Winds of Change in Klickitat County:
The Harvest Wind Project
M. Phillips, D. Watson, B. Barnes, and H. Feldman
The following case describes a proposal by four Pacific Northwest utilities to build another wind
farm in the Columbia River Gorge. The local county planning director is responsible for deciding
on a permit for the project, but there are organizations and citizens both for and against
approving the permit, including local farmers, environmental groups, county citizens worried
about health and noise effects, and, of course, the local utilities who are proposing the project. If
approved, and completed by the end of the year, the costs of the project could be reduced by
almost a third through a grant by the U.S. Treasury Department.
Introduction
It was early April 2009, and Klickitat County planning director Curt Dreyer was weary but
happy to be writing up his permitting decision. On a tight timeline, he had worked for months
gathering information and vetting the Harvest Wind Project proposal that had been submitted by
four Pacific Northwest consumer owned utilities: the Public Utility District (PUD) No. 1 of
Cowlitz County, the Eugene Water and Electric Board. Lakeview Green Energy. Inc., and
Peninsula Light Company. The pressure had been high: hanging in the balance was a $60.76
million US Treasury Department grant which represented 30 percent of eligible construction
costs, made available through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA).
To qualify for the full amount, the wind project had to be completed within the year 2009.
The proposed construction schedule was one of the most aggressive ever and in order to
complete it on time approval had to come in April. Wind projects were complicated and required
months of constructiontypically half a year or more. If Curt approved the project, construction
could commence by early May, concluding by December 2009 at the latest to qualify for the
$60.76 million grant.
Approving the permit was not a forgone conclusion. Although Klickitat County was often called
the capital of wind energy in the Pacific Northwest due to its 14 operating wind farms and its
prime location in the Columbia River Gorge, concerns about wind power among
stakeholdersincluding negative economic, environmental, and health effectswere increasingly
being voiced in the region and nationally. With imperfect information on health effects and
environmental effects, the true costs of wind were uncertain. And yet each new wind proposal
had to be evaluated given leading edge knowledge at the time, and every affected party and
viewpoint had to be taken into consideration before approving or turning down the projects
permit application for the county. Given these concerns and the uncertainty, would the gains to
project stakeholders justify signing off on the project? As he reflected on the past few months,
Curt felt he had done his best to collect as much information as possible and to weigh the
concerns and needs.
First Major Offshore Wind Project Energizes New York | The Enterprise WorldTEWMAGAZINE
In a significant breakthrough for the renewable energy sector in the United States, the inaugural large-scale offshore wind project has reached completion heralding a pivotal moment for an industry
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are est.docxalanfhall8953
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are estimated to be over 400 GW, several times the electricity used by U.S. eastern coastal states. The first U.S. developer proposes to build 130 large (40 story tall) wind turbines in Nan- tucket Sound, just outside Massachusetts state waters. These would provide 420 MW at market prices, enough electricity for most of Cape Cod. The project is opposed by a vigorous and well-financed coalition. Polling shows local public opinion on the project almost equally divided. This article draws on semistructured interviews with residents of Cape Cod to analyze values, beliefs, and logic of supporters and oppo- nents. For example, one value found to lead to opposition is that the ocean is a special place that should be kept natural and free of human intrusion. One line of argument found to lead to support is: The war in Iraq is problematic, this war is “really” over petroleum, Cape Cod generates electricity from oil, therefore, the wind project would improve U.S. security. Based on analysis of the values and reasoning behind our interview data, we identify four issues that are relevant but not currently part of the debate.
Introduction
Recent assessments of renewable energy show that wind power has, since the turn of the century, become cost-competitive in the sites with the most favorable wind regimes (Herzog et al., 2001). Until very recently, large-scale North American wind resources were believed to exist in the Great Plains of the United States, northern Canada, and central Canada only (Grubb & Meyer, 1993). Although these huge resources are enough to meet the entire continent’s electrical needs, they are distant from the large coastal cities where electricity is primarily consumed—imposing a need for costly large-scale transmission lines (Cavallo, 1995). In just the last couple of years, it has been recog- nized that the Atlantic Ocean also has a large wind resource on the continental shelf, close to East Coast cities. Three or four manufacturers have developed large wind elec- tric turbines designed to be placed offshore, in waters up to 20–30 m in depth. To date these have been placed only in European waters. By late 2003, the resources, the tech- nology, and the economic viability had all come together in the Eastern United States, potentially allowing large-scale deployment to begin by 2005.
The furthest advanced of a handful of proposed U.S. offshore wind developments is in Nantucket Sound, off the Southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This proposal has engendered a widespread, well-organized, well-financed, and politically potent op- position. This movement’s strength, and the apparent contradiction of such opposition coming from a population thought of as politically liberal and environmentally con- cerned, have garnered national press coverage (e.g., Burkett, 2003). A second project was proposed by the Long Island Power Authority for the southern edge of Long Island, with an .
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy a.docxrosemarybdodson23141
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy and environment
Specific purpose for this speech: To persuade the audience to accept and support gas fracturing to harvest gas
Central idea: As a nation the United States needs to take steps to discover alternate sources of energy. With our growing demand for all types of energy and dependence on foreign sources of energy, natural gas fracturing can bring revenue and independence from our energy concerns.
Introduction
I. Attention Material
A. The economy has benefited by a process known as hydraulic fracturing or simply “fracking,” since the year 1947. The process starts with drilling beneath the surface to extract natural gas that is located within the rocks. Water, along with other components is released beneath the surface which fractures (fracks) the deep rock to create the passage for the gas to reach the surface. Once the gas has reached the surface it enters the wells that were created for collection. From there the gas is ready to be potted and sold.
B. With the current turmoil in the Persian Gulf, and the amount of energy the United States consumes, we’re quickly running running out of fossil fuels. Our dependence on foreign energy can be significantly reduced if natural gas can be harnessed as a primary energy source.
C. With all the rise in hydraulic fracturing harvesting plants, several job opportunities have become available for Americans. Job opportunities started rising as drilling and fracking of the natural gas became more common. Job creation is key to avoiding economic failure. States that currently allow facking are reporting revenue gains in the millions and billions of dollars.
D. While we agree that natural gas fracking and the environmental regulations should be more strictly regulated, it is not as harmful to the environment as some would make you believe. States are already taking measures to ensure the environment and communities are protected. With such regulations in place and further measures taking shape, the benefits of gas fracking far outweigh the risks.
