as - a pesar de que
As much as I study, I never get a good grade in history.
Por más que estudie, nunca saco buena nota en historia.
Much as he tries to be nice to me, he always says something rude.
A pesar de que intenta ser agradable conmigo, siempre dice algo grosero.
Much as George tries to please her all the time, she's never satisfied.
A pesar de que George intenta complacerla todo el tiempo, ella nunca está satisfecha.
However - sin embargo
Helen wasn't worried; however she behaved as if she were.
Helen no estaba preocupada; sin embargo se comportaba como si lo estuviera.
I called you several times; however, you didn't answer even once.
Te llamé varias veces; sin embargo, no contestaste ni una vez.
You never pay attention in class; however, you pass all the tests.
Nunca prestas atención en clase; sin embargo, apruebas todos los exámenes.

134. Lección 42.6
Crime III
To commit a crime or an offence - cometer un crimen o un delito
His brother committed murder and he is in jail now.
Su hermano cometió un asesinato y ahora está en la cárcel.
This man committed theft in my jewelry store; I want him to go to jail.
Este hombre cometió un robó en mi joyería; quiero que vaya a la cárcel.
This young man looks like a good person, but he committed rape.
Este hombre joven parece una buena persona, pero cometió violación.
To accuse someone of a crime - acusar a alguien de un crimen
They accused me of killing their children, but I wasn't in town that day.
Ellos me acusaron de asesinar a sus hijos, pero yo no estaba en la ciudad ese día.
Mike accused Rob of stealing his bike, but he says Mike is lying.
Mike acusó a Rob de robar su bicicleta, pero dice que Mike está mintiendo.
They accused those young men of vandalism because a camera was recording everything.
Ellos acusaron a esos hombres jóvenes de vandalismo porque una cámara lo estaba grabando todo.
To charge someone with - llevar a alguien a juicio acusado de
The police charged my brother with murder, but I'm sure he is innocent.
La policía llevó a mi hermano a juicio por asesinato, pero estoy seguro de que es inocente.
The boss charged my friend with robbery, but I know he isn't guilty.
El jefe llevó a mi amigo a juicio por robo, pero yo sé que no es culpable.
The government charged that man with smuggling; he had a lot of drugs with him.
El gobierno llevó a ese hombre a juicio por contrabando; él tenía muchas drogas.
To plead guilty or not guilty - alegarse culpable o inocente
He pleaded guilty because his lawyer advised him to do so.
Él se alegó culpable porque su abogado le aconsejó que lo hiciera.
My friend has pleaded not guilty because that's true.
Mi amigo se ha alegado no culpable porque es verdad.
The man pleaded not guilty because he didn't want to go to jail.
El hombre alegó no culpable porque él no quería ir a la cárcel.
To defend someone in court - defender a alguien en un tribunal
To prosecute someone in court - procesar a alguien en un tribunal
The best lawyer in town is defending my brother, he will be free soon.
El mejor abogado de la ciudad está defendiendo a mi hermano, él estará libre pronto.
That man prosecuted me in court last week.
Ese hombre me proceso en el tribunal la semana pasada.
Edward Grince is defending my friend in court. Everything will be ok.
Edward Grince defiende a mi amigo en el tribunal. Todo saldrá bien.
To pass verdict on an accused person - aprobar una sentencia sobre una persona
The jury passed their not guilty verdict on Hans Danple.
El jurado aprobó su veredicto de no culpable con Hans Dample.

135. The judge passed the guilty verdict on Jam Frinkle.
El juez aprobó el veredicto de culpable con Jam Frinkle.
The jury has just passed a not guilty verdict on my sister.
El jurado aprobó recién el veredicto de no culpable con mi hermana.
B1 Lección 42.7
The Passive Voice: Perfect Present Tense
Lección 42.8
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XVII
To be concerned about - estar preocupado por
Your brother is really concerned about you. Give him a call when you get a chance.
Tu hermano está realmente preocupado por ti. Llámalo cuando puedas.
I was concerned about Yule because she didn't look well.
Yo estaba preocupada por Yule porque no se veía bien.
To be faced with - encarar algo
I have faced my fears during my travels.
He encarado mis miedos durante mis viajes.
He was faced with his lies when we discovered the truth.
Él encaró sus mentiras cuando descubrimos la verdad.
To coincide with - coincidir con
My description strongly coincides with my brother's.
Mi descripción coincide completamente con la de mi hermano.
Actually, what you are telling me doesn't coincide with my friend's story.
De hecho, lo que me estás contando no coincide con la historia de mi amigo.
To deal with - tratar con
I'm a teacher because I love dealing with children.
Soy profesor porque me gusta tratar con niños.
He deals with deceiving merchants every day.
Él trata con comerciantes mentirosos cada día.
To benefit from - beneficiarse de hacer algo
My brother has benefited from his studies in the USA.
Mi hermano se ha beneficiado de sus estudios en los EEUU.
I benefited from my knowledge of history when I became a tourist guide.
Me beneficié de mi conocimiento de historia cuando me convertí en guía.
To differ from - diferenciarse de
This dress differs quite a lot from the one I bought last week.
Este vestido se diferencia bastante del que compré la semana pasada.

136. My new job differs completely from my old one.
Mi nuevo trabajo se diferencia completamente del antiguo.
To refrain from - abstenerse de
You should refrain from eating sweets until you recover.
Deberías abstenerte de comer dulces hasta que te recuperes.
I refrained from drinking alcohol and now I feel healthier.
Me abstuve de tomar alcohol y ahora me siento más sano.
Lección 42.9
Phrasal Verbs: Leave Out, Go Through, Keep Up With, Carry On
Leave out - omit
You never tell the whole story. You always leave something out.
Tú nunca cuentas la historia completa. Siempre omites algo.
When you speak English, you don't usually leave the subject out.
Cuando hablas inglés, normalmente no omites el Sujeto.
Go through - use up
I've gone through the gasoline. I need to get some.
Me he quedado sin gasolina. Necesito conseguir un poco.
We cannot serve you a fruit salad because we have gone through the fruit.
No podemos servirte una ensalada de frutas porque las hemos gastado.
I've gone through 400 Euros this week.
Me he gastado 400 euros esta semana.
Keep up with - maintain pace with
I'm a smoker, but I keep up with my brother when we play tennis.
Soy fumador, pero le sigo el ritmo a mi hermano cuando jugamos al tenis.
I was a beginner, but I managed to keep up in an intermediate group.
Era principiante, pero me las arreglé para mantener el ritmo en un grupo intermedio.
His younger sister keeps up with him in their Spanish lessons and he likes it.
Su hermana pequeña le sigue el ritmo en sus clases de español y a él le gusta.
Carry on + -ing - continue, keep on
I carried on working there because I really liked what I was doing.
Seguí trabajando allí porque realmente me gustaba lo que hacía.
Samuel was so nervous last night. He carried on bothering his sister all night long.
Samuel estaba muy nervioso anoche. Siguió molestando a su hermana toda la noche.
They carried on chatting, we were waiting for them.
Ellos siguieron charlando, nosotros los estábamos esperando.
Vocabulary
justice
justicia
injustice
injusticia
court
tribunal
high court
suprema corte

137. guilty
culpable
plead guilty
declararse culpable
plead not guilty
declararse inocente
inquiry
investigación
offense
delito
commit an offense
delinquir
magistrate
magistrado
judge
juez
jury
jurado
witness
testigo
witness box
estrado
trial
juicio
statement
declaración
verdict
veredicto
be sentenced to prison
ser condenado a prisión
prison officer
funcionario de
prisiones
life imprisonment
cadena perpetua
Lección 43.0
Word-Formation XIX
Noun + adjective:
Snow White
Blanca Nieves
air conditioning
aire acondicionado
asset stripping
liquidación de activos
Adverb/preposition + noun:
underskirt
enagua
offspring
cría
onlooker
mirón
overcoat
abrigo
aftershave
loción para después de afeitarse
Noun + adverb/preposition:
chair back
respaldo
block letters
letras mayúsculas
blowout
comilona
booze-up
juerga (fiesta con mucha bebida)
Verb + Preposition:
go-between
intermediario
takeout
para llevar
runaway
fugitivo
Examples:
Shall I order this food to takeout?
¿Debería de pedir esta comida para llevar?
The elephant was teaching her offspring how to eat leaves.
El elefante le estaba enseñando a su cría como comer hojas.
If you want to say something to my brother, phone him. I'm not a go-between.
Si quieres decirle algo a mi hermano, llámalo. No soy un mensajero.
The police arrested the runaway at the border.
La policía arrestó al fugitivo en la frontera.
You shouldn't have a blowout if you have a stomach ache.

