Wireless Power Transmission - pavithran.ppt

Pavithran Puthyapurayil
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
The Maldives National University,
Wireless power transmission through solar
power satellite - Recent Technological
developments
wireless power transmission through
solar satellite - technological
developments
1

Outline
 Background
 Why Solar Power Satellite
 Historical Background
 Recent technological developments
 Solar Power Satellite ( SPS ) - General idea
 Microwave Power Transmission in SPS
 Earth power station
 Receiving antennas
 Advantages & dis advantages
 Conclusion
wireless power transmission
through solar satellite -
technological developments
2

Background
Nikola Tesla
In 1856-1943
 Innovations:
– Alternating current
– Wireless power
transmission experiments
at Wardenclyffe
3

Wardenclyffe
In 1899
– Able to light lamps over 25 miles away without
using wires
– High frequency current, of a Tesla coil, could light
lamps filled with gas (like neon)
4

1940’s to Present
 II World War developed ability to convert
energy to microwaves using a magnetron, no
method for converting microwaves back to
electricity
 1964 William C. Brown demonstrated a
rectenna which could convert microwave
power to electricity
5

Brief History of Solar Power
 1940-50’s Development of the Photovoltaic cell
( Solar Cells)
 1958 First US Satellite that used Solar Power
 1970’s Oil Embargo brought increased interest
and study
6

Why Solar Power Satellite
Global energy demand continues to grow
along with worldwide concerns over fossil
fuel pollution, the safety of nuclear power
and waste, and the impact of carbon-burning
fuels on global warming. As a result, space-
based, solar power generation may become an
important source of energy in the 21st
Century wireless power transmission
7

Solar Power from Satellites
 1968’s idea for Solar Power Satellites
proposed by Dr. Peter Glaser
– Would use microwaves to transmit power to Earth
from Solar Powered Satellites
 Idea gained momentum during the Oil Crises of
1970’s, but after prices stabilized idea was
dropped
– US Department of Energy research program 1978-
1981
8

SPS system overview
9

Details of the DOE Study
 Construct the satellites in space
– Each SPS would have 400 million solar cells
 Use the Space Shuttle to get pieces to a low
orbit station
 Two pieces to the assembly point using a
purpose built space tug (similar to space
shuttle)
10

Advantages over Earth based solar power
 More intense sunlight
 In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km (22,369
miles) an SPS would be illuminated over 99%
of the time
 No need for costly storage devices for when
the sun is not in view
– Only a few days at spring and fall equinox would the
satellite be in shadow
11

Continued
 Waste heat is radiated back into space
 Power can be beamed to the location where it
is needed, don’t have to invest in as large a
grid
 No CO2 , air or water pollution is created during
the power generation
12

Problems
 Issues identified during the DOE study
– Complexity—30 years to complete
– Size—6.5 miles long by 3.3 miles wide
Transmitting antenna greater than 1
Kilometer in diameter.
13

Continued
 Cost—prototype would have cost not less than
$74 billion
 Microwave transmission
– Harmonic effects Interference with other electronic
devices
– Health and few environmental effects are there
14

1980’s to Present
 Japanese continued to study the idea of SPS
throughout the 1980’s
 In 1995 NASA began a “Fresh Look Study”
– Set up a research, technology, and investment
schedule
15

i) Initial Photovoltaic / Microwave SPS GEO Sun Tower
Conceptual Design
• “Sun-Tower” Design based on NASA Fresh Look Study
Transmitter Diameter: 500 meters
Autonomous Segment Ops:
• Solar Electric Propulsion from Low Earth Orbit System
Assembly in Geostationary orbit
• Vertical “Backbone” Length: 15.3 km (gravity gradient)
• Identical Satellite Elements: 355 segments (solar arrays)
• Large Rectenna Receivers: Power production on Earth
“Fresh Look” studies:
16

ii) Photovoltaic / Laser-Photovoltaic SPS GEO Sun Tower-
Like Concept
iii) Current Boeing Study:
a) Mission analysis for space solar power
b) Space solar power technology & architecture analysis
iv) Orbit Trade Study: Altitude
v) Orbit Trade Study: Eccentricity
vi) Orbit Trade Study: Eccentricity
vii) Synergy Between Sunlight and Laser-PV WPT for
Terrestrial Photo-Voltaic Power Productionv
viii) Sunlight + Laser-PV WPT = ~ Power Requirement
Photo-Voltaic (PV) Power Station Receives Both
“Fresh Look” studies: continued
17