I. Thesis (Conclusion): The process of hydraulic fracturing in the current economy has become more refined, the jobs and income it brings provide a myriad of opportunities. Crucial independence from foreign imported energy. While some tout this process as harmful and damaging, it’s actually regulated, and multiple studies by government agencies have been done. Fracking is the energy of the future.
II. Preview of Main Points: Today we will discuss how a new energy resource has become available, along with the job opportunities, and how hydraulic fracturing is less harmful then oil drilling itself. The basics of hydraulic fracturing have already been discussed, so we will move into detail on how this process is beneficial.
Body:
I. The need for a new energy source, and independence from foreign energy
A. Our energy consumption
1. Oil is our largest source of energy, it provides for.
Winds of change: Offshore U.S. farms finally herehardhathub
John Gregerson, with Rob McManamy from BuiltWorlds dive into North America's first offshore wind energy farm finally reaching critical mass this month with the achievement of two significant milestones in New England being developed by Deepwater Wind and GE Renewable Energy. Will be known as the Block Island Wind Farm.
Persuasive Speech Outline CRE 101 24 June 2013Natural .docxherbertwilson5999
Persuasive Speech Outline
CRE 101 24 June 2013
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy and environment
Specific purpose for this speech: To persuade the audience to accept and support gas fracturing to harvest gas
Central idea: As a nation the United States needs to take steps to discover alternate sources of energy. With our growing demand for all types of energy and dependence on foreign sources of energy, natural gas fracturing can bring revenue and independence from our energy concerns.
Introduction
I. Attention Material
A. The economy has benefited by a process known as hydraulic fracturing or simply “fracking,” since the year 1947. The process starts with drilling beneath the surface to extract natural gas that is located within the rocks. Water along with other components is released beneath the surface which fractures (fracks) the deep rock to create the passage for the gas to reach the surface. Once the gas has reached the surface it enters the wells that were created for collection. From there the gas is ready to be potted and sold.
B. With the current turmoil in the Persian Gulf, and the amount of energy the United States consumes, we’re running quickly running out of fossil fuels. Our dependence on foreign energy can be significantly reduced if natural gas can be harnessed as a primary energy source.
C. With all the rise in hydraulic fracturing harvesting plants several job opportunities have become available for Americans. Job opportunities started rising as drilling and fracking of the natural gas became more common. Job creation is key to avoiding economic failure. States that currently allow facking are reporting revenue gains in the millions and billions of dollars.
D. While we agree that natural gas fracking and the environmental regulations should be more strictly regulated, it is not as harmful to the environment as some would make you believe. States are already taking measures to ensure the environment and communities are protected. With such regulations in place and further measures taking shape, the benefits of gas fracking far outweigh the risks.
I. Thesis (Conclusion): The of the process of hydraulic fracturing the economy has become more refined, the jobs and income it brings provide a myriad of opportunities. Crucial independence from foreign imported energy. While some tout this process as harmful and damaging, it’s actually regulated, and studies by government agencies have been done. Fracking is the energy of the future.
II. Preview of Main Points: Today we will discuss how a new energy resource has become available, along with the job opportunities, and how hydraulic fracturing is less harmful then oil drilling itself. The basics of hydraulic fracturing have already been discussed, so we will move into detail on how this process is beneficial.
Body:
I. The need for a new energy source, and independence from foreign energy
A. Our energy consumption
1. Oil is our larg.
First Major Offshore Wind Project Energizes New York | The Enterprise WorldTEWMAGAZINE
In a significant breakthrough for the renewable energy sector in the United States, the inaugural large-scale offshore wind project has reached completion heralding a pivotal moment for an industry
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are est.docxalanfhall8953
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are estimated to be over 400 GW, several times the electricity used by U.S. eastern coastal states. The first U.S. developer proposes to build 130 large (40 story tall) wind turbines in Nan- tucket Sound, just outside Massachusetts state waters. These would provide 420 MW at market prices, enough electricity for most of Cape Cod. The project is opposed by a vigorous and well-financed coalition. Polling shows local public opinion on the project almost equally divided. This article draws on semistructured interviews with residents of Cape Cod to analyze values, beliefs, and logic of supporters and oppo- nents. For example, one value found to lead to opposition is that the ocean is a special place that should be kept natural and free of human intrusion. One line of argument found to lead to support is: The war in Iraq is problematic, this war is “really” over petroleum, Cape Cod generates electricity from oil, therefore, the wind project would improve U.S. security. Based on analysis of the values and reasoning behind our interview data, we identify four issues that are relevant but not currently part of the debate.
Introduction
Recent assessments of renewable energy show that wind power has, since the turn of the century, become cost-competitive in the sites with the most favorable wind regimes (Herzog et al., 2001). Until very recently, large-scale North American wind resources were believed to exist in the Great Plains of the United States, northern Canada, and central Canada only (Grubb & Meyer, 1993). Although these huge resources are enough to meet the entire continent’s electrical needs, they are distant from the large coastal cities where electricity is primarily consumed—imposing a need for costly large-scale transmission lines (Cavallo, 1995). In just the last couple of years, it has been recog- nized that the Atlantic Ocean also has a large wind resource on the continental shelf, close to East Coast cities. Three or four manufacturers have developed large wind elec- tric turbines designed to be placed offshore, in waters up to 20–30 m in depth. To date these have been placed only in European waters. By late 2003, the resources, the tech- nology, and the economic viability had all come together in the Eastern United States, potentially allowing large-scale deployment to begin by 2005.
The furthest advanced of a handful of proposed U.S. offshore wind developments is in Nantucket Sound, off the Southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This proposal has engendered a widespread, well-organized, well-financed, and politically potent op- position. This movement’s strength, and the apparent contradiction of such opposition coming from a population thought of as politically liberal and environmentally con- cerned, have garnered national press coverage (e.g., Burkett, 2003). A second project was proposed by the Long Island Power Authority for the southern edge of Long Island, with an .
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy a.docxrosemarybdodson23141
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy and environment
Specific purpose for this speech: To persuade the audience to accept and support gas fracturing to harvest gas
Central idea: As a nation the United States needs to take steps to discover alternate sources of energy. With our growing demand for all types of energy and dependence on foreign sources of energy, natural gas fracturing can bring revenue and independence from our energy concerns.