138. No deberías darte una comilona si tienes dolor de estómago.
Please write your name down in block letters on the top of the page.
Por favor escribe tu nombre en mayúsculas en la parte superior de la página.
My friends want to booze-up tonight, but I just don't feel like it.
Mis amigos quieren juerga esta noche, pero yo tengo ganas.
Which aftershave do you use? I don't know which one I should buy.
¿Qué loción para después del afeitado usas? No sé cuál debería comprar.
Some ladies used to wear an underskirt under their dress in olden times.
Algunas señoras solían llevar puestas unas enaguas debajo de su vestido en los viejos tiempos.
Hans had to use a lot of arm-twisting to accomplish his goal at work.
Hans tuvo que hacer presión por las malas para lograr sus objetivos en el trabajo.
Lección 43.1
The Passive Voice: The Simple Past Tense
Remember the verb to be in the Simple Past Tense:
I was a student.
Yo era estudiante.
You were good at chess.
Tú eras bueno con el ajedrez.
So, the passive structure will be:
patient subject was
were
past participle complement by agent complement
That house was built in 1962 by my father Esa casa fue construida en 1962 por mi padre.
Notice
Notice: We translate this Passive Tense as fue bebido / se bebió.
Notice
Notice that we only place the Agent Complement when it's important to do so, for example, when it's a person or it's
important to leave it. However, remember that The Passive Voice exists because we want to highlight a complement
and the Subject isn't often important, so when there is a general or obvious subject, just take it out.
Example:
That house was built in 1962.
Esa casa fue construida en 1962.
Let's practise it:
Peter redecorated the house.
Peter redecora su casa.
The house was redecorated by Peter.
La casa fue redecorada por Peter.
I baked some bread.
Yo horneé algo de pan.
Some bread was baked by me.
Algo de pan fue horneado por mí.
She didn't buy enough food.
Ella no compró suficiente comida.
Enough food wasn't bought.
No fue comprada suficiente comida.
My friend sent me a letter.
Mi amigo me envió una carta.
I was sent a letter.
Se me envió una carta.
A letter was sent to me by my friend.
Una carta me fue enviada por mi amigo.

139. Notice
We can do two Passive Sentences at a time. It's usual and easy, you just keep each sentence separate.
She didn't tell me anything. She kept the secret.
Ella no me contó nada. Guardó el secreto.
I wasn't told anything. The secret was kept by her.
No se me contó nada. El secreto fue guardado por ella.
As he told them, the servants served us our breakfast.
Al tiempo que se lo mandó, los sirvientes nos sirvieron nuestro desayuno.
As they were told, we were served our breakfast by the servants.
Al tiempo que se les mandó, se nos sirvió el desayuno por los sirvientes.
Another possibility is:
As they were told, our breakfast was served to us by the servants.
Al tiempo que se les mandó, se nos sirvió el desayuno por los sirvientes.
Lección 43.2
The Passive Voice: The Progressive Past Tense
Remember the verb to be in the Progressive Past Tense:
I was watching a movie.
Yo estaba viendo una película.
You were singing aloud.
Tú estabas cantando en voz alta.
So, the Passive structure will be:
patient subject was
were
being past participle complement
I was being told the rules Se me estaban contando las reglas.
Notice
We translate this Passive Tense as estaba siendo / era bebido / se estaba bebiendo.
Let's practise it:
They were laughing at me because I was wearing glasses.
Ellos me estaban ridiculizando porque llevaba lentes.
I was being laughed at because I was wearing glasses.
Yo estaba siendo ridiculizado porque llevaba lentes.
The boy was jumping the fence happily.
El muchacho estaba saltando la valla felizmente.
The fence was being jumped happily by the boy.
La valla estaba siendo saltada por el muchacho.
The story was being told to him when the bell was rung.
Se le estaba contando toda la historia cuando el timbre fue tocado.
His boss was talking to Oscar about a promotion.
Su jefe le estaba hablando a Oscar acerca de un ascenso.
A promotion was being talked about by Oscar's boss.
Un ascenso se estaba hablando por el jefe de Oscar.
Lección 43.3
Idioms and Proverbs XIX
Idioms

140. Getting tanked - muy borracho
I am taking Frank home, he is getting tanked.
Voy a llevar a Frank a casa, se está emborrachando.
I don't like getting tanked, I always vomit.
No me gusta emborracharme, siempre vomito.
Vicky is sleeping because she got tanked last night.
Vicky está durmiendo porque se emborrachó mucho anoche.
Saved by the bell - salvado por la campana
My mom was asking me to help her, but my aunt came and I was saved by the bell.
Mi mamá me estaba pidiendo que le ayudase, pero mi tita vino y me salvó la campana.
I had to help Terry moving today, but it started raining and I was saved by the bell.
Tenía que ayudar a Terry a mudarse hoy, pero empezó a llover y me salvó la campana.
My father wanted to have a family evening, but he isn't feeling well and I was saved by the bell.
Mi padre quería tener una noche en familia, pero no se encuentra bien y he sido salvado por la campana.
Chew the fat - entretenerte en una visita
When I call on my friend, we just chat and chew the fat.
Cuando paso a ver a mi amigo, solo conversamos y pasamos el rato.
I did nothing special at Ronny's last night. We just watched a movie and chewed the fat.
No hice nada especial en casa de Ronny anoche. Solo vimos una película y pasamos el rato.
I get nervous when I go to Sheila's and we just chew the fat.
Me pongo nervioso cuando voy a casa de Sheila y solo pasamos el rato.
Vocabulary
artist
artista
art gallery
galería de arte
exhibition
exposición
collection
colección
collector
coleccionista
original
original
fake
falsificación
abstract
abstracto
landscape
paisaje
portrait
retrato
still life
bodegón
sculptor
escultor
handicrafts
artesanía
craftsman
artesano
illustration
ilustración
sketch
boceto
oil painting
pintura al óleo
watercolour
acuarela
canvas
lienzo
frame
marco
forgery
falsificación
Lección 43.4
Synonyms: Sad
blue
She is always blue when it's raining. Don't worry.
Ella siempre está triste cuando está lloviendo. No te preocupes.
depressed
He likes feeling depressed, but he has no reasons.
A él le gusta sentirse deprimido, pero no tiene razones.

141. dismal
It was a cold, dismal day. We stayed in and watched a movie.
Era un día frío y triste. Nos quedamos en casa y vimos una película.
down
Jenny doesn't want to go the concert. She says she is down today.
Jenny no quiere ir al concierto. Dice que está de bajón hoy.
downcast
The child had a downcast expression when he heard the news.
El niño tenía una expresión triste cuando escuchó la noticia.
glum
He's a very serious and glum guy. He never laughs.
Él es un tipo triste y serio. Nunca se ríe.
gloomy
Come on! You don't need to look so gloomy.
¡Venga! No tienes que verte tan triste.
grief-stricken
It was a terrible accident. The grief-stricken relatives are being comforted by friends.
Fue un accidente terrible. Los apenados familiares están siendo reconfortados por los amigos.
low
I don't want to go out. I'm very low lately.
No quiero salir. Estoy muy bajo últimamente.
melancholy
The movie isn't bad, but it makes you feel melancholy.
La película no es mala, pero te hace sentir melancólico.
unhappy
They got divorced because they were unhappy.
Ellos se divorciaron porque eran infelices.
wistful
I feel wistful when I think about him.
Me siento triste cuando pienso en él.
disconsolate
The girl was disconsolate because she was lost and alone.
La niña estaba desconsolada porque estaba perdida y sola.
heavy-hearted
My sister has ended her relationship and she's quite heavy-hearted.
Mi hermana ha terminado su relación y está bastante tristona.
low-spirited
My friends are low-spirited because they cannot make that travel.
Mis amigos están de bajón porque no pueden hacer ese viaje.
depressing

142. The view was very depressing, so we looked for another hotel.
La vista era muy deprimente, así que buscamos otro hotel.
pathetic
He has a pathetic attitude towards you, girl.
Él tiene una actitud patética hacia ti, nena.
tragic
It was a tragic day when the war started.
Fue un día trágico cuando empezó la guerra.
upsetting
It was upsetting to me not to be able to go to that university.
Fue deprimente para mí no poder ir a esa universidad.
Lección 43.5
Semantic Field: To Call I
1. To give a name
Christen - bautizar
My sister christened the baby Rose. I like it.
Mi hermana bautizó al bebé con el nombre de Rose. Me gusta.
I was christened Edward Johnson, but my friends call me Mark.
Fui bautizado como Edward Johnson, pero mis amigos me llaman Mark.
Designate - designar
This area is designated as a non-smoking area.
Esta zona está designada como zona de no fumadores.
This place was designated an area of wildlife.
Este lugar fue designado una zona de vida salvaje.
Name - llamar
I named my dog Flip-flop as the shoes.
Llamé a mi perro Flip-flop como los zapatos.
They named the place The Valley of the Flowers.
Llamaron al lugar El Valle de las Flores.
2. To describe as
Consider - considerar
She considers herself an actress.
Ella se considera actriz.
I consider my brother a writer.
Yo considero a mi hermano un escritor.
Describe as - describir como

