The document outlines the planning process for rainwater harvesting and management interventions at the community level. It discusses determining community needs, understanding local natural resources, selecting appropriate technologies, encouraging community participation, and ensuring long-term sustainability. The planning process involves baseline data collection, identifying suitable sites, designing water infrastructure, and developing a district-level plan map to guide implementation and management of rainwater resources.

1. Planning of RWH & Management Interventions Alex R Oduor & Kipruto Cherogony

2. Purpose of RWH Planning Assist practitioners develop a RWH plan based on watershed approach. The plan would be used as a guide for implementation. Assist the community acknowledge current status of water & how it is being managed. Assist the community understand their vision and what is required to realize it Assist in M&E of the implementation.

3. What entails RWH Planning to boost & sustain food security Societal needs Local Natural Resources Potential Appropriate/best-bet technologies Institutional & human resources capacities Policy & by-laws Sustainability factors

4. 1. Societal needs Use tools/approaches/methodologies such as the Virtual Water Concept, PRAs etc to determine the following: Communities food preferences, water & nutritional analysis, How the food is acquired Food & water sufficiency or insufficiency including quality. Management of food surplus or inadequacies Non-food items/activities that contribute to food security

5. Understanding water scarcity > 1500 m 3 /cap/yr = Water Sufficient 1000 – 1500 m 3 /cap/yr = Water Stressed < 1000m 3 /cap/yr = Water Scarce Humans need 1500m 3 /capita/yr for domestic, diet and industrial consumption partitioned as follows: Human water needs based on global ideal Human water needs based on ASAL areas

6. The virtual water concept Food calories

7. The virtual water concept Food calories

8. Virtual water Commodity Embedded Water 1 cup of coffee 1.5 drums H 2 O Loaf of 400gm Bread 2.5 drums H 2 O 1 Litre of milk 5 drums H 2 O 1 Kg rice 15 drums H 2 O 1 Kg maize 4.5 drums H 2 O 1 Kg wheat 7 drums H 2 O Dairy cow 55,302 Kg H 2 O Beef grazing cow 11.905 Kg H 2 O Calves 11,023 Kg H 2 O Heifers 6,613 Kg H 2 O Pigs 3,280 Kg H 2 O Sheep 5,650 Kg H 2 O Poultry 5,124 Kg H 2 O

9. Example of virtual water in daily meals Is this amount of food taken per day healthy? YES.

10. Building local partnerships These are important because of: Strength in numbers of people with common vision Increased resources thru’ pooling of people with local knowledge to tackle problems more effectively Diverse expertise from a wide range of people Increased acceptability when more people are involved Joint coordination, decision and solution making

11. 3. Appropriate/Best bet technologies After computing the RWH potential, determine a set of multi-criteria to facilitate identification of appropriate technologies Place this in GIS environment Map the development domains/technologies Have consultative meetings with stakeholders Adjust the domain map

12. Encouraging participation Assess the willingness & capacities of people to contribute Establish a clear sense of direction Give people specific things to do, how much it entails & how long it will take. Support their efforts Show how the problems in their watershed affect residents economically, socially and environmentally Recognize the group & its members publicly so the community knows who is representing them Hold site visits and out side tours for the community. Prevent burn-out thru celebration of progress. 4. Institutional & human resources capacities

14. Baseline inventorization This is done thru’ desktop studies, direct observations, fieldwork and GIS to: Provide data that’ll enable the community make informed decisions on resource management. Establish benchmark conditions to be used later in determining changes thro’ M&E. Compile enough data for analysis of interactions between people & the natural resources in the watershed. Characterize the bio-physical resources 5. Local Natural Resources Potential

15. RWH MASTER PLAN FLOW CHART Slope and Relief Analyze slope, gradients & landforms data Soil Type Analyze pedological data: Soil type, depth, infiltration/runoff characteristics, fertility levels etc Produce a water balance at District level Ground Water Potentials Surface Water Potentials Runoff Potential at District & Watershed levels Rainfall potentials at District & Watershed levels Rainfall Partitioning Determine rainfall partitions Produce Maps (1a) showing suitable slope/relief, Map (1b) depicting slope suitability by ranks & (1c) depicting watersheds. Produce Map (2a) showing suitable soils & Map (2b) depicting soil capability ranking for irrigation Produce individual Maps 5 Land use/Vegetation Analyze land use and land cover data Produce Maps 3 showing land use/Landcover Climatic data Analyze climatological data including daily, monthly and annual rainfall over at least a 30 year period Produce Maps 4 depicting climatic aspects: Temperatures, Rainfall Produce Map 6 showing potential supplementary irrigable areas based on bio-physical parameters Use ranking to run MCA Level 1 in GIS environment

16. Location of Study area

17. Bio-physical status - DEM

18. Bio-physical status - Rainfall

19. Bio-physical status – Drainage Network

20. Bio-physical status - Slope

21. Farmland command site(s) Identify site/size from DEM & Landform analysis Runoff water Estimate runoff potential at individual site level Surface Water Estimate potential of rivers/lakes etc. Dam/intake site Identify and assess dam/intake site Ground Water Estimate GW potential General feasibility and planning Is the site economically feasible? Consider water quantity needed Vs. available Consider Water quality / health Undertake preliminary EIA Community Management Structure Training Needs Assessment Land Tenure Preliminary costing Carryout Geological and Geotechnical survey Ignore site Is the project still feasible? Adequate Inadequate YES NO Adequate Inadequate Inadequate Adequate Are cracks Identified NO NO Does site APPEAR technically feasible? YES Gazetted/protected Areas Are the areas protected or gazetted by Government e.g. forest reserves, National parks? Produce Map 7 showing irrigable areas with gazetted/ protect areas annexed NO YES Is it prudent to degazette? NO YES YES

22. Runoff potential ID SUBLOCATION AREA in Mm 2 VOLUME IN Mm 3 1 MATOPE 124 22 2 KINAGONI 244 45 3 VINYUNDUNI 148 26 4 MAKAMINI 155 30 5 KALALANI 62 15 6 MWABILA 103 22 7 MATUMBI 71 16 8 MWATATE 43 11 9 TARU 123 21 10 CHENGONI 90 16 11 MAJI YA CHUMVI 90 17 12 MAZERAS 16 5 13 MWAMDUDU 15 4 14 MNYENZENI 32 9 15 CHIGATO 17 5 16 KIBANDAONGO 82 21 17 GANDINI 91 25 18 MTAA 44 10 19 MABESHENI 32 7 20 BOFU 52 13 GRAND TOTAL 1,632 341

23. Runoff volume by sub-location ‘000 m 3

24. Runoff volume by sub-location ‘000 m 3

25. Analysis of runoff water ID SUB-LOCATION Gross Runoff (m3 ) Net Runoff HH (m 3 ) Drinking water (m3 ) Agriculture water (m3 ) Domestic & others (m3 ) 1 MATOPE 14,378 5,176 474 11,502 2,401 2 KINAGONI 34,219 12,319 1,129 27,375 5,715 3 VINYUNDUNI 29,360 10,569 969 23,488 4,903 4 MAKAMINI 30,465 10,967 1,005 24,372 5,088 5 KALALANI 8,057 2,901 266 6,446 1,346 6 MWABILA 26,548 9,557 876 21,239 4,434 7 MATUMBI 22,950 8,262 757 18,360 3,833 8 MWATATE 7,290 2,624 241 5,832 1,217 9 TARU 40,902 14,725 1,350 32,721 6,831 10 CHENGONI 22,239 8,006 734 17,791 3,714 11 MAJI YA CHUMVI 48,973 17,630 1,616 39,179 8,179 12 MAZERAS 2,989 1,076 99 2,391 499 13 MWAMDUDU 12,813 4,613 423 10,251 2,140 14 MNYENZENI 6,259 2,253 207 5,007 1,045 15 CHIGATO 6,504 2,342 215 5,203 1,086 16 KIBANDAONGO 15,601 5,616 515 12,480 2,605 17 GANDINI 12,575 4,527 415 10,060 2,100 18 MTAA 16,626 5,986 549 13,301 2,777 19 MABESHENI 32,486 11,695 1,072 25,989 5,425 20 BOFU 12,685 4,567 419 10,148 2,118

26. Sample soils in detail and interpret results Identify the most suitable crop(s) and livestock for irrigation/watering Determine ET c for this crop and water requirements for livestock and humans Planning : Labour; Mechanization; Community cost sharing Legal issues/permits Final technical design Detailed topographic survey Position of the reservoir and spillway Capacity & shape of the water reservoir, Design the foundation Design of reservoir infrastructure Design water extraction Determine irrigable area Financial & Economic Analysis Prepare financial report Socio-economic/cultural survey Markets, infrastructure access and potential demography/poverty levels Review costs, prepare detailed plan, including: Construction plan Bill of quantities Design report and drawings Irrigation layouts PRODUCE TENDER DOCUMENTS & SUBMIT FINANCIER Undertake detailed EIA Is the project still feasible? YES NO Discard Site Crop Water Use with FAO’s CROPWAT 8.0

27. DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRICT PLAN MAPS Develop criteria for each bio-physical parameters to facilitate the demarcation of areas according to use (i.e. development domains for crops; domestic & livestock use). use). Rainfall Regime Category <200mm Desert 200 - 400mm Arid lands 400 - 800mm Semi-arid lands 800 – 1200mm Sub-humid >1200mm humid

28. Example of Plan for Gisagara District, Rwanda

29. Sustainability Aspects Physical Technical Social Economic Financial Environmental

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