Introduction
I. Attention Material
A. The economy has benefited by a process known as hydraulic fracturing or simply “fracking,” since the year 1947. The process starts with drilling beneath the surface to extract natural gas that is located within the rocks. Water, along with other components is released beneath the surface which fractures (fracks) the deep rock to create the passage for the gas to reach the surface. Once the gas has reached the surface it enters the wells that were created for collection. From there the gas is ready to be potted and sold.
B. With the current turmoil in the Persian Gulf, and the amount of energy the United States consumes, we’re quickly running running out of fossil fuels. Our dependence on foreign energy can be significantly reduced if natural gas can be harnessed as a primary energy source.
C. With all the rise in hydraulic fracturing harvesting plants, several job opportunities have become available for Americans. Job opportunities started rising as drilling and fracking of the natural gas became more common. Job creation is key to avoiding economic failure. States that currently allow facking are reporting revenue gains in the millions and billions of dollars.
D. While we agree that natural gas fracking and the environmental regulations should be more strictly regulated, it is not as harmful to the environment as some would make you believe. States are already taking measures to ensure the environment and communities are protected. With such regulations in place and further measures taking shape, the benefits of gas fracking far outweigh the risks.
I. Thesis (Conclusion): The process of hydraulic fracturing in the current economy has become more refined, the jobs and income it brings provide a myriad of opportunities. Crucial independence from foreign imported energy. While some tout this process as harmful and damaging, it’s actually regulated, and multiple studies by government agencies have been done. Fracking is the energy of the future.
II. Preview of Main Points: Today we will discuss how a new energy resource has become available, along with the job opportunities, and how hydraulic fracturing is less harmful then oil drilling itself. The basics of hydraulic fracturing have already been discussed, so we will move into detail on how this process is beneficial.
Body:
I. The need for a new energy source, and independence from foreign energy
A. Our energy consumption
1. Oil is our largest source of energy, it provides for.
Winds of change: Offshore U.S. farms finally herehardhathub
John Gregerson, with Rob McManamy from BuiltWorlds dive into North America's first offshore wind energy farm finally reaching critical mass this month with the achievement of two significant milestones in New England being developed by Deepwater Wind and GE Renewable Energy. Will be known as the Block Island Wind Farm.
Persuasive Speech Outline CRE 101 24 June 2013Natural .docxherbertwilson5999
Persuasive Speech Outline
CRE 101 24 June 2013
Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing and its effect on the economy and environment
Specific purpose for this speech: To persuade the audience to accept and support gas fracturing to harvest gas
Central idea: As a nation the United States needs to take steps to discover alternate sources of energy. With our growing demand for all types of energy and dependence on foreign sources of energy, natural gas fracturing can bring revenue and independence from our energy concerns.
Introduction
I. Attention Material
A. The economy has benefited by a process known as hydraulic fracturing or simply “fracking,” since the year 1947. The process starts with drilling beneath the surface to extract natural gas that is located within the rocks. Water along with other components is released beneath the surface which fractures (fracks) the deep rock to create the passage for the gas to reach the surface. Once the gas has reached the surface it enters the wells that were created for collection. From there the gas is ready to be potted and sold.
B. With the current turmoil in the Persian Gulf, and the amount of energy the United States consumes, we’re running quickly running out of fossil fuels. Our dependence on foreign energy can be significantly reduced if natural gas can be harnessed as a primary energy source.
C. With all the rise in hydraulic fracturing harvesting plants several job opportunities have become available for Americans. Job opportunities started rising as drilling and fracking of the natural gas became more common. Job creation is key to avoiding economic failure. States that currently allow facking are reporting revenue gains in the millions and billions of dollars.
D. While we agree that natural gas fracking and the environmental regulations should be more strictly regulated, it is not as harmful to the environment as some would make you believe. States are already taking measures to ensure the environment and communities are protected. With such regulations in place and further measures taking shape, the benefits of gas fracking far outweigh the risks.
I. Thesis (Conclusion): The of the process of hydraulic fracturing the economy has become more refined, the jobs and income it brings provide a myriad of opportunities. Crucial independence from foreign imported energy. While some tout this process as harmful and damaging, it’s actually regulated, and studies by government agencies have been done. Fracking is the energy of the future.
II. Preview of Main Points: Today we will discuss how a new energy resource has become available, along with the job opportunities, and how hydraulic fracturing is less harmful then oil drilling itself. The basics of hydraulic fracturing have already been discussed, so we will move into detail on how this process is beneficial.
Body:
I. The need for a new energy source, and independence from foreign energy
A. Our energy consumption
1. Oil is our larg.
Here is a brief PESTEL analyses that I put together for one of my MBA classes.
This is an area that I have some personal interest and have been trying to follow but I am not professionally engage so I would love to hear from the many of the Offshore Winds Experts and from self studiers as my self that are part of my LinkedIn network.
Please feel free to comments or send me a personal message.
Writing Sample - Ocean Energy Research Paperatsherwi
The following is a brief research paper that I wrote on ocean energy for an energy law course I took at Vermont Law School in 2009. This paper required research on energy policy, congressional legislation, and administration regulations.
Sierra Club Petition to Federal Trade Commission re Atlantic Coast Pipeline P...Marcellus Drilling News
A petition filed with the FTC by the Virginia chapter of the odious Sierra Club. The petition asks the FTC to review the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline project (from Dominion), with wild claims that it violates antitrust laws. It's frivolous and meaningless and meant to slow and delay the project. Totally without merit.
$400,000,000 total cost privately owned 800 MegaWatt combined cycle natural gas-fired power plant that generates the electricity to now serve 500,000 Los Angeles residents.
The 18th and Rhode Island Garden in San Franciscos Potrero Hi.docxmehek4
The 18th and Rhode Island Garden in San Francisco's Potrero Hill neighborhood and other urban farms could benefit from the new law.
Urban Farming Law Breaks New Ground
S
MALL-SCALE URBAN FARMING could soon experience a growth spurt in
California. The Urban Agriculture Incentive Zones Act, which takes effect in
January, allows cities and counties with populations of at least 250,000 to des-
ignate areas where landowners can lower their tax assessments by promising
to use their land for five years of crop production.
Small city parcels (of up to three acres) would be assessed on the agricul-
tural value of the land, rather than at market rate. For owners, that means
potentially significantly lower tax bills, at least for a period of time. For
farmers, the law could open up more available land for growing food—both commercially
and as a noncommercial enterprise such as a community garden.