143. She isn't what you'd describe as a polite person.
Ella no es lo que tú describirías como una persona educada.
The house wasn't what I'd describe as a clean place.
La casa no era lo que yo describiría como un lugar limpio.
Judge - juzgar
I judged the result as a success and I became more self-confident.
Juzgué el resultado como un éxito y me subió la autoestima.
Do you judge her as a responsible person?
¿La juzgas como una persona responsable?
Refer to - referirse a
The students refer to that dictionary as The Bible.
Los estudiantes se refieren a ese diccionario como La Biblia.
He referred to his friend as Wild Tom.
Se refería a su amigo como Tom El Salvaje.
Regard - considerar
Their king is regarded as a dictator.
Su rey está considerado un dictador.
They regard their father as an insane fellow.
Consideran a su padre un tipo loco.
3. To telephone
Contact - contactar
Here is my contact card. You can contact us 24 hours.
Aquí está mi tarjeta de contacto. Puede contactarnos las 24 horas.
I contacted the school and inquired about my application.
Contacté la escuela y les hice algunas preguntas sobre mi solicitud.
Phone - telefonear
I phoned my boss because I didn't remember my schedule this week.
Llamé a mi jefe porque no recordaba mi horario esta semana.
Your dentist phoned you yesterday. He wants you to phone him back.
Tu dentista llamó ayer. Quiere que lo llames.
Ring - llamar
I called you yesterday in case you wanted to have a drink.
Te llamé anoche por si querías tomarte una bebida.
I'm calling up Dave. Do you want me to say anything to him?
Voy a llamar a Dave. ¿Quieres que le diga algo?
Lección 43.6

144. The Use of the Participle and the -ing Form
You have already studied some of the -ing form and infinitive uses. Let's study them some more in this unit.
The -ing form as well as the participle have similar uses:
1. They can work as an adjective. We can place them before or after the noun:
A smiling girl.
Una niña sonriente.
The girl is smiling.
La muchacha está sonriendo.
An educated boy.
Un niño educado.
The boy is educated.
El niño está educado.
2. They can work as a defining/non-defining Relative Clause:
A boy running as quick as lightning.
Un niño corriendo rápido como un rayo.
A man stopped in the middle of the street.
Un hombre parado en mitad de la calle.
A boy who is running as quick as lightning.
Un niño que está corriendo rápido como un rayo.
A man who is stopped in the middle of the street.
Un hombre que está parado en mitad de la calle.
3. As a sentence:
Having said that, he left the room.
Habiendo dicho esto, se fue del cuarto.
Listened to by all, he showed off his skills.
Escuchado por todos, hizo gala de sus habilidades.
4. They usually have a subject:
Something was worrying him and he couldn't talk to anybody.
Algo lo estaba preocupando a él y él no podía hablar con nadie.
This done, she could relax.
Con esto hecho, ella se podía relajar.
Examples:
Your offended mother is in her room.
Tu mamá ofendida está en su cuarto.
The man sitting in the car is my father.
El hombre que está sentado en el carro es mi papá.
This solved, we were free to leave.
Una vez esto resuelto, éramos libres de marcharnos.
This being her main target, she tried tirelessly.
Siendo esto su objetivo principal, lo intentó sin descanso.
The meat done is on that plate.
La carne muy hecha está en ese plato.
Hearing that, he went home.
Al oír eso, se fue a casa.
Done with his speech, he wanted to listen to nobody.
Habiendo hecho su discurso, él no quería escuchar a nadie.
The excited mother held her daughter.
La mamá emocionada abrazó a su hija.

145. The caring teacher talked with her students as long as they wanted.
El profesor cariñoso habla con sus estudiantes tanto como ellos quieren.
Lección 43.7
Verb +ing III
Give up - rendirse, dejar de hacer algo
She gave up studying history because it is very difficult for her.
Ella dejó de estudiar historia porque es muy difícil para ella.
I gave up smoking because my throat hurt.
Dejé de fumar porque mi garganta me dolía.
Go on - continuar
Go on working until lunch-time. Then rest for two hours.
Sigue trabajando hasta la hora de almorzar. Después descansa por dos horas.
I went on trying it because I wanted to go to that university.
Seguí intentándolo porque quería ir a esa universidad.
Involve - implicar
The job involved travelling, so I applied for it.
El trabajo implicaba viajar, así que lo solicité.
My work involves talking a lot, so I don't want to talk when I finish working.
Mi trabajo implica hablar mucho, así que no quiero hablar cuando termino de trabajar.
Imagine - imaginar
Can you imagine travelling to Egypt at Christmas?
¿Puedes imaginarte viajar a Egipto en Navidad?
Imagine all the people living life in peace.
Imagina a todo el mundo viviendo la vida en paz.
It's no good - no es bueno...
It's no good going into a cave alone. It's crazy and dangerous.
No es bueno entrar en una cueva solo. Es una locura y peligroso.
It's no good shouting so much. It's annoying.
No es bueno gritar tanto. Es molesto.
It's worth - merece la pena
It's worth watching Brian's Life. You laugh a lot.
Merece la pena ver La vida de Brian. Te ríes mucho.
It's not worth spending the weekend in that town. It's very boring.
No merece la pena pasar el fin de semana en ese pueblo. Es muy aburrido.
Keep on - continuar
I kept on meeting her because I forgave her.
Seguí quedando con ella porque la perdone.

146. She kept on working because she wanted to finish her project.
Ella siguió trabajando porque quería terminar su proyecto.
Look forward to - desear
I am looking forward to going on vacation. I'm very tired.
Estoy deseando irme de vacaciones. Estoy muy cansado.
My brother is looking forward to meeting you.
Mi hermano está deseando encontrarse contigo.
Vocabulary
aristocrat
aristócrata
emperor
emperador
empress
emperatriz
royal family
realeza
reign
reinar
authority
autoridad
the middle class
clase media
working-class
obrero
the upper class
clase alta
Lección 43.8
British versus American English IX
There are some words that mean a thing if you are in the USA and a different thing if you are in UK:
UK USA
major the eldest of two brothers a university student's main field of specialization
make out to snog to kiss
marinara
sauce
sauce with seafood sauce with tomatoes and herbs
mate a friend a partner (husband, wife..)
mean selfish unpleasant, unkind
middle class not working class, but not rich (negative
connotation)
not rich (positive connotation)
minor the youngest of two brothers secondary academic subject
mortuary building to store human remains(USA morgue ) funeral home
MP Member of Parliament Missouri Pacific Railroad
natter pleasant chatter annoying chatter
nervy nervous presumptuous
office a government department the place where a dentist practices (UK surgery)
optician professional who tests eyes(USA optometrist) professional who sells lenses
outside lane part of road for faster vehicles part of the road for slower vehicles
pantomime Christmas time theatre mime artist
pants underpants any trousers
park a ground kept in its natural state an area for a purpose(amusement park, theme
park...)
pass out graduate from a training centre to unconcious
pavement a path for pedestrians (USA sidewalk) the road surface
peckish slightly hungry angry
Lección 43.9
Verb Patterns III
To blame somebody for something - culpar a alguien de algo

147. My brother blamed me for breaking the window, but it wasn't my fault.
Mi hermano me culpó de romper la ventana, pero no fue mi culpa.
The guy blamed my friend for being rude to the children.
El tipo culpó a mi amiga de ser grosera con los niños.
They blamed Hans for spoiling their vacations.
Ellos culparon a Hans de estropear sus vacaciones.
To be blamed for something - tener la culpa de algo
I wasn't to be blamed for being late. It was my friend's fault.
Yo no tuve la culpa de llegar tarde. Fue culpa de mi amiga.
Jane was to be blamed for being rude to that family.
Jane tenía la culpa por ser grosera con esa familia.
To blame something on somebody/something - echarle la culpa de algo a algo/alguien
I didn't blame that accident on anybody. It was just an accident.
No le eché la culpa de ese accidente a nadie. Solo fue un accidente.
My co-worker blamed that mistake on me, but it wasn't true.
Mi compañero de trabajo me echó la culpa de ese error, pero no es verdad.
Don't blame this mess on your brother. He wasn't at home.
No le eches la culpa de este desastre a tu hermano. No estaba en casa.
To save somebody from something - salvar a alguien de algo
I saved my brother from a really difficult relationship.
Salvé a mi hermano de una relación realmente difícil.
My friend saved me from making a huge mistake at work.
Mi amigo me salvó de hacer un gran error en el trabajo.
Don't try to save me from making my own mistakes. It's the only way to learn.
No intentes salvarme de cometer mis propios errores. Es la única forma de aprender.
To save doing something - evitar tener que hacer algo
I saved my sister from the angry dog.
Salvé a mi hermana de un perro bravo.
Grace was saved by a last minute phone call.
Grace se salvó por una llamada de último minuto.
My brother was saved from coming to the family dinner because he had a last minute meeting.
Mi hermano se salvó de venir a la cena familiar por que tuvo una reunión de último minuto.
To free somebody of something - liberar a alguien de algo
He was freed of his responsibilities with the firm.
Él fue liberado de su responsabilidad con la empresa.
Her boss has freed her from having to work on the weekends.
Su jefe la ha liberado de tener que trabajar los fines de semana.