NASA “Fresh Look” Report
 SPS could be competitive with other energy
sources and deserves further study
 Research aimed at an SPS system of 250 MW
 Would cost around $10 billion and take more
than 20 years
 National Research Council found the research
worthwhile but under funded to achieve its
goals
18

Specifications
 Collector area must be between 50 (19 sq
miles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles)
 50 Tons of material
– Current rates on the Space Shuttle run
between $3500 and $5000 per pound
– 50 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,000
19

Continued
 There are advantages
 Possible power generation of 5 to 10 Giga
Watts
– “If the largest conceivable space power
station were built and operated 24 hours a
day all year round, it could produce the
equivalent output of ten 1 million kilowatt-
class nuclear power stations.”
20

Possible Designs
21

22

23

Deployment Issues
 Cost of transporting materials into space
 Construction of satellite
– Space Walks
 Maintenance
– Routine
– Meteor impacts
24

Possible Solutions
 International Space
Station
 President’s plan for a
return to the moon
 Either could be used as
a base for construction
activities
25

How the power gets to Earth
Microwave Power Transmission
developments
26

From the Satellite
 Solar power from the satellite is sent to
Earth using a microwave transmitter
 Received at a “rectenna” located on
Earth
 Recent developments suggest that power
could be sent to Earth using a “laser”
27

Microwaves
 Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave beam
 Retro directive beam control capability
 Power level is well below international safety standard
28

• A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube which
is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies
• Klystrons amplify RF signals by converting the kinetic
energy in a DC electron beam into radio frequency power.
• This beam passes through an input cavity resonator. RF
energy has been fed into the input cavity at, or nears,
its resonant frequency, creating standing waves, which
produce an oscillating voltage, which acts on the electron
beam.
• To convert the DC power to microwave for the
transmission through antenna towards the earth’s receiving
antenna, microwave oscillators like Klystrons, Magnetrons
can be used
Converting DC to Microwave Power
29

Microwave vs. Laser Transmission
 Microwave
– More developed
– High efficiency up to 85%
– Beams is far below the
lethal levels of
concentration even for a
prolonged exposure
– Cause interference with
satellite communication
industry
 Laser
– Recently developed solid
state lasers allow efficient
transfer of power
– Range of 10% to 20%
efficiency within a few
years
– Conform to limits on eye
and skin damage
30

Rectenna
“An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and
diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a
transmitter and converting it into electric
power.”
 Microwaves are received with about 85%
efficiency
 Around 5km across (3.1 miles)
 95% of the beam will fall on the rectenna
31

Rectenna Design
 Currently there are two different design types
being looked at
– Wire mesh reflector
Built on a rigid frame above the ground
Visually transparent so that it would not
interfere with plant life
– Magic carpet
Material pegged to the ground
32

5,000 MW Receiving Station
(Rectenna)
This station is about a mile and a half long
33

Rectenna Issues
 Size - Miles across
 Location - Aesthetic
- Near population center
 Health and environmental side effects
– Although claim that microwaves or lasers
would be safe, how do you convince people
34

developments
35

SPS 2000
Current Developments
36

Details
 Project in Development in Japan
 Goal is to build a low cost demonstration model by 2025
 8 Countries along the equator have agreed to be the
site of a rectenna
37

Continued
 10 MW satellite delivering microwave power
– Will not be in geosynchronous orbit, instead
low orbit 1100 km (683 miles)
– Much cheaper to put a satellite in low orbit
– 200 seconds of power on each pass over
rectenna
38