"This law is targeted to do two things: incentivize the use of private land for urban
agriculture and provide urban agriculture projects more security," says Eli Zigas, food
systems and urban agriculture program manager for SPUR, a San Francisco nonprofit that
promotes good planning and good government. He points out that unpredictable land
tenure makes investments in things like irrigation systems or fruit trees, which take years
to establish, risky for urban agriculture projects.
Still, he notes that the incentives zones program aims to encourage temporary urban
farm uses. "The law is not trying to be an agricultural land preservation tool," he says.
It's hard to say what the impacts of the law will be, and no cities have yet adopted it.
Its effects in San Francisco could be quite
different than elsewhere, but Zigas notes
that it's in places like the Bay Area—where
land is at a premium—that it shows the
most promise.
As an example, he points to the lot
that is home to the 18th and Rhode Island
Garden. At 0.11 acres, its value is about
$570,000, and its current property tax
assessment is about $6,700 per year (at a
1.188 percent tax rate). If the property were
put under contract, then the land would be
assessed as irrigated farmland with a per-
acre value of $12,000. (To streamline the
law's administration in places that adopt it,
the land value is already fixed, based on the
most recent U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture average value of irrigated cropland
statewide.)
10 Planning December 2013
So, the 0.11 acre parcel would have a
value of $1,320. Applying the same tax rate,
the new assessment would be about $16
per year, plus administrative fees.
The law could get tested first in San
Francisco, which updated its zoning in
2011 so that small-scale farming no longer
requires a conditional use permit, and
other places, like San Jose (its urban ag
regulations are pending) and Los Angeles,
which just launched an urban agriculture
policy initiative. But some cities, like
Oakland, might have some real barriers
to implementation, says Heather Wooten,
se ...
Building a Marine Renewables Industry in the United States: The Need for A "...Carolyn Elefant
Emergence of a robust marine renewables energy industry has been stymied in part by a regulatory process better suited for large, well funded entities. This paper presents my first phase of work on a Third Wave model of regulation for marine renewables, as well as other future renewable technologies that may be developed
“Government's first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives.” – Ronald Reagan
“If you really think that the environment is less important than the economy, try holding your breath while you count your money.” ― Guy McPherson
“Loyalty to the Nation all the time, loyalty to the Government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain
You�ve been hired by the local government to determine which employe.pdfinfo335653
Youve been hired by the local government to determine which employees are most essential in
the Parks & Recreation department.
You plan to conduct a social network analysis. You find that people (in bold below) list the
following others as ones they work well with:
Leslie: Andy, Ann, Donna
Ron: April
Ben: Ann
April: Donna, Ron
Andy: Chris, Tim, Leslie
Donna: Leslie, April, Gerry
Gerry: Donna
Tom: Andy, Ann, Donna
Ann: Ben, Leslie, Tim, Chris
Chris: Andy, Ann
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.
Who is the central connector?- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
H. I. J. Who is the
broker?A.ChrisB.AnnC.GerryD.BenE.DonnaF.TomG.AprilH.AndyI.RonJ.Leslie.
you will implement some sorting algorithms for arrays and linked lis.pdfinfo335653
you will implement some sorting algorithms for arrays and linked lists.
Insertion Sort and Quicksort of an array
Implement the insertion sort and quicksort for an integer array. The functions are defined in the
"sorting.h" header file.
/**
* @brief Insertion sort algorithm
* @param array Array to be sorted. The array is modified in place.
* @param lowindex Lowest index of the array
* @param highindex Highest index of the array
* @param reversed If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in descending order, otherwise
in ascending order
*/
void insertionSort(int array[], int lowindex, int highindex, bool reversed = false);
and
**
* @brief Quick sort algorithm
*
* @param array Array to be sorted. The array is modified in place.
* @param lowindex Lowest index of the array
* @param highindex Highest index of the array
* @param reversed If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in descending order, otherwise
in ascending order
*/
void quickSort(int array[], int lowindex, int highindex, bool reversed = false);
The array should be sorted in place. Compared to the examples in the textbook, those functions
have an additional parameter reversed. If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in
descending order, otherwise in ascending order. You should complete the implementations of
those two functions in the "sorting_basic.cpp" file.
A better quicksort algorithm
Quicksort is a very fast comparison sorting algorithm, especially wheb the array or list gets large.
However, when the arrays/lists are small enough, quicksort may run slower than some of the
(n^2) algorithms. This might not seem important until you note that when sorting a large array
with quicksort, many small sublists must be sorted. While the savings on sorting one small list
with a faster algorithm might be negligible, sorting hundreds of small lists with a faster algorithm
can make a difference in the overall efficiency of the sort. For this part of the assignment, you
will combine quicksort with another sorting algorithm to build a faster sorting algorithm. One
option is to
use quicksort until the array/list gets small enough, and then use insertion sort or another sort to
sort the small arrays/lists
What does "small enough" mean? You can try a percentage of the list (say, 5% or 10%), or an
absolute number (5 elements, 8 elements, 10 elements, 15 elements, 100 elements, etc), or
something else of your choosing. Based on your tests, choose the one that is the most efficient.
You should also tests to ensure that your hybrid quicksort has reasonable performance on all lists
-- most notably, it should be efficient on sorted and inverse sorted lists as well as random lists.
The definition of the hybrid quicksort function is as the following:
/**
* @brief A hybrid of insertion sort and quick sort algorithm. The algorithm is based on the idea
that if the array is short, it is better to use insertion sort.
* It uses quicksort until the list gets small enough, and then uses insertion s.
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This is an area that I have some personal interest and have been trying to follow but I am not professionally engage so I would love to hear from the many of the Offshore Winds Experts and from self studiers as my self that are part of my LinkedIn network.
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Urban Farming Law Breaks New Ground
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California. The Urban Agriculture Incentive Zones Act, which takes effect in
January, allows cities and counties with populations of at least 250,000 to des-
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to use their land for five years of crop production.
Small city parcels (of up to three acres) would be assessed on the agricul-
tural value of the land, rather than at market rate. For owners, that means
potentially significantly lower tax bills, at least for a period of time. For
farmers, the law could open up more available land for growing food—both commercially
and as a noncommercial enterprise such as a community garden.
