Why MySQL High Availability Matters
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This document discusses high availability and MySQL high availability solutions. It begins with an overview of high availability concepts like availability, redundancy, and fault tolerance. It then discusses native MySQL high availability options like master-slave replication and MySQL Group Replication. MySQL Group Replication is a new multi-master replication plugin that provides highly available, scalable MySQL clusters with automated failover and data consistency. The document explains how Group Replication works and its advantages over other solutions.
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Why MySQL High Availability Matters
- 6. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: Terms and Concepts • Availability – Outage and downNme – Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) – Mean Time To Recover (MTTR) – Service Level Agreement (SLA) – The Nine’s Scale : 5 nines = 5 mins downNme per year • Capacity / Performance • Redundancy • Fault Tolerance • Disaster Tolerance/Recovery 6
- 7. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: ConsideraNons • SLA requirements – What is needed to support your business objecNves • OperaNonal capabiliNes – Will you have the workforce to implement and maintain it • Service agility – Can it grow and change as your company does • Time to market – Can you go to market quickly • Budgetary constraints – Cost of downNme versus cost of HA implementaNon 7 What To Use?
- 8. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: Factors • Environment – Redundant servers in different datacenters and geographical areas will protect you against regional issues—power grid failures, hurricanes, earthquakes, etc. • Hardware – Each part of your hardware stack—networking, storage, servers—should be redundant • Sogware – Every layer of the sogware stack needs to be duplicated and distributed across separate hardware and environments • Data – Data loss and inconsistency/corrupNon must be prevented by having mulNple copies of each piece of data, with consistency checks and guarantees for each change 8
- 9. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: Design Factors • Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) – Reliability • Quality hardware and sogware components that you can manage and trust – Availability • MulNple copies of each datum replicated to separate hardware • MulNple copies of each piece of the hardware and sogware stack • MulNple physical locaNons – Separate power grids – Enough physical distance to survive disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and power grid outages • Resiliency – AutomaNon to transparently deal with any potenNal failure in the infrastructure, hardware, sogware – Serviceability • Ensure that you can monitor, diagnose, maintain, and repair it all 9
- 10. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: Acceptable Performance • Performance outside of acceptable bounds is unavailability – Determine your acceptable applicaNon response Nmes – Ensure that you can measure impact from each layer of stack – Determine failure versus load • Scale up/out or failover • Build elasNcity into each layer – Quickly and easily scale up and down to handle changing load and traffic paFerns 10
- 12. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: The Business Cost of DownNme • Calculate a cost per minute of downNme – Average revenue generated per-minute over a year – Cost of not meeNng any customer SLAs – Factor in costs that are harder to quanNfy 1. Revenue 2. ReputaNon 3. Customer senNment 4. Stock price 5. Service’s success 6. Company’s very existence 12 THIS is why HA ma;ers!
- 13. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | High Availability: Database Needs • Management infrastructure – Monitoring of status, health, performance • FaciliNes for service changes, service transiNons • Failure detecNon and handling – IdenNfy and handle failures • ElasNcity – Scale up to ensure acceptable performance is always maintained • Consistency guarantees – Conflict detecNon and handling ; data loss protecNon/prevenNon • Online maintenance 13
- 14. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | • Recovery Time ObjecNve – Maximum length of downNme before there is break in “business conNnuity” • Recovery Point ObjecNve – Point in Nme to which data must be recovered when service is re- established Tier 1 • Mission-critical services Tier 2 • Business-critical services Tier 3 • Task-critical services Tier 4 • Non-critical services 14 High Availability: Does The ApplicaNon Require It?
- 15. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Master/Slave ReplicaEon Master/Slave with Automated Failover DRBD OS or VM vendor acEve/ passive soluEons MySQL Group ReplicaEon High Availability: Common MySQL SoluNons 9 9 . 9 9 9 % 15 ConEnuous Availability
- 19. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Group ReplicaNon: What Is It? • Group ReplicaNon library – ImplementaNon of Replicated Database State Machine theory • MySQL GCS is based on Paxos (variant of Mencius) – Provides virtually synchronous replicaNon for MySQL 5.7+ – Supported on all MySQL pla>orms • Linux, Windows, Solaris, OSX, FreeBSD “Mul?-master update anywhere replica?on plugin for MySQL with built-in conflict detec1on and resolu1on, automa1c distributed recovery, and group membership.” 19 App Servers with MySQL Router MySQL Group ReplicaNon
- 20. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | • A highly available distributed MySQL database service – Clustering eliminates single points of failure (SPOF) • Allows for online maintenance – Removes the need for manually handling server fail-over – Provides distributed fault tolerance and self-healing – Enables AcNve/AcNve update anywhere setups – Automates reconfiguraNon (adding/removing nodes, crashes, failures) – Makes it easy to scale up/down based on demand – AutomaNcally ensures data consistency • Detects and handles conflicts • Prevents data loss • Prevents data corrupNon 20 MySQL Group ReplicaNon: What Does It Provide?
- 21. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Group ReplicaNon: Use Cases • ElasEc ReplicaEon – Environments that require a very fluid replicaNon infrastructure, where the number of servers has to grow or shrink dynamically and with liFle pain as possible. • Highly Available Shards – Sharding is a popular approach to achieve write scale-out. Users can use MySQL Group ReplicaNon to implement highly available shards in a federated system. Each shard can map into a ReplicaNon Group. • AlternaEve to Master-Slave ReplicaEon – It may be that a single master server makes it a single point of contenNon. WriNng to an enNre group may prove more scalable under certain circumstances. 21
- 22. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Group ReplicaNon: What Sets It Apart? • Built by the MySQL Engineering Team – NaNvely integrated into Server: InnoDB, ReplicaNon, GTIDs, Performance Schema, SYS – Built-in, no need for separate downloads – Available on all plaxorms [Linux, Windows, Solaris, FreeBSD, etc] • BeFer performance than similar offerings – MySQL GCS has opNmized network protocol that reduces the impact on latency • Easier monitoring – Simple Performance Schema tables for group and node status/stats – NaNve support for Group ReplicaNon coming to MySQL Enterprise Monitor • Modern full stack MySQL HA being built around it – NaNve end-to-end easy to use sharded InnoDB clusters 22
- 24. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Group ReplicaNon: Stack • The Group ReplicaNon plugin is responsible for – Maintaining distributed execuNon context – DetecNng and handling conflicts – Handling distributed recovery • Detect membership changes • Donate state if needed • Collect state if needed – Proposing transacNons to other members – Receiving and handling transacNons from other members – Deciding the ulNmate fate of transacNons • commit or rollback 24 GCS API ReplicaEon Plugin Plugin API MySQL Server Group Comm. System (Corosync) Group Com. Engine
- 29. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | Hardware and Infrastructure Notes • 3, 5, or 7 machines per group – Isolate machine resources as much as possible – Limit virtualizaNon layers – Machines configured for dedicated database server role • Recommended configuraNon – 32-64 vCPUs with fast CPU clock (2.5GHz+) – SSDs (for data and replicaNon logs) – High quality network connecNon between each machine • Low latency, high throughput, reliable • Limit routers and hubs as much as possible • Isolated and dedicated network when possible 29
- 36. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Router: 2.1 • NaNve support for InnoDB clusters – Understands Group ReplicaNon (GR) topology – UNlizes metadata schema stored on each member • Bootstraps itself and sets up client rouNng for the GR cluster • Allows for intelligent client rouNng into the GR cluster • Supports mulN-master and single primary modes • Core improvements – Logging – Monitoring – Performance – Security 36 App Servers with MySQL Router MySQL Group ReplicaNon MySQL Shell Setup, Manage, Orchestrate labs.mysql.com
- 37. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Shell 37 A single unified client for all administraEve and operaEons tasks App Servers with MySQL Router MySQL Group ReplicaNon MySQL Shell Setup, Manage, Orchestrate • MulN-Language: JavaScript, Python, and SQL – Naturally scriptable • Supports both Document and RelaNonal models • Exposes full Development and Admin API ”MySQL Shell provides the developer and DBA with a single intui?ve, flexible, and powerfull interface for all MySQL related tasks!”
- 38. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | MySQL Shell: Admin API • mysql-js> dba.help() • The global variable 'dba' is used to access the MySQL AdminAPI • Perform DBA operaNons – Manage MySQL InnoDB clusters • Create clusters • Get cluster info • Start/Stop MySQL Instances • Validate MySQL instances • … Database AdministraEon Interface labs.mysql.com App Servers with MySQL Router MySQL Group ReplicaNon MySQL Shell Setup, Manage, Orchestrate 38
- 40. Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | Oracle Cloud: MySQL Cloud Service • MySQL Enterprise EdiNon • Web based console to manage your MySQL Cloud instances • Self-Service Provisioning • ElasNc Scalability • MulN-Layered Security • Unified Cloud Management • Oracle PaaS and IaaS IntegraNon • Premier Technical Support included 40 Integrated HA and DR service opEons – uElizing Group ReplicaEon – coming soon!