Power to Mobile Devices
 If microwave beams carrying power could be
beamed uniformly over the earth they could
power cell phones
 Biggest problem is that the antenna would
have to be 25-30 cm square
39

40

Low Orbit
 Communications industry proposing to have
hundreds of satellites in low earth orbit
 These satellites will use microwaves to beam
communications to the ground
 Could also be used to beam power
41

Continued
 Since a low orbit microwave beam would
spread less, the ground based rectenna could
be smaller
 Would allow collectors on the ground of a few
hundred meters across instead of 10
kilometers
 In low orbit they circle the Earth in about every
90 minutes
42

Issues
 Would require a network of hundreds of
satellites
– Air Force currently track 8500 man made objects in
space, 7% satellites
 Would make telecommunications companies
into power companies
43

Reliability
 Ground based solar only
works during clear days,
and must have storage
for night
 Power can be beamed to
the location where it is
needed, don’t have to
invest in as large a grid
 A network of low orbit
satellites could provide
power to almost any
point on Earth
continuously because
one satellite would
always be in range
44

Legal Issues
 Who will oversee?
 Environmental Concerns
 International
45

NASA
 Funding the research
 In charge of space flight for the United States
 Would be launching the satellites and doing
maintenance
46

FCC
– The FCC was established by the
Communications Act of 1934 and is charged
with regulating interstate and international
communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable.
Federal Communications Commission
47

Environmental
 Possible health hazards
– Effects of long term exposure
– Exposure is equal to the amount that people receive
from cell phones and microwaves
 Location
– The size of construction for the rectennas is
massive
48

International
 Geosynchronous satellites would take up large
sections of space
 Interference with communication satellites
 Low orbit satellites would require agreements
about rectenna locations and flight paths
49

Shows a design of Space based Solar Power (SBSP)
50

Conclusions
 More reliable than ground based solar power
 In order for SPS to become a reality it several things have to
happen:
– The world needs 30TW power from renewable
energy sources and solar energy alone has the
capability of producing around 600TW.
– The levels of CO2 gas emission can be minimized
and brought under control.
51

• The increasing global energy demand is likely to continue
for many decades.
• New power plants of all sizes will be built.
• Fossils fuels will run off in another 1-2 decades.
• However energy independence is something only Space
based solar power can deliver.
• Space based solar power (SBSP) concept is attractive
because it is much more advantageous than ground based
solar power.
• It has been predicted that by 2030
continued
52

continued
• Space solar power can completely solve our energy
problems long term.
• The sooner we start and the harder we work, the shorter
"long term" will be.
• More reliable than ground based solar power
• In order for SPS to become a reality it several things have
to happen:
- Government support
- Cheaper launch prices
- Involvement of the private sector
53

54

References:
1. Solar power satellites : recent developments
Available from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2287009
2.solar_power_satellites_recent_developments[accessed jun 05 2018].
3. “Microwave Devices and Circuit” IIIrd Edition 2003 Pearson Education, by Samuel Y. Liao
4. G. A. Landis, "Applications for Space Power by Laser Transmission," SPIE Optics, Electro-
optics & Laser Conference, Los Angeles CA, January 24-28 1994; Laser Power Beaming, SPIE
Proceedings Vol. 2121, 252-255.
5. Richard M. Dickinson, “Wireless Power Transmission Technology State of the Art”, Acta
Astronautica, vol. 53, pp. 561-570, 2003.
6. T.Yoo and K. Chang, “Theoretical and experimental development of 10 and 35 GHz rectennas,” IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 40, pp. 1259-1266, June 1992.
10. H. Matsumoto, “Wireless Power Transmission”, Fossil Energy (Springer-Verlag), DOI 10.1007/b71804,
Section 5.2, 2002.
7. J.O. McSpadden, L. Fan and K.Chang, “Design and Experiments of a High-Conversion-Efficiency 5.8GHz
Rectenna, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech, vol. 46, pp. 2053-2060, December 1998”
26/07/2018
wireless power transmission through solar satellite - technological developments
55

Questions ?
56

Thank You
57

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