"This law is targeted to do two things: incentivize the use of private land for urban
agriculture and provide urban agriculture projects more security," says Eli Zigas, food
systems and urban agriculture program manager for SPUR, a San Francisco nonprofit that
promotes good planning and good government. He points out that unpredictable land
tenure makes investments in things like irrigation systems or fruit trees, which take years
to establish, risky for urban agriculture projects.
Still, he notes that the incentives zones program aims to encourage temporary urban
farm uses. "The law is not trying to be an agricultural land preservation tool," he says.
It's hard to say what the impacts of the law will be, and no cities have yet adopted it.
Its effects in San Francisco could be quite
different than elsewhere, but Zigas notes
that it's in places like the Bay Area—where
land is at a premium—that it shows the
most promise.
As an example, he points to the lot
that is home to the 18th and Rhode Island
Garden. At 0.11 acres, its value is about
$570,000, and its current property tax
assessment is about $6,700 per year (at a
1.188 percent tax rate). If the property were
put under contract, then the land would be
assessed as irrigated farmland with a per-
acre value of $12,000. (To streamline the
law's administration in places that adopt it,
the land value is already fixed, based on the
most recent U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture average value of irrigated cropland
statewide.)
10 Planning December 2013
So, the 0.11 acre parcel would have a
value of $1,320. Applying the same tax rate,
the new assessment would be about $16
per year, plus administrative fees.
The law could get tested first in San
Francisco, which updated its zoning in
2011 so that small-scale farming no longer
requires a conditional use permit, and
other places, like San Jose (its urban ag
regulations are pending) and Los Angeles,
which just launched an urban agriculture
policy initiative. But some cities, like
Oakland, might have some real barriers
to implementation, says Heather Wooten,
se ...
Building a Marine Renewables Industry in the United States: The Need for A "...Carolyn Elefant
Emergence of a robust marine renewables energy industry has been stymied in part by a regulatory process better suited for large, well funded entities. This paper presents my first phase of work on a Third Wave model of regulation for marine renewables, as well as other future renewable technologies that may be developed
“Government's first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives.” – Ronald Reagan
“If you really think that the environment is less important than the economy, try holding your breath while you count your money.” ― Guy McPherson
“Loyalty to the Nation all the time, loyalty to the Government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain
You�ve been hired by the local government to determine which employe.pdfinfo335653
Youve been hired by the local government to determine which employees are most essential in
the Parks & Recreation department.
You plan to conduct a social network analysis. You find that people (in bold below) list the
following others as ones they work well with:
Leslie: Andy, Ann, Donna
Ron: April
Ben: Ann
April: Donna, Ron
Andy: Chris, Tim, Leslie
Donna: Leslie, April, Gerry
Gerry: Donna
Tom: Andy, Ann, Donna
Ann: Ben, Leslie, Tim, Chris
Chris: Andy, Ann
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.
Who is the central connector?- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
H. I. J. Who is the
broker?A.ChrisB.AnnC.GerryD.BenE.DonnaF.TomG.AprilH.AndyI.RonJ.Leslie.
you will implement some sorting algorithms for arrays and linked lis.pdfinfo335653
you will implement some sorting algorithms for arrays and linked lists.
Insertion Sort and Quicksort of an array
Implement the insertion sort and quicksort for an integer array. The functions are defined in the
"sorting.h" header file.
/**
* @brief Insertion sort algorithm
* @param array Array to be sorted. The array is modified in place.
* @param lowindex Lowest index of the array
* @param highindex Highest index of the array
* @param reversed If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in descending order, otherwise
in ascending order
*/
void insertionSort(int array[], int lowindex, int highindex, bool reversed = false);
and
**
* @brief Quick sort algorithm
*
* @param array Array to be sorted. The array is modified in place.
* @param lowindex Lowest index of the array
* @param highindex Highest index of the array
* @param reversed If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in descending order, otherwise
in ascending order
*/
void quickSort(int array[], int lowindex, int highindex, bool reversed = false);
The array should be sorted in place. Compared to the examples in the textbook, those functions
have an additional parameter reversed. If reversed = true, the array should be sorted in
descending order, otherwise in ascending order. You should complete the implementations of
those two functions in the "sorting_basic.cpp" file.
A better quicksort algorithm
Quicksort is a very fast comparison sorting algorithm, especially wheb the array or list gets large.
However, when the arrays/lists are small enough, quicksort may run slower than some of the
(n^2) algorithms. This might not seem important until you note that when sorting a large array
with quicksort, many small sublists must be sorted. While the savings on sorting one small list
with a faster algorithm might be negligible, sorting hundreds of small lists with a faster algorithm
can make a difference in the overall efficiency of the sort. For this part of the assignment, you
will combine quicksort with another sorting algorithm to build a faster sorting algorithm. One
option is to
use quicksort until the array/list gets small enough, and then use insertion sort or another sort to
sort the small arrays/lists
What does "small enough" mean? You can try a percentage of the list (say, 5% or 10%), or an
absolute number (5 elements, 8 elements, 10 elements, 15 elements, 100 elements, etc), or
something else of your choosing. Based on your tests, choose the one that is the most efficient.
You should also tests to ensure that your hybrid quicksort has reasonable performance on all lists
-- most notably, it should be efficient on sorted and inverse sorted lists as well as random lists.
The definition of the hybrid quicksort function is as the following:
/**
* @brief A hybrid of insertion sort and quick sort algorithm. The algorithm is based on the idea
that if the array is short, it is better to use insertion sort.
* It uses quicksort until the list gets small enough, and then uses insertion s.
You are the chief data scientist of the marketing company �VisualZ.�.pdfinfo335653
You are the chief data scientist of the marketing company VisualZ. VisualZ is specialized in
executive management consulting and has built a reputation for developing illustrations that are
particularly easy to understand for the target audience.
ProduceRs CEO has approached you two weeks ago and mentioned that she is particularly
interested in a report on the social media KPIs. Together with ProduceR, you identified Social
Media Reach as a key metric for ProduceR. Social Media Reach refers to the number of users
who have come across specific content on a social platform.
