During the Golden Age of Islam: - Paper was introduced from China, making writing and book production more efficient and widespread throughout government and society. Local stores began selling paper and books. - Intellectuals like Ibn Al-Haytham established the foundations of the scientific method through experimentation, and doctors like Al-Razi authored hundreds of books and practiced medicine in Baghdad. - The government encouraged conversion to Islam but did not force it, instead enforcing a tax on non-Muslims like Jews and Christians to incentivize conversion.