148. Lección 44.0
The Passive Voice: Questioning
Turning an active question into the Passive Voice may be confusing at the beginning. On a regular basis you won't be
fluent doing it until you get use to the affirmative and negative Passive Voice. We are going to pay attention to
questions now and we are explaining some tips in this lesson:
You have an active question:
Is the boy doing his homework?
¿Está el muchacho haciendo su tarea?
Turning it right into the Passive Voice may not be that easy so the best we can do at the beginning is to follow
some steps:
1. Turn the interrogative Active Sentence into affirmative:
The boy is doing his homework.
El niño está haciendo sus tareas.
2. Now, turn the affirmative Active Sentence into the Passive Voice:
His homework is being done by the boy.
Sus tareas están siendo hechos por el niño.
3. Now, the first verb is the auxiliary verb, place it before the subject and your Passive Question is done:
Is his homework being done by the boy?
¿Están sus tareas siendo hechas por el niño?
Let's see some examples:
Is Peter helping Adams?
¿Está Peter ayudando a Adams?
Peter is helping Adams.
Peter está ayudando a Adams.
Adams is being helped by Peter.
Adams está siendo ayudado por Peter.
Is Adams being helped by Peter?
¿Está Adams siendo ayudado por Peter?
Had Mary phoned her sister before leaving the house?
¿Había llamado Mary a su hermana antes de irse de la casa?
Mary had phoned her sister before leaving the house.
Mary había llamado a su hermana antes de irse de la casa.
Did you tell your brother the story?
¿Le contaste la historia a tu hermano?
You told your brother the story.
Tú le contaste la historia a tu hermano.
Your brother was told the story by you.
La historia fue contada a tu hermano por ti.
Was your brother told the story by you?
¿Fue la historia contada a tu hermano por ti?
Pay attention to the Simple Present and Simple Past tenses because the auxiliary verb changes from the Active into
the Passive Voice:
Does your Mom phone you very often?
¿Te llama tu mamá muy frecuentemente?
Your Mom phones you very often.
Tu mamá te llama muy frecuentemente.
Lección 44.1
The Passive Voice: The Perfect Past Tense
You are phoned very often by your Mom.
Tú eres llamado muy frecuentemente por tu mamá.
Are you phoned very often by your Mom?
¿Eres llamado muy frecuentemente por tu mamá?

149. You already know the verb to be in the Perfect Past Tense:
 -I had been - Yo había sido/estado
 -It had been– Ello/a había sido/estado
 -They had been - Ellos habían sido/estado
Then, the structure for this Passive Tense is:
patient subject had been past participle by agent complement
A postcard had been sent by me
Notice
We translate it as : Había sido bebido / se había bebido.
Let's practise it:
I had sent a postcard to my friends.
Les había enviado una postal a mis amigos.
A postcard had been sent to my friends by me.
Una postal les había sido enviada a mis amigos por mí.
My friends had been sent a postcard by me.
Una postal les había sido enviada a mis amigos por mí.
They had finished their dinner when I phoned them.
Ellos habían terminado su cena cuando los llamé.
Their dinner had been finished by them when they were phoned by me.
Su cena había sido terminada por ellos cuando fueron llamados por mí.
I hadn't seen you because that guy was telling you something.
No te había visto porque ese tipo te estaba contando algo.
You hadn't been seen by me because something was being told to you.
Tú no habías sido visto por mí porque se te estaba contando algo.
You hadn't been seen by me because you were being told something.
Tú no habías sido visto por mí porque se te estaba contando algo.
I had arranged everything before you told me.
Yo había organizado todo antes de que tú me lo dijeras.
Everything had been arranged by me before I was told.
Todo había sido organizado por mí antes de que se me mandara.
They had brought presents for the children.
Ellos habían traído regalos para los niños.
Presents had been brought for the children.
Se les había traído a los niños regalos.
The children had been brought presents.
Se les había traído a los niños regalos.
Mom hadn't made lunch when I offered my help to her.
Mamá no había hecho el almuerzo cuando le ofrecí mi ayuda.
Lunch hadn't been made by mom when my help was offered to her.
El almuerzo no había sido hecho por mamá cuando mi ayuda se le ofreció.

150. Lección 44.2
Suggestions II
If you wanted to suggest going camping this the weekend to your friends, what would you say?
We are studying more structures to make a suggestion in this lesson.
If you want to suggest something or make a plan with your friends, you can ask them:
What would you like to do?
¿Qué te gustaría hacer?
Do you have any plans for this weekend?
¿Tienes algún plan para este fin de semana?
Shall we eat out tonight?
¿Comemos fuera esta noche?
Do you feel like going for a walk?
¿Te apetece dar un paseo?
You can also propose something:
We should go swimming. It's so hot today.
Deberíamos ir a nadar. Hace tanto calor hoy.
We should have something to eat. Aren't you hungry?
Deberíamos tomar algo de comer. ¿No tienes hambre?
We could take a trip this weekend.
Podríamos hacer un viaje este fin de semana.
When you use maybe or perhaps your sentences sound more polite:
Maybe, we should phone Angela and have dinner together tonight.
A lo mejor deberíamos llamar a Angela y cenar juntos esta noche.
Perhaps, we could go to Berlin on vacation.
A lo mejor, podríamos ir a Berlín de vacaciones.
Maybe, we should go to that concert on the weekend.
A lo mejor, deberíamos ir a ese concierto el fin de semana.
You can tell your plan to your friend and ask if he/she wants to join:
I'm going to the movie theater now. Do you feel like coming?
Voy al cine ahora. ¿Te apetece venir?
My plan is going to Bath with Mark on Friday. Do you want to join us?
Mi plan es ir a Bath con Mark el viernes. ¿Te apuntas?
I want to go ice-skating tomorrow. Why don't you come?
Quiero ir a patinar mañana. ¿Por qué no vienes?
You can agree with a friend's proposal:
Absolutely.
Totalmente.
Absolutely, I think this is the best thing to do next weekend.
Totalmente, creo que es lo mejor para el próximo fin de semana.
I couldn't agree more.
No podría estar más de acuerdo.
That's really cool.
Eso es muy guay.

151. It just sounds so good.
Simplemente suena tan bien.
You can also disagree:
The fact is that I don't really like those kinds of parties.
La cosa es que realmente no me gustan ese tipo de fiestas.
The point is that I don't really feel like living in the countryside.
La cosa es que realmente no me apetece vivir en el campo.
Look, everyone thinks it is a bad idea. So, why don't we...?
Mira, todo el mundo piensa que es mala idea. Así que, ¿Por qué no...?
Although it would be nice, I think that it's better to stay in town.
Aunque parece agradable, creo que es mejor que nos quedemos en la ciudad.
While it's a great idea, I think we should ask Pam too.
Mientras es una idea fantástica, creo que deberíamos preguntarle a Pam también.
Actually, I don't think we should.
Realmente, no creo que deberíamos.
Lección 44.3
False Friends IX
Tell - contar
Count – contar
My little sister can count numbers and spell her name now.
Mi hermana pequeña ya sabe contar y deletrear su nombre.
Can I tell you a secret?
¿Te puedo contar un secreto?
Lose - perder
Miss - perder
Waste - perder
- You lose an object
- You miss a plane, bus, a person
- You waste money, time or energy
I lost my keys last night. I slept at Wilde's.
Perdí mis llaves anoche. Dormí en casa de Wilde.
I want to return to my country because I miss my friends so much.
Quiero volver a mi país porque extraño mucho a mis amigos.
Don't waste water. Use what you need, but no more than you need.
No malgastes agua. Usa la que necesites, pero no más de la que necesites.
Place - sitio
Room – sitio
There's no room in the kitchen for the fridge so it's in the living-room.
No hay espacio en la cocina para el refrigerador así que está en el salón.
I went to a new place last night. You should go. It's beautiful.
Fui a un sitio nuevo anoche. Deberías ir. Es bello.

152. Job - trabajo
Work - trabajo
Employment – trabajo
There isn't much employment opportunity right now in England.
No hay muchas oportunidades de empleo en Inglaterra en este momento.
I work as a nurse. I take care of ill people.
Trabajo como enfermera. Cuido a gente enferma.
My sister doesn't have a job yet. She is still unemployed.
Mi hermana no tiene trabajo todavía. Todavía está desempleada.
Source - fuente
Spring - fuente
Fountain – fuente (fuente de agua)
Platter – fuente
There's a beautiful hot spring in Granada. Don't miss it.
Hay unas preciosas aguas termales en Granada. No te las pierdas.
Shall I serve the salad in a platter, Mom?
¿Sirvo la ensalada en una fuente, mamá?
This attitude of yours is the source of all your troubles.
Esta actitud tuya es la fuente de todos tus problemas.
Busy - ocupado
Occupied - ocupado
Taken – ocupado
Don't sit there. That seat is already taken.
No te sientes ahí. Ese asiento ya está ocupado.
I'm very busy this week. We'd rather meet you next week.
Estoy muy ocupada esta semana. Mejor quedamos la próxima semana.
Where is the bathroom? It's over there, but it's occupied.
¿Dónde está el baño? Está allí, pero está ocupado.
Rob - robar
Steal – robar
He is in jail because he robbed a bank.
Él está en la cárcel porque robó un banco.
My bike was stolen yesterday downtown.
Mi bici fue robada ayer en el centro de la ciudad.
Suspend – suspender
Call off – suspender
Fail – suspender
I'm upset because I have failed all my subjects.
Estoy deprimido porque he suspendido todas mis materias.