ProduceR has invested equal amounts in promoting their products on Facebook and Instagram
and created public profiles for their firm to introduce their products and services. Your team
proposes four different ways to compare ProduceRs Social Media Reach between Instagram and
Facebook. Based on what you learned about choosing and interpreting visualizations in your
business analytics class at The University of Queensland, please answer the following
question.A.Use a bigger share of the total marketing budget for Instagram marketing.B.Use a
bigger share of the total marketing budget for Twitter marketing.C.The data does not show
differences in trends between platforms that would justify any changes to the budget
allocation.D.The data does not allow you to make any meaningful assumptions about trends over
time. Social Media Facebook Instagram 3.0M2.5M2.0M1.5M1.0M0.5M0.0M 2012 2014 2016
2018 2020.
Write a program that displays a table of the Celsius temperatures 0 .pdfinfo335653
Write a program that displays a table of the Celsius temperatures 0 through 20 and their
Fahrenheit equivalents. The formula for converting a temperature from Celsius toFahrenheit is
F=9 / 5 *C + 32
where F is the Fahrenheit temperature and C is the Celsius temperature. Your program must use
a loop to display the table.
Results will be similar:
C F
0 32.0
1 33.8
2 35.6
20 68.0
USING THIS TEMPLATE :
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
/**
This program demonstrates a solution to the
Celsius to Fahrenheit Table programming challenge.
*/
public class CelsiusToFahrenheitTable
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double fahrenheit; // The Fahrenheit temperature
double celsius; // The Celsius temperature
// Create a DecimalFormat class to format output.
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat(" 0.0");
// Display the table headings.
System.out.println("Celsius\t\tFahrenheit");
System.out.println("------------------------------");
// Display the table.
}
}.
Why is the release of GDP statistics less interesting to investors t.pdfinfo335653
Why is the release of GDP statistics less interesting to investors than the release of other
economic indicators?
A. Because the formula for GDP includes not only private investment but also other irrelevant
factors
B. Because governments consistently alter their GDP measurement methods
C. Because GDP statistics/are released well after other economic indicators Why is the release of
GDP statistics less interesting to investors than the release of other economic indicators?
Because the formula for GDP includes not only private investment but also other irrelevant
factors Because governments consistently alter their GDP measurement methods Because GDP
statistics/are released well after other economic indicators.
With reference to the case study, define social media marketing and cr.pdfinfo335653
With reference to the case study, define social media marketing and critically discuss 2 ways
(i.e., use of existing social media; or setting up their own), that marketers can use social media.
Case Study with 3 Finalsite Schools Andrew Martin Social media has quickly become the go-to
method for modern marketing and communications for independent schools and districts. It
delivers your message directly to your targeted audience; its always readily available and easy-
to-use for consumers; and its oftentimes free all things that schools love when marketing their
culture, community, events, and more. Fortunately for schools, social media is also a place where
prospective, current and former families spend a lot of their time. But despite the promise of
social medias ability to reach your audience, earning their attention and engagement has gotten
increasingly more difficult, as social media networks morph into pay-to-play platforms, forcing
brands to invest in ads if they want their content to be seen. Whats more, social media has
become a battleground where youre not just competing with other schools for attention; youre
competing with yourself. Just think about the sheer amount of variety in content your school is
likely to publish on any given day. Recruiting new applicants, engaging active alumni,
distributing daily and weekly news, releasing event information, managing and maintaining the
schools brand, and continuously building an active social media community. Your ever-growing
catalogue of social media content looks amazing, but all that time and energy spent creating it is
wasted if it ends up buried under a mountain of other posts, or goes unnoticed by the target
audience. This phenomenon explains why social media advertising has become so useful and
impactful, cutting through the ocean of content (including your own), and providing what is
essentially a front-row ticket for everyone viewing your social media accounts. Ads can nearly
guarantee that someone viewing your Facebook or Twitter feed is going to see the content that
you need them to see, much more so than if published in a regular post amidst a daily stream of a
dozen or more other posts. To help you decide how to approach social media advertising, weve
selected three Finalsite schools that increased website traffic through social media advertising.
Finalsites social media consulting team helped these schools develop their advertising campaign
at a fraction of the cost of traditional advertising. School Year Abroad Up first is School Year
Abroad (SYA), a high school study abroad program that helps juniors and seniors spend a year
abroad in Italy, Spain, France, and China. SYA had three campaign goals to accomplish between
December 2017 and August 2018: Build brand awareness and differentiation Increase
awareness of study abroad opportunities and deadlines Increase interest of applying to School
Year Abroad SYA developed their social media advertising plan with a monthly budg.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT a. The four most importa.pdfinfo335653
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The four most important financial
statements provided in the annual report are the balance sheet, income statement, cash budget,
and the statement of stockholders' equity. b. Assets other than cash are expected to produce cash
over time, and the amounts of cash they eventually produce should be exactly the same as the
amounts at which the assets are carried on the books. c. The primary reason the annual report is
important in finance is that it is used by investors when they form expectations about the firm's
future earnings and dividends and the riskiness of those cash flows. d. The annual report is an
internal document prepared by a firm's managers solely.
We will discuss 1. IT systems� complexity IT systems have become unman.pdfinfo335653
We will discuss 1. IT systems complexity IT systems have become unmanageably complex and
expensive to maintain What has contributed to the complexity over the years... give examples
What has contributed to the cost factor? 2. Explain why it is important to develop an effective
data governance program What industries can you think of that might have strict data governance
regulations in place? What are the advantages of good data governance? What are the
characteristics of weak or non-existent data governance? 3. How can virtualization reduce IT
costs while improving performance? 4. Discuss your own experiences with virtualization. Do
you have any? 5. How does virtualization lead us to cloud computing? 6. Do you see Cloud as a
form of.
Using MISP VM ova file, import it on VirtualBox and respond to the q.pdfinfo335653
Using MISP VM ova file, import it on VirtualBox and respond to the questions below.
NOTE: Internal interface and assign an IP address (edit the file /etc/network/interfaces), so that
you can connect to the WebApp from a browser.
1. When clicking on Home, why there are no events?
2. List Feeds to check the list of default feeds. Go to Sync Actions.
3. Check how it looks like by Loading all default feed metadata.
4. Explain step by step. In Home there is still no events. What do you have to do to see, for
instance, IPs blocked by Snort?
5. These events are available in Home. Prove it?
6. What kind of information is shown in the list at the bottom? What does this information
represent? Click on the ID to populate information about this event.
7. Using ipgeolocation.io, locate one of the entries in the list. Choose it randomly.
8. Go back to the list of feeds and add all related to malware (use the search engine). If it takes a
while, check in Administration Jobs the background tasks. Once done, prove again you got
events from all of them.
9. URLhaus Show the details?
10. Show the information regarding malware stealer. In the Galaxies menu, you can search for
topics.
11. For phishing URLs? What feed would you use
12. And for spam?.
True or false Public policy is not an important component of organi.pdfinfo335653
True or false? Public policy is not an important component of organizational sustainability
because it affirms and institutionalizes specific activities by mandating them as a part of a
government agencys core mission.
Which of the following items would be considered indirect costs? Select all that apply.
A. Equipment rental costs
B. Personnel wages
c. Support services, such as legal, IT, or administrative
D. Costs for transportation and facility rentals
True or false? A direct cost is a cost that can be identified specifically with a particular cost
objective such as a grant, contract, project, function, or activity.
True or false? As a rule, construction costs are not allowable in the grant proposal.
A well-prepared budget should do which of the following? Select all that apply.
A. Be reasonable and demonstrate that the funds being asked for will be used wisely
B. List the items requested, as well as items not specifically requested in the grant application
C. Estimate in-kind revenues and expenses
D. Include a narrative that explains the numbers in the budget and how theyre calculated.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Winds of Change in Klickitat CountyThe Harvest Wind ProjectM..pdf
1. Winds of Change in Klickitat County:
The Harvest Wind Project
M. Phillips, D. Watson, B. Barnes, and H. Feldman
The following case describes a proposal by four Pacific Northwest utilities to build another wind
farm in the Columbia River Gorge. The local county planning director is responsible for deciding
on a permit for the project, but there are organizations and citizens both for and against
approving the permit, including local farmers, environmental groups, county citizens worried
about health and noise effects, and, of course, the local utilities who are proposing the project. If
approved, and completed by the end of the year, the costs of the project could be reduced by
almost a third through a grant by the U.S. Treasury Department.
Introduction
It was early April 2009, and Klickitat County planning director Curt Dreyer was weary but
happy to be writing up his permitting decision. On a tight timeline, he had worked for months
gathering information and vetting the Harvest Wind Project proposal that had been submitted by
four Pacific Northwest consumer owned utilities: the Public Utility District (PUD) No. 1 of
Cowlitz County, the Eugene Water and Electric Board. Lakeview Green Energy. Inc., and
Peninsula Light Company. The pressure had been high: hanging in the balance was a $60.76
million US Treasury Department grant which represented 30 percent of eligible construction
costs, made available through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA).
To qualify for the full amount, the wind project had to be completed within the year 2009.
The proposed construction schedule was one of the most aggressive ever and in order to
complete it on time approval had to come in April. Wind projects were complicated and required
months of constructiontypically half a year or more. If Curt approved the project, construction
could commence by early May, concluding by December 2009 at the latest to qualify for the
$60.76 million grant.
Approving the permit was not a forgone conclusion. Although Klickitat County was often called
the capital of wind energy in the Pacific Northwest due to its 14 operating wind farms and its
prime location in the Columbia River Gorge, concerns about wind power among
stakeholdersincluding negative economic, environmental, and health effectswere increasingly
being voiced in the region and nationally. With imperfect information on health effects and
environmental effects, the true costs of wind were uncertain. And yet each new wind proposal
had to be evaluated given leading edge knowledge at the time, and every affected party and
viewpoint had to be taken into consideration before approving or turning down the projects
permit application for the county. Given these concerns and the uncertainty, would the gains to
2. project stakeholders justify signing off on the project? As he reflected on the past few months,
Curt felt he had done his best to collect as much information as possible and to weigh the
concerns and needs of all stakeholders, not just direct investors in the project.
Wind power policy: a brief history
Throughout much of the past century, wind power progress fluctuated with the price and
availability of fossil fuels and the role of government policy in encouraging wind power
development and diffusion. Research and development of wind technology continued through
the 1950s and then was largely abandoned for cheaper and more reliable fossil fuels. It was not
until the OPEC oil crisis of 1973 and the subsequent rise in fuel prices that society seriously
began to consider energy alternatives to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and political risk. By
the 1970s the appeal of renewables like wind and solar was obvious: in contrast to fossil fuels,
renewable energy sources could reduce dependency on other countries and had the potential to
sustainably and reliably provide energy for generations, and renewables offered to substantially
reduce pollution associated with fossil fuels, including sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and
greenhouse gases.
In the 1970s and into the 1980s the federal government worked closely with industry to advance
the technology for largescale commercial wind turbines. Those efforts ultimately helped pave the
path for the advanced technology in todays large turbines. However, in the mid1980s fossil fuel
prices declined dramatically, and the pressure for progress subsided. California, however,
remained committed to the diffusion of wind power. It was the first state to create a variety of tax
rebates for wind power generated electricity.
In the 1990s and the 2000s, several federal legislative measures helped boost the US wind
industry through incentives. Incentivebased regulation included the production tax credit (PTC),
created under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The PTC was subject to sporadic uncertainty every
few years as Congress modified and typically reextended the credit or occasionally delayed
action. The latest approved PTC that was passed under the ARRA provided a 2.1
cents/kilowatthour income tax credit for facilities placed in service before 2013. Other incentives
advanced under the 2009 act included a 30 percent grant on construction costs for projects
completed in 2009, which if utilized replaced the PTC. Finally, the US House and Senate was in
the process of putting together a serious carbon cap and trade bill that, if passed, would be the
first major step in the USA towards pricing carbon at a national level.
Mandates and targets for renewables had also become increasingly common by the late 00s, with
a hodgepodge of activity at all levels. Renewable Electricity Standards (also often called
Renewable Portfolio Standards) called for a certain percentage of electricity to come from
renewable sources, and by 2009 they existed in 28 US states but not at the federal level. At an
international level since the early 1990s, the pressure to work cross nationally towards climate
3. solutions had only increased. With Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change findings
becoming increasingly urgent in the call for collective effort to reduce emissions in both
developed and developing countries, various legislative programs and worldwide climate change
protocols had been devised, including the Kyoto Protocol, not ratified by the USA but ratified by
virtually all other industrialized countries.
By 2009 wind had become the worlds fastest growing alternative energy source with a total
capacity of 159.2GW. It constituted about 2 percent of all electric energy consumed and usage
was on par to double every three years. Many experts forecasted wind energy would continue to
expand at near record growth as technologies advanced and costs declined for offshore wind
farms. The future of wind energy remained promising but it still was dependent on fickle
legislative mandates and economic incentives to level the playing field. Fossil fuels had a big
head start, benefiting from a variety of tax breaks and subsidies in many countries and more time
to develop economies of scale.
Project background
Location
The Columbia River Gorge was famous for its strong winds, appealing to kite boarders and wind
farm developers alike. Essentially a canyon of the Columbia River, the Gorge cut through the
Cascade Mountain range and formed a natural boundary between Washington and Oregon. The
Gorge extended for over 90 miles along the Columbia River and was recognized for its rich and
diverse natural areas. It held a federally protected status known as the Columbia Gorge National
Scenic Area and tourists came from across the country to experience the natural beauty of the
river and to hike, camp, fish, and wind surf. Waterfalls lined the Historic Columbia River
Highway, attracting photographers looking to capture the Gorges rugged beauty. The Gorge
formed a natural wind tunnel, accelerating the wind as it came down the river.
Harvest Wind was to be built on the Columbia River Plateau, which encompassed a large swath
of Northern Oregon, southern Washington, and southwestern Idaho, and included the nearby
Columbia River Gorge. As of spring 2009, more than 600 big windmills were spinning in
Klickitat County, generating enough energy to power over 300,000 homes. The county
anticipated another 300 windmills would be built in the future. That area has sort of become the
epicenter of wind development in the Pacific Northwest, said Jeff King, senior resource analyst
with Northwest Power and Conservation Council, an energy planning organization. The county
had aggressively courted wind developers, aided in part by existing transmission lines,
compatible land use, receptive residents and local government.
If construction of the Harvest Wind Project proceeded, it would join a host of other wind projects
and flank the White Creek Wind Project in Klickitat County. Situated on 9,500 acres of ranch
4. land, the project would utilize 43 2.3 MW wind turbines built and installed by Siemens Power
Generation. The plan was for Siemens to ship component parts up the Columbia River to the
Ports of Longview and Vancouver, Washington and then truck them to their final site in the
Gorge. If approved, the project was projected to produce 266,230 MW hours annually, enough
electricity to power an estimated 14,000 typical households.
The owners
Two basic types of utility companies existed in the USA: investorowned and PUDs.
Investorowned utility companies were profitseeking entities subject to state regulation, whereas
PUDs were either nonprofit, chartered municipal companies owned by local governments or
memberowned cooperatives with citizen elected board commissioners, who set the rates for these
entities. Individual utilities could also petition for a rate increase by presenting formal rate cases
to their respective state commission.
The Harvest Wind project qualified for a US treasury department grant for 30 percent of eligible
construction costs through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The
grant was for $60.76 million, which helped cover some of the estimated total net cost of the
project of $160 million. Four PUDs would own and operate the wind farm. Cowlitz PUD and
Lakeview Light and Power would both own 30 percent and Peninsula Light and Eugene
(Oregon) Water and Electric Board would each own 20 percent. The four PUDs were all formed
between 1911 and 1925 and served a total of 172,000 customers in Oregon and Washington.
Lakeview Light and Power and Cowlitz PUD were also partners of the adjacent White Creek
Wind Project. According to the Harvest Wind Project, the Eugene Water and Electric Board was
the first public utility in the Northwest to own a wind farm, starting with its Wyoming wind farm
project in 1999.
None of the four PUDs served customers in Klickitat County, and none of them needed the
power generated by the Harvest Wind Farm. The Columbia Plateau, however, was prime
windfarm real estate. With limited area for development, there was currently a scramble to
secure good land for sustainable energy development. For example, the Oregon Renewable
Energy Act of 2007 required investorowned utility companies to ensure they were integrating
sustainable energy projects into their portfolio. In 2011, 5 percent of energy production had to be
sustainable, followed by 15 percent in 2015, 20 percent in 2020, and 25 percent in 2025. At the
time of Harvest Winds planning, this act applied only to investorowned utilities, which were
regulated by the state. The PUDs, however, anticipated this standard would eventually be applied
to all utilities, and by investing in sustainable energy sooner rather than later, they put
themselves in the best possible position to comply with future regulations. Additionally, the
PUDs could someday sell the excess energy produced by the project to cover operational
expenses and drive energy costs down for their current customers.
5. Bonneville power administration
No wind project in the region could proceed without taking into account the influence of the
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), which controlled the transmission of a large percentage
of the power generated in the region. Created in 1937, the federally owned BPA served
12,259,944 Pacific Northwest customers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and parts of
California, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. BPA was responsible for marketing and transmitting
power from 31 federally owned hydroelectric plants, several smaller hydroelectric dams, and a
nuclear power plant, and also provided transmission service for many of the Columbia Plateau
wind farms. BPA did not, itself, own power production plants but rather owned and operated
approximately 70 percent of the lines on which electricity was transmitted. As such, BPA was
not in direct competition with any of the regions power plants.
BPA monitored the powergrid to ensure that power transmission across the region remained
balanced and stable. Because electricity could not be stored in the lines yet it must be
immediately available to customers at the flip of a switch, BPA had to carefully monitor the grid
to provide consistent, reliable power. Unfortunately, windgenerated power was not consistent.
Even on the Columbia Plateau, wind speed fluctuated wildly and unpredictably, especially at
night. Power production had the potential to fluctuate as much as 1,000 MW in a matter of
minutes. Additionally, demand for energy fluctuated throughout the day. Given the importance
of keeping the grid balanced, BPA at times ordered power plantsincluding wind farmsto
immediately reduce power generation levels, and reserved the right to fine them through
transmission tariffs if the changes were not implemented within specified times.
In order to further ensure the grid was balanced and because of wind powers inconsistent and
unpredictable rates of production, BPA had to keep a hydroelectric backup turbine spinning. If
wind energy decreased drastically, BPA could quickly put the turbine online to make up for the
loss. Since the turbine served to level out fluctuations in wind energy, its potential energy was
wasted when it remained idly spinning.
Despite the difficulties of adding wind power to the grid, BPA strongly supported wind power
development in the Northwest and anticipated having up to 6,000 MW by 2013. BPA had
committed to facilitating the increase by building and financing windintegration transmission,
revamping grid operation to handle large amounts of variable generation and creating new wind
powerfriendly business practices.
QUESTIONS: