During the Golden Age of Islam: - Paper was introduced from China, making writing and book production more efficient and widespread throughout government and society. Local stores began selling paper and books. - Intellectuals like Ibn Al-Haytham established early scientific method and experimentation, while doctor Al-Razi wrote hundreds of books on medicine and practiced at a hospital in Baghdad. - The government encouraged conversion to Islam but did not force it, instead enforcing a tax on non-Muslims like Jews and Christians to incentivize conversion.