153. My friend called the party off because she was sick.
Mi amiga suspendió la fiesta porque estaba enferma.
All the trains were suspended because of the transportation strike.
Todos los trenes fueron suspendidos a causa de la huelga de transportes.
Lección 44.4
Collocations VII
Close a deal - cerrar un trato
My brother closed a deal with the owner and bought the house he liked.
Mi hermano cerró un trato con el propietario y compró la casa que le gustaba.
I closed a deal with my friend. We're travelling together next summer.
Cerré un trato con mi amigo. Vamos a viajar juntos el próximo verano.
I've closed a deal with my parents. If I pass all my subjects, I'll spend next summer in France.
Cerré un trato con mis padres. Si apruebo todas mis materias, pasaré el próximo verano en Francia.
Make time for - hacer tiempo
I made time for going to the meeting in the shopping center.
Hice tiempo para ir a la reunión en el centro comercial.
What are you waiting for? Nothing, I'm making time for going to my yoga lesson.
¿Qué estás esperando? Nada, estoy haciendo tiempo para ir a mi clase de yoga.
Don't worry. I'll wait for you. I can make time for meeting you on the Internet.
No te preocupes. Te esperare. Puedo hacer tiempo para quedar de verme contigo en internet.
Come to the point - ir al grano
Susan is very talkative and she never comes to the point.
Susan es muy habladora y nunca va al grano.
I know it's a very funny story, but come to the point, please.
Sé que es una historia muy divertida, pero ve al grano, por favor.
Please, come to the point. I don't understand what you mean.
Por favor, ve al grano. No entiendo lo que quieres decir.
Launch a new product - lanzar un nuevo producto
McDonald has launched a new burger. Have you tried it?
McDonald ha sacado una nueva hamburguesa. ¿La has probado?
The firm launched a new product and made good profit from it.
La empresa lanzó un nuevo producto e hizo buen beneficio de el.
My phone company has launched a new phone. It's cool.
Mi compañía de teléfono ha lanzado un nuevo teléfono. Es guay.
Go bankrupt - estar en bancarrota
My friend went bankrupt because he isn't good at business.
Mi amigo se fue a la bancarrota porque no es bueno con los negocios.
The owner of the company went bankrupt because the manager had no idea of the business.

154. El propietario de la empresa está en bancarrota porque el director no tenía idea del negocio.
Many businessmen went bankrupt in 1929 in the United States.
Muchos empresarios se quedaron en bancarrota en 1929 en Estados Unidos.
Vocabulary
military
militar
enemy
enemigo
to defend
defender
defence
defensa
defeat
derrota
victory
victoria
truce
tregua
to surrender
rendirse
disarmament
desarme
attack
atacar
battle
batalla
invasion
invasión
the armed forces
fuerzas armadas
airforce
fuerzas aéreas
navy
marina
battlefield
campo de batalla
civil war
guerra civil
civilian
civil
ally
aliado
troops
tropas
supplies
provisiones
bullet
bala
shoot
disparar
bomb
bomba
missile
misil
tank
tanque
Lección 44.5
Linkers VII
No matter how, no matter how much, no matter how many... - no importa como / cuanto...
No matter how hard I try, I will never understand philosophy.
No importa cuanto lo intente, nunca entenderé Filosofía.
His stomach never hurts, no matter how much chocolate he eats.
Su estómago nunca le duele, no importa cuanto chocolate coma.
We'll rent a bus for the trip, no matter how many people we are.
Rentaremos un autobús para el viaje, no importa cuantas personas seamos.
I'll keep in touch with you, no matter where I am.
Mantendré el contacto contigo, no importa donde esté.
He's always angry with me, no matter what I say.
Él siempre se enfada conmigo, no importa lo que diga.
You should behave as you like, no matter who may be watching you.
Deberías comportarte como quieras, no importa quién te pueda estar mirando.
I will stand by you, no matter what happens.
Cuenta conmigo, no importa lo que pase.
You can stay as long as you like, no matter what your reason.
Puedes quedarte tanto tiempo como quieras, no importa porque lo hagas.
Use a dictionary, no matter whose it is.
Usa un diccionario, no importa de quien sea.
Whereas -mientras, en tanto que
I was cleaning the house whereas she was reading a comic.
Yo estaba limpiando la casa mientras ella estaba leyendo un comic.
Jane was worried about you whereas you didn't care about her.
Jane estaba preocupada por ti mientras a ti no te importaba ella.
Sheila was studying whereas you were chatting on the internet.
Sheila estaba estudiando mientras tú estabas chateando en Internet.

155. Whilst - mientras, en tanto que
I was trying to study whilst my brother was bothering me.
Yo estaba intentando estudiar mientras mi hermano estaba molestándome.
Peter was looking for you whilst you were having a drink with that guy.
Peter te estaba buscando mientras tú te estabas tomando una copa con ese tipo.
I was telling you my view whilst you were watching TV.
Yo te estaba dando mi punto de vista mientras tú estabas viendo la tele.
While - mientras, en tanto que
I was helping at home while my brother was playing soccer.
Yo estaba ayudando en casa mientras mi hermano estaba jugando fútbol.
Mike was working hard while you were having fun.
Mike estaba trabajando duro mientras tú te estabas divirtiendo.
I was developing healthy habits while Jude was developing unhealthy ones.
Yo estaba desarrollando hábitos saludables mientras Jude estaba desarrollando hábitos poco saludables.
Lección 44.6
Sound II
Thud - ruido sordo
There was a thud when the lamp fell to the carpet. It didn't break.
Hubo un ruido sordo cuando la lámpara cayó en la alfombra. No se quebró.
I heard a thud; the cat had thrown the plants.
Escuché un ruido sordo; el gato había tirado las plantas.
Did you hear a thud? I'm going to have a look.
¿Escuchaste un ruido sordo? Voy a echar un vistazo.
You heard a thud because I threw some books.
Escuchaste un ruido sordo porque tiré algunos libros.
Crash - estrépito, choque
We heard a crash; there had been an accident outside.
Escuchamos un choque; había habido un accidente fuera.
You heard a crash because I threw the pans.
Escuchaste un estrépito porque tiré las sartenes.
The dishes crashed to the floor because they were wet.
Los platos se cayeron al suelo porque estaban mojados.
The truck crashed into a tree, the driver was drunk.
El autobús se estrelló contra un árbol, el conductor estaba borracho.
Clang - sónido metálico
I heard a clang when my brother threw the pans.
Escuché un sonido metálico cuando mi hermano tiró las sartenes.
Did you hear a clang? Perhaps the kids had thrown something.
¿Escuchaste un sonido metálico? A lo mejor los niños han tirado algo.
Mike heard a clang when you arrived home. What happened?
Mike escuchó un ruido metálico cuando llegaste a casa. ¿Qué pasó?

156. You heard a clang because my drums fell.
Escuchaste un ruido metálico porque mi batería se cayó.
Hiss - silbido, siseo
When you open this drink, it always makes a hiss.
Cuando tú abres esta bebida, siempre hace un silbido.
I can hear a hiss. I am going to have a look at the gas.
Escucho un silbido. Voy a echar un vistazo al gas.
Can you hear a hiss? Perhaps there is an open window.
¿Puedes escuchar un silbido? A lo mejor hay una ventana abierta.
Rumble - estruendo, ruido sordo
Can you hear the rumble? I think there's a lot of traffic today.
¿Puedes oír un estruendo? Creo que hay mucho tráfico hoy.
You hear a rumble because of the storm and the thunder.
Puedes oír un estruendo a causa de la tormenta y los truenos.
You hear a rumble at John's house because the train passes nearby.
Tú oyes un estruendo en la casa de John porque el tren pasa cerca.
I hate hearing the rumble when I am at the airport.
Odio escuchar el estruendo cuando estoy en el aeropuerto.
Roar - bramido, clamor
Can you hear the roar of the waterfall? I love it.
¿Oyes el clamor de la cascada? Me encanta.
I didn't realize I was so close to the train. It makes a huge roar.
No me di cuenta de que estaba tan cerca del tren. Hace un clamor enorme.
I roared with laughter when I saw your brother in disguise.
Me reí a carcajadas cuando vi a tu hermano disfrazado.
I have a headache due to the roar of the crowd in the concert.
Tengo dolor de cabeza debido al clamor de la multitud en el concierto.
Lección 44.7
The Passive Voice: The Simple Future Tense
Remember the verb To Be in the Simple Future tense:
 I will be - Yo estaré
 She will be - Ella estará
Then, the passive structure will be:
patient subject will be past participle complement
Notice
We translate it as será bebido / se beberá
Let's see some examples:
The plumber will repair the sink in a couple of hours.

157. El plomero reparará el fregadero en un par de horas.
The sink will be repaired in a couple of hours by the plumber.
El fregadero será reparado en un par de horas por el plomero.
Ruth will find many friends in her new city.
Ruth encontrará muchos amigos en su nueva ciudad.
Many friends will be found in her new city by Ruth.
Muchos amigos serán encontrados en su nueva ciudad por Ruth.
My brother will help me with my homework.
Mi hermano me ayudará con mis tareas.
I will be helped with my homework by my brother.
Seré ayudado con mis tareas por mi hermano.
Mike will bring some presents for the children tomorrow.
Mike traerá algunos regalos para los niños mañana.
Some presents will be brought to the children tomorrow.
Mañana se traerán algunos regalos para los niños.
The children will be brought some presents tomorrow by Mike.
Mañana se traerán algunos regalos para los niños.
I will teach you some tips for your travel.
Te enseñaré algunos trucos para tu viaje.
Some tips will be taught to you for your travel.
Algunos trucos se te enseñarán para tu viaje.
You will be taught some tips for your travel by me.
Algunos trucos se te enseñarán para tu viaje.
My friend will send you all the information you need.
Mi amigo te enviará toda la información que necesitas.
All the information you need will be sent to you by my friend.
Toda la información que necesitas te será enviada por mi amigo.
You will be sent all the information you need by my friend.
Toda la información que necesitas te será enviada por mi amigo.
I will promise you a thing.
Te prometeré algo.
A thing will be
promised to you.
Algo te será prometido.
You will be promised a
thing.
Algo te será prometido.
The government will give a grant to study abroad to a thousand students.
El gobierno dará una beca para estudiar en el extranjero a mil estudiantes.
A grant to study abroad will be given to a thousand students by the government.
Una beca para estudiar en el extranjero le será dada a mil estudiantes por el gobierno.
A thousand students will be given a grant to study abroad by the government.
Una beca para estudiar en el extranjero le será dada a mil estudiantes por el gobierno.
Lección 44.8
Phrasal Verbs: bring up, get away with, read over, catch on

158. Bring up - mention a topic
Susan didn't bring up her wedding because she didn't want them to ask her.
Susan no sacó el tema de su boda porque no quería que ellos le preguntaran.
I brought the issue up because I needed you to tell me the true about it.
Saqué el tema porque necesitaba que me contases la verdad.
Don't bring my duties issue up, please. I know them quite well.
No saques el tema de mis obligaciones, por favor. Las conozco bastante bien.
Get away with - escape, blame
My sister always gets away with it.
Mi hermana siempre se sale con la suya.
That guy got away with robbery.
Ese tipo quedó impune de robo.
I didn't let him get away with that stuff.
No le dejé que se saliera con la suya.
Read over - peruse, revise
I'm reading over my notes as I'm taking a test tomorrow.
Estoy repasando mis notas ya que tengo un examen mañana.
She always reads over all the bills.
Ella siempre repasa todas las facturas.
It's important to read over a contract before signing it.
Es importante repasar un contrato antes de firmarlo.
Catch on - become popular
The shoes you are wearing are really catching on. Everybody has some.
Los zapatos que llevas se están poniendo de moda. Todo el mundo tiene unos.
The Beatles really caught on in the Sixties.
Los Beatles realmente se puso de moda en los sesenta.
I think this pub is really going to catch on this winter.
Creo que este bar se va a poner muy de moda este invierno.
Lección 44.9
Word-Formation XX
There are a special type of nouns, usually very familiar, that make a new noun by repeating the same word but slightly
changed. These words are called Reduplicatives:
 hocus-pocus - superchería, abracadabra
 whishy-washy - lánguido
 razzle-dazzle - alboroto, excitación, muchos
colores
 mumbo-jumbo - palabrería
 topsy-turvy - desordenado, patas arriba
 willy-nilly - sea como sea, de cualquier forma
 hoity-toity - arrogante, engreído
 hub-bub - alboroto, barullo
 pell-mell - con prisa y desorientado
 nitty-gritty - el quit de la cuestión, lo esencial

159. Examples:
The magician said hocus-pocus twice and a rabbit came out of his hat.
El mago dijo abracadabra dos veces y un conejo salió de su sombrero.
I was completely pell-mell when I arrived in Bangkok because of the razzle-dazzle of its night bazaar.
Estaba completamente desorientado cuando llegué a Bangkok a causa del alboroto de su mercado nocturno.
Don't tell me every detail. Just tell me the nitty-gritty, it's very late.
No me cuentes cada detalle. Solo cuéntame el quid de la cuestión, es muy tarde.
I don't like Robert because I think he is a little hoity-toity about his success.
No me gusta Robert porque creo que un poco arrogante con su éxito.
Some merchants are just liars. They use their mumbo-jumbo to get your money.
Algunos comerciantes solo son mentirosos. Usan su palabrería para sacarte dinero.
My roommate had a party last night and everything was topsy-turvy this morning when I came back home.
Mi compañero de piso hizo una fiesta anoche y todo estaba patas arriba cuando llegué a casa.
The meeting was an absolute hub-bub. Everybody was speaking at the same time.
La reunión fue un alboroto total. Todo el mundo estaba hablando al mismo tiempo.
That razzle-dazzle in the streets of Morocco really made an impression on me.
Ese despliegue de colores en las calles de Marruecos realmente me impresionó.
My brother thinks he can pass his tests by saying hocus-pocus.
Mi hermano piensa que puede aprobar sus exámenes diciendo abracadabra.
My mother got angry because my bedroom was absolutely topsy-turvy.
Mi mamá se enfadó porque mi habitación estaba completamente patas arriba.
I understand you just want to travel next summer all willy-nilly.
Yo entiendo que tú solo quieres viajar el próximo verano sea como sea.
Don't be so hoity-toity and give her a call. You're looking forward to seeing her.
No seas tan engreído y llámale. Estás deseando verla.
When it comes down to the nitty-gritty, you really want to go out with him.
El quid de la cuestión es que tú realmente quieres que salir con él.
I was so pell-mell looking for a place to stay when I met Amrita.
Estaba tan desorientada buscando un sitio para dormir cuando conocí a Amrita.
Lección 45.0
The Passive Voice: To Be Going To + Infinitive
Remember the verb To Be in the To Be going to + Infinitive:
- I am going to be - Yo voy a estar / ser
- It is going to be– Ella va a estar / ser
Then, the passive structure will be:
patient subject am
is
are
going to be past participle complement
Notice
We translate it as: va a estar / ser bebido / Se va a beber
Let's see some examples:
I am going to take my computer to school.
Voy a llevar mi ordenador al colegio.
My computer is going to be taken to school by me.
Mi ordenador va a ser llevado al colegio por mí.

160. Samuel is going to fix my bike.
Samuel va a arreglar mi bici.
My bike is going to be fixed by Samuel.
Mi bici va a ser reparada por Samuel.
My cousin is going to tell me everything.
Mi primo me lo va a contar todo.
Everything is going to be told to me by my cousin.
Todo va a ser contado a mí por mi primo.
I am going to be told everything by my
cousin.
Todo va a ser contado a mí por mi primo.
These guys are going to do a favor for me.
Estos tipos me van a hacer un favor.
A favor is going to be done for me by these guys.
Un favor se me va a hacer por estos tipos.
I am going to be done a favor by these guys.
Se me va a hacer un favor por estos tipos.
Are you going to make dinner for your friends?
¿Vas a hacer la cena para tus amigos?
Is dinner going to be made for your friends by you?
¿La cena va a ser preparada para tus amigos por ti?
She isn't going to give you a clue.
Ella no te va a dar una pista.
A clue isn't going to be given to you.
No se te va a dar una pista.
You aren't going to be given a clue by her.
No se te va a dar una pista.
My friends are going to send me some stuff.
Mis amigos me van a enviar algunas cosas.
Some stuff is going to be sent to me by my friends.
Algunas cosas me van a ser enviadas por mis amigos.
I am going to be sent some stuff by my friends.
Algunas cosas me van a ser enviadas por mis amigos.
My father isn't going to allow me to go to the party.
Mi padre no me va a permitir ir a la fiesta.
To go to the party isn't going to be allowed to me.
No se me va a permitir ir a la fiesta.
I am not going to be allowed to go to the party.
No se me va a permitir ir a la fiesta.
Lección 45.1
Idioms and Proverbs XX
Idioms
Getting the short end of the stick - tener mala suerte, llevarse la peor parte
She was in Ruth's yesterday, but she got the short end of the stick, Ruth was busy.
Ella estuvo en casa de Ruth ayer, pero tuvo mala suerte, Ruth estaba ocupada.
I have realized I was getting the short end of the stick since the beginning.
Me he dado cuenta de que me llevaba la peor parte desde el principio.
I went to see that teacher, but I got the short end of the stick, he had to go to class.
Fui a ver a ese profesor, pero no tuve suerte, tenía que ir a clase.

161. Getting a square meal - una buena comida
It's very nice when you go trekking like 20 Kms and after you get a square meal.
Es muy agradable cuando haces trekking como 20 kms y después comes bien.
After three days by bus, we finally arrived, had a square meal and a good sleep.
Después de tres días en autobús, finalmente llegamos, comimos y dormimos bien.
I was so hungry yesterday; I arrived home, had a square meal and rested for a while.
Tenía mucha hambre ayer; llegué a casa, me tomé una buena comida y descansé un rato.
Vocabulary
cure
cura
crutches
muletas
put something in plaster
enyesar
dentures
dentadura postiza
false teeth
dentadura falsa
filling
empaste
ointment
pomada
pill
pastilla
pill
pastilla
wound
herir
first aid
primeros auxilios
dressing
vendaje
recover from
curarse de
stay in bed
guardar cama
Lección 45.2
Synonyms: Little I
General:
small
It was a small house in the middle of a field.
Era una casa pequeña en mitad de una parcela.
tiny
She had a tiny dog she called Dudu.
Ella tenía un perro pequeño que llamaba Dudu.
1. Objects:
dwarf
It was a dwarf rose, but it was so beautiful.
Era una rosa enana, pero era tan bella.
miniature
I saw some old miniature cars in the Transport Museum. It's amazing.
Vi algunos viejos carros en miniatura en el Museo de Transportes. Es sorprendente.
minute
There were some minute drops of coffee on the floor, but she said it was a mess.
Había algunas gotas de café mínimas en el suelo, pero ella decía que era un desastre.
pygmy
We saw a pygmy pig at the neighbor's. He said it's from Vietnam.
Vimos un cerdo enano en la casa del vecino. Él dice que es de Vietnam.
skimpy

162. She was wearing a skimpy t-shirt and a nice skirt.
Ella llevaba puesta una camiseta pequeñísima y una bonita falda.
wee
Do you feel like a wee piece of pizza?
¿Te apetece un trocito de pizza?
2. People:
diminutive
Did you watch that cartoon about diminutive people?
¿Veías esas caricaturas de gente diminuta?
petite
This shop sells clothes for especially petite people.
Esta tienda vende ropa para gente especialmente pequeña.
short
My brother is short and well-built. He's a handsome boy.
Mi hermano es chaparro y fornido. Es un muchacho guapo.
3. Duration:
brief
He made a brief speech and left the meeting.
Él hizo un breve discurso y dejó la reunión.
fleeting
I only had a fleeting glimpse of the guy, but I thought he was Ronald.
Solo pude alcanzar a ver al hombre de manera fugaz, pero creí que era Ronald.
hasty
I think moving to a new city was a quite hasty choice.
Creo que mudarme a una ciudad nueva fue una elección precipitada.
momentary
It was a momentary and casual talk, but he told me he was leaving next day.
Fue una charla momentánea e informal, pero me dijo que se marchaba al día siguiente.
quick
Don't worry. It's a quick walk. We are at the station in 10 minutes.
No te preocupes. Es un paseo rápido. Estamos en la estación en diez minutos.
Lección 45.3
Semantic Field: To Call II
4. To send for someone
Fetch - llamar
Can anyone fetch a plumber, please?
¿Puede alguien llamar a un plomero, por favor?

163. I fetched a doctor because you told me to do it.
Llamé a un doctor porque tú me mandaste que lo hiciera.
Send for - mandar a por
Why did you send for a doctor? Weren't you feeling well?
¿Por qué mandaste a por un doctor? ¿No te sentías bien?
Don't worry, I've sent for an ambulance. It's coming.
No te preocupes, he mandado llamar a una ambulancia. Ya viene.
Summon - mandar a alguien a un lugar
My teacher summoned me to the principal's office because I was chatting.
Mi profesor me mandó al despacho del director porque estaba platicando.
My father summoned me to my bedroom because I was shouting at my brother.
Mi padre me mandó a mi habitación porque le estaba gritando a mi hermano.
5. To bring together
Assemble - reunir
The boss has assembled all the managers this morning.
El jefe ha reunido a todos los gerentes esta mañana.
Why are the teachers assembled today?
¿Por qué están los profesores reunidos hoy?
Gather - reunir
I gathered everybody because it was my birthday.
Reuní a todo el mundo porque era mi cumpleaños.
My father sometimes likes gathering the whole family.
A mi padre a veces le gusta reunir a toda la familia.
6. To pay a visit
Drop in - pasar
I'm dropping in later and we will go for tea.
Me paso luego y nos tomamos un té.
I dropped in yesterday, but you weren't at home.
Me pasé ayer, pero no estabas en casa.
Pop in - pasar
Pop in later and we will watch a movie and chat for a while.
Pásate luego y vemos una película y charlamos un rato.
I'm popping in Leilla's later. She wasn't feeling good last night.
Voy a pasar por casa de Leilla más tarde. Ella no se encontraba bien anoche.
Stop by - parar en
I need to stop by Andrew's because I need to pick my bike up.
Tengo que parar en casa de Andrew porque necesito recoger mi bicicleta.
I am late because I had to stop by my aunt's to give her some stuff.
Llego tarde porque tuve que pararme en casa de mi tía para darle algunas cosas.
Lección 45.4
Verb +ing IV

164. Not to mind - no importar
I don't mind waiting for you. I'm not in a hurry.
No me importa esperarte. No tengo prisa.
She doesn't mind working on the weekend because she is studying during the week.
A ella no le importa trabajar el fin de semana porque está estudiando durante la semana.
To miss - echar de menos
I miss being at the university and living with my friends.
Extraño estar en la universidad y vivir con mis amigos.
My sister misses meeting you every day.
Mi hermana extraña verte cada día.
To put off - aplazar
I put off hiring a new secretary because I have been very busy.
Pospuse contratar a mi nueva secretaria porque he estado muy ocupado.
My friend has put off going to the dentist because she is very busy.
Mi amiga ha aplazado ir al dentista porque está muy ocupada.
To practice - practicar
Why don't you practice playing chess in the afternoon?
¿Por qué no practicas jugando al ajedrez por la tarde?
I have a French exam next week and I decided to practice speaking French with a native speaker today.
Tengo un examen de francés la semana que entra y decidí practicarlo hablando con un nativo de Francia.
To quit - dejar de
I've finally quit smoking but it was quite a challenge.
Finalmente he dejado de fumar pero fue un reto.
My friend quit her job yesterday. She is looking for a new one.
Mi amiga dejo su trabajo ayer. Está buscando uno nuevo.
To repent - arrepentirse
My friend doesn't repent kissing her. He really likes her.
Mi amigo no se arrepiente de haberla besado. A él realmente le gusta ella.
When I went to church, I spoke with the priest and repented committing my sins.
Cuando fui a la iglesia, hablé con el sacerdote y me arrepentí de haber cometido mis pecados.
To resume - reanudar
My brother resumed working for that firm after a gap year.
Mi hermano reanudó su trabajo para esa empresa después de un año sabático.
I want to resume travelling around Europe when I finish my degree.
Quiero reanudar mi viaje por Europa cuando termine mi carrera.
To risk - arriesgarse
I am careful about my health when I travel because I don't want to risk getting a disease.
Tengo mucho cuidado con mi salud cuando viajo porque no me quiero arriesgar a agarrar una enfermedad.
I've never tried any drugs because I don't want to risk becoming an addict.
No he probado ninguna droga porque no me quiero arriesgar a convertirme en adicto.
To suggest - sugerir
Mike suggested going to the movie theater, but I was exhausted.

165. Mike sugirió ir al cine, pero yo estaba exhausta.
Molly suggested phoning Robert, but I knew he wasn't in town.
Molly sugirió llamar a Robert, pero yo sabía que él no estaba en la ciudad.
There is no point in/there's no use - no sirve de nada
There's no point in complaining when you are in trouble.
No sirve de nada quejarse cuando tienes problemas.
There's no point in telling your friends about our relationship.
No sirve de nada que le cuentes a tus amigos sobre nuestra relación.
There's no use in trying to convince someone else to do your work for you.
No sirve de nada intentar convencer a otra persona para que haga tu trabajo para ti.
There's no use in lying to yourself.
No sirve de nada que te mientas a ti mismo.
How/what about - ¿qué te parece..?
What about eating out tonight?
¿Qué te parece si comemos fuera esta noche?
How about having a welcome party for Terry?
¿Qué te parece hacer una fiesta de bienvenida para Terry?
How about playing some music?
¿Qué les parece tocar algo de música?
Worthwhile - merecer la pena
It's worthwhile going to that city just to see its amazing palace.
Vale la pena ir a esa ciudad solo para ver su sorprendente palacio.
It was worth my while visiting the wise man. I learned a lot from him.
Valió la pena visitar a ese sabio hombre. Aprendí mucho de él.
Notice
Remember we always use - ing after a preposition.
To be good at - ser bueno en
My brother is very good at playing chess. He always wins.
Mi hermano es muy bueno en el ajedrez. Él siempre gana.
To accuse of - acusar de
He was accused of robbing a bank, but he wasn't guilty.
Él fue acusado de robar un banco, pero no era culpable.
To prevent from - prevenir de/impedir/evitar
He wants to prevent his son from getting sick.
Quiere evitar que su hijo se enferme.
To dislike - no gustar
May dislikes going to the movie theater. She prefers going dancing.
A May no le gusta ir al cine. Prefiere ir a bailar.
My brother dislikes swimming. He likes playing soccer.
A mi hermano no le gusta nadar. Le gusta jugar fútbol.
Lección 45.5
The Passive Voice: The Perfect Future Tense

166. Remember the verb To Be in the Perfect Future Tense:
I will have been - Yo habré sido/estado
It will have been - Lo habrá sido/estado
Then, the passive structure will be:
patient subject will have been past participle complement
Notice
We translate it as: Habrá estado/ sido bebido/ Se habrá bebido.
Let's see some examples:
I won't have finished my project by Monday.
No habré terminado mi proyecto para el lunes.
My project won't have been finished by Monday.
Mi proyecto no habrá sido terminado para el lunes.
My son will have learned these lessons by next month.
Mi hijo habrá aprendido estas lecciones para el próximo mes.
These lessons will have been learned by next month by my son.
Estas lecciones habrán sido aprendidas para el próximo mes por mi hijo.
They will have given the children some toys.
Ellos le habrán dado algunos juguetes a los niños.
Some toys will have been given to the children by them.
Algunos juguetes habrán sido dados a los niños por ellos.
The children will have been given some toys by them.
Algunos juguetes habrán sido dados a los niños por ellos.
I will have baked some cakes for the family.
Habré horneado algunos pasteles para la familia.
Some cakes will have been baked for the family.
Algunos pasteles habrán sido horneados para la familia.
The family will have been baked some cakes.
Algunos pasteles habrán sido horneados para la familia.
Will you have sent the order to me by next week?
¿Me habrá enviado el pedido para la próxima semana?
Will the order have been sent to me by next week by you?
¿Me habrá sido el pedido enviado para la próxima
semana por usted?
Will I have been sent the order by next week by you?
¿Me habrá sido el pedido enviado para la próxima
semana por usted?
The thief will have broken into the house while they are on vacation.
El ladrón habrá entrado en la casa mientras ellos están de vacaciones.
The house will have been broken into by the thief while they are on vacation.
La casa habrá sido robada por el ladrón mientras ellos están de vacaciones.
Lección 45.6
Prepositional Verbs and Adjectives XVIII
Aim to - tener como objetivo
It was my aim to get a promotion and I finally got my chance.
Tenía como objetivo conseguir un ascenso y conseguí una oportunidad.
Her aim was to harm you and I tried to stop her.
Ella tenía como objetivo herirte y yo intenté pararla.

167. He aimed to help you, but you didn't want to listen to him.
Él tenía como objetivo ayudarte, pero tú no querías escucharlo.
Beg for + noun - rogar algo
Beg someone to - rogarle a alguien
I'm begging you to forgive me, so please listen to what I'm saying.
Te estoy rogando que me perdones, así que por favor escucha lo que estoy diciendo.
Mark is begging you for help, but you don't know what to do.
Mark te está rogando ayuda, pero tú no sabes que hacer.
Stop begging me! I don't want to see you.
¡Deja de rogarme! No quiero verte.
Choose between - escoger entre
According to my boss, I need to choose between my work and my family life.
Según mi jefe, tengo que escoger entre mi trabajo y mi vida familiar.
You don't need to choose between your friends and your partner.
No necesitas escoger entre tus amigos y tu pareja.
I chose between going to university and working for a family firm.
Escogí entre ir a la universidad y trabajar en una empresa familiar.
Comment on - comentar algo
I commented on the movie because I thought you had seen it.
Comenté la película porque pensé que la habías visto.
John commented on your diagnosis because he is really worried.
John comentó sobre tu diagnóstico porque él está realmente preocupado.
Compare to/with - comparar con
Don't compare me to Sarah because I have nothing to do with her.
No me compares con Sarah porque no tengo nada que ver con ella.
She compared me to Janis because we look very similar.
Ella me comparó con Janis porque nos vemos muy similares.
I've compared him with my ex-boyfriend and he's very angry.
Lo he comparado con mi exnovio y está muy enojado.
Complain about - quejarse de
I've complained about the hotel's service to the manager.
Me he quejado del servicio del hotel al director.
She complained about my lack of attention and then talked a lot.
Ella se quejó de mi falta de atención y después habló mucho.
Lección 45.7
British versus American English X
There are some words that mean a thing if you are in the USA and a different thing if you are in UK:
UK USA
peg to fasten laundry on a clothesline to identify or classify
pitman a miner working in a pit the person responsible for managing a barbecue
pop to place or put to kill

168. porter a doorman or gatekeeper a railway sleeping car attendant
post to send a letter or postcard to announce or inform
pressman/presswoman a journalist working in a newspaper a person who operates a printing press
proctor a variant for the word procurator an examination supervisor
prom shortening for promenade concert a party stundents have at the end of a school year
public school a fee-paying independent school a tax-supported school controlled by a local
governmental authority
pull to persuade someone to be one's date to carry out a task
purse feminine wallet handbag
pylon part of an electric power transmission network temporary traffic lane separator
rambles one that rambles a style of house
redcap a military police officer a baggage porter
restroom a room where the staff rest a room in a public place containing a toilet
ring to phone somebody to total up a customer's purchases
roast to reprimand severely an event where an individual is ridiculed for the
sake of comedy
root to have sex to cheer
starter first course of a meal starting pitcher (baseball)
slash to quit,put an end to a hiding place
store place for storage of items a shop
Lección 45.8
Verb Patterns IV
To offer something to someone - ofrecer algo a alguien
I offered my friends some tea and cake.
Le ofrecí a mis amigas un té y algunos pasteles.
My sister offered to help me, but it was very late.
Mi hermana se ofreció a ayudarme, pero ya era muy tarde.
To add something to something - añadir algo a algo
You add sugar to the mix and you get a nice milkshake.
Le añades azúcar a la mezcla y tienes una buena malteada.
I added salt and pepper to the salad, but Mark didn't like it.
Le añadí sal y pimienta a la ensalada, pero a Mark no le gustó.
Now, you add the eggs to the potatoes and you get a Spanish omelet.
Ahora, le añades los huevos a las patatas y tienes una tortilla de patatas.
To arrest someone for - arrestar a alguien por
Tom was arrested for stealing from a shop.
Tom fue arrestado por robar en una tienda.
Johnson was arrested for shooting a gun in a mall.
Johnson fue arrestado por disparar una pistola en un centro comercial.
That man was arrested for murdering his wife. He's in jail now.
Ese hombre fue arrestado por asesinar a su esposa. Está en la cárcel ahora.
To conceal something from - esconder algo a alguien

169. My mother concealed the letter from me because she didn't like Stephen.
Mi mamá me ocultó la carta porque no le gustaba Stephen.
Don't conceal the truth from me. I can tell when you're hiding something.
No me escondas la verdad. Yo sé cuándo me estás ocultando algo.
I have concealed the scissors from the children.
Les he ocultado las tijeras a los niños.
To congratulate someone on/for - felicitar a alguien por algo
Mike congratulated me on my promotion. He's glad that I got it.
Mike me felicitó por mi ascenso. Está contento de que lo consiguiese.
I want to congratulate Sue for her birthday. It's today.
Quiero felicitar a Sue por su cumpleaños. Es hoy.
To cure someone of a disease - curar a alguien de una enfermedad
That doctor cured my father of a heart disease.
Ese doctor curó a mi padre de una enfermedad del corazón.
You cured me of my obsession with money.
Tú me curaste de mi obsesión con el dinero.
Vocabulary
clerk
oficinista
caretaker
conserje
bricklayer
albañil
sales rep
representante comercial
joiner
carpintero
fisherman
pescador
telephone operator
telefonista
typist
mecanógrafo
undertaker
empleado de una funeraria
Lección 45.9
Relative Pronouns I
You already know the most important Relative Pronouns, but these are not the only words we use as Relative Pronouns.
In this lesson we are studying more Relative Pronouns we use them in a more advanced level.
Whoever – quienquiera que
You can meet whoever you like next weekend.
Puedes encontrarte con quienquiera que te apetezca el próximo fin de semana.
I will phone whoever I please.
Llamaré a quienquiera que me apetezca.
Everyone can marry whoever he or she chooses.
Todo el mundo puede casarse con quien se que él o ella elija.
Whomever - a quienquiera que
Mark can tell the story to whomever listens to him.
Mark puede contarle la historia a quienquiera que lo escuche.
They can give the job to whomever they think can do it the best.
Ellos pueden darle el trabajo a quienquiera que ellos crean que puede hacer lo mejor.
You should help whomever you think deserves it.
Deberías ayudar a quienquiera que creas que lo merece.

170. Whichever - cualquiera que
If you need a dictionary, use whichever one you like.
Si necesitas un diccionario, usa cualquiera que te guste.
When I want a sandwich, I eat whichever one is in the fridge.
Cuando quiero un sándwich, me como cualquiera que esté en el refrigerador.
Don't ask me for a towel, take whichever one is on that shelf.
No me pidas una toalla, toma cualquiera que esté en ese estante.
Whatever - cualquier cosa que, lo que quiera que
Make yourself at home, use whatever you please.
Siéntete en casa, usa lo que quiera que te apetezca.
This is a party, take whatever you like.
Esto es una fiesta, tómate lo que quiera que te apetezca.
You can say whatever you like, but I don't
trust you.
Puedes decir lo que quiera que te apetezca,
pero no confío en ti.
Whenever - siempre que
Call me whenever you need me. I'll be here in a minute.
Llámame siempre que me necesites. Estaré aquí en un minuto.
Don't eat whenever you like. Having a schedule is a healthy habit.
No comas siempre que quieras. Tener un horario es un hábito saludable.
I can travel whenever I want. My job allows me to do so.
Puedo viajar siempre que quiero. Mi trabajo me permite hacerlo.
Wherever – donde quiera que
I can go wherever I want. I'm already a grownup.
Puedo ir dondequiera que quiero. Ya soy adulto.
You should travel wherever you like. It's up to you.
Deberías viajar dondequiera que te apetezca. Es tu
decisión.
Wherever Mary is, she will phone you.
Dondequiera que esté Mary, te llamará.