introduction to artificial intelligence for engineering

1. What is artificial intelligence?
shreya chakraborty

2. The physical symbol system
•set of entities==> symbols
•All symbols/instances related in some physical way.
•Processes(creation, modification, reproduction and
destruction)
shreya chakraborty

3. Intelligence requires knowledge
Knowledge-
1. Voluminous
2. Hard to categorize
3. Constantly changing
4. Organisation different to usage
shreya chakraborty

4. What is an AI technique?
•Should capture generalisation
•Understood by people who provide it
•Easily modified to correct errors and reflect changes
•Mostly accurate
•Overcome bulk possibilities to produce result
shreya chakraborty

5. 3 important AI techniques?
Search
Use of knowledge
Abstraction
shreya chakraborty

6. 4 steps to solve a problem
•Define problem precisely
•Analyse problem
•Isolate and represent task knowledge necessary
•Choose best problem solving technique
shreya chakraborty

7. State space representation
• Basis of AI methods
• Structure:-
• Formal definition for problem
• Explore space trying to find path from current
state to goal state
shreya chakraborty

8. State space problem
•Define state space (all possible configurations of relevant
objects)
•Specify initial state
•Specify goal state
•Specify set of rules that define actions
shreya chakraborty

9. Production System
•Rules : Applicability ->Operation
•Knowledge/Databases
•Control strategy
•Rule applier
shreya chakraborty

10. Control Strategy requirements
•It should cause motion
•It should be systematic
shreya chakraborty

11. Breadth-first
Search
shreya chakraborty

12. Depth-first
Search
shreya chakraborty

13. Heuristic Search
Heuristic Knowledge incorporated
in search
• in rules themselves
• or as a function
shreya chakraborty

14. Heuristic function
• Problem description   
measures(numbers)
• F(x)=g(x)+h’(x)
shreya chakraborty

15. Problem characteristics
•Decomposable?
•Solution steps can be undone?
•Problem’s universe predictable?
•Good solution obvious?
•Desired solution a state or a path?
•Large amt of knowledge absolutely required to solve the
problem/
•Can computer take problem and return solution?
shreya chakraborty

16. Issues in Search Program Design
*instead of building entire tree, programs represent trees
in rules implicitly, and generate what needs to be explored
*forward vs backward reasoning
*rule matching
*knowledge representation problem and frame problem
shreya chakraborty

17. Heuristic Search techniques
1. Depth First
2. Breadth First
shreya chakraborty

18. 3. Generate and Test
• Generate solution
• Check to see if actually a solution by comparison
• If solution found quit, else repeat all steps
shreya chakraborty

19. 4. Hill Climbing
• Simple Hill Climbing
• Steepest Ascent Hill Climbing
shreya chakraborty

20. 5. Best First Search
• Or-graphs
• A* algorithm
shreya chakraborty

21. using REDUCE-AND
· Use REDUCE on each immediate subgoal until there are
no more subgoals, or until REDUCE finds a subgoal that
is not satisfied.
· If REDUCE has found a subgoal that is not satisfied,
announce that the goal is not satisfied; otherwise,
announce that the goal is satisfied.
using REDUCE-OR
· Use REDUCE on each subgoal until REDUCE finds a
subgoal that is satisfied.
· If REDUCE has found a subgoal that is satisfied,
announce that the goal is satisfied; otherwise, announce
that the goal is not satisfied.
shreya chakraborty

22. 6. Problem Reduction
• And-or graphs
• AO* algorithm
shreya chakraborty

23. 8. Constraint Satisfaction
shreya chakraborty

24. 8. Constraint Satisfaction
shreya chakraborty

25. 9.Mean Ends Analysis
To perform means-ends analysis,
· Until the goal is reached or no more procedures are
available,
- Describe the current state, the goal state, and
the difference between the two.
- Use the difference between the current state
and goal state, possibly with the description of
the current state or goal state, to select a
promising procedure.
- Use the promising procedure and update the
current state.
· If the goal is reached, announce success; otherwise,
announce failure.
shreya